4 TERMINATOR-TERRIERS Terminator of the Moon. Ragged line which sepaes the illuminated from the unilluminated part of the on's surface. Termini. Port of n. Sicily, rebuilt as Thermæ 408 B.C., the site of Himera, destroyed by Carthaginians. Pop. ab. 000. Terminos, LAGUNA DE. Inlet on the Gulf of Mexico in the v. of the State of Campeche, Mexico. Resort for buccaneers the beginning of the 18th century, now frequented for its Dods. Length 70 m., breadth 40 m. Terminus. Roman god of boundaries and frontiers. Termites. White ants of the tribe Corrodentia, suborder seudo-neuroptera. They possess a pair of 18 to 20-jointed tennæ. a pair of ocelli as well as compound eyes, strong andibles, and delicate wings, which lie parallel to the body hen at rest. They live in communities, in passages hollowed ut in wood, trees, mounds of earth, or nests of clay. Each olony has a queen. or sexually mature female, a king also, Termites. according to some authorities, and neuters of two sorts; viz., soldiers, with large heads and powerful jaws, and workers, with shorter head and broader abdomen. The workers are larvæ of both sexes. Only the mature sexual forms have wings, but these organs are lost by the queen after copulation. Africa and S. America are the principal habitats. See COMPLEMENTARY MALES AND FEMALES. Ternant, JEAN BAPTISTE DE, 1750-1816. French soldier, in the American service 1778-82; Minister to the U. S. 1790-93. Ternate. Arranged in threes, as the parts of a compound leaf. Ternaux-Compans, HENRI, 1807-1854. French student, compiler, and writer on Spanish-American history. Bibliotheque Americaine, 1836; Voyages, etc., 20 vols., 1836-40; Archives, 1840-41. Terne Plate. See LEAD, METALLURGY OF. Terns. Sea-birds, that with Gulls form the family Larida. Compared with Gulls they are slenderer, have the nostrils near swallow-like flight, and secure their fish-food by diving from Ternstræmiacea. Natural family of flowering plants, of Caspian Tern. not booked: the tail is Terpander, 7th cent. B.C. Greek lyric poet of Lesbos and Sparta; father of musical education. Terpenes. 1. Volatile hydrocarbons, occurring in various plants; oil of turpentine is an example. Their composition is expressed by C10H16. They combine with hydrochloric acid, are optically active, polymerize with ease, and are closely related to cymene. 2. Compounds of this class prepared from conifers. Terpsichore. Muse who presided over choral song and dancing. Terrace. Area raised before a building above the level of the ground to serve as a walk; improperly used to denote a balcony or gallery. Terracina. Town of central Italy, 60 m. s.e. of Rome. The Roman Tarracina was an important station on the Appian Way. Pop. ab. 6,500. Terra Cotta. Variety of pottery, frequently used at an early period for architectural decoration. Statues were made of terra cotta in the time of Pausanias. It was also used to ornament the friezes of temples. In modern times it is again used in a variety of ways for ornamental and useful purposes. It is baked at a higher temperature than ordinary ware and withstands the weather. Terra del Fuego. See TIERRA DEL FUEGO. 1. Land, as opposed to water. 2. ContiTerra Firma. nents, as vs. islands. 3. Formerly, part of n.e. Italy subject to Venice, and n. part of S. America. Terra Japonica. Gambier catechu, formerly supposed to be earth from Japan. Terrapin. See EMYDIDAÆ. Terra Rosa. Red earth containing iron found in limestone regions. It is the undissolved residue of the calcareous rocks; often found in caverns. Terre Haute. Capital of Vigo co., Ind., on the Wabash: settled 1816; site of the State normal school and the Rose Polybash and Erie Canal gives water communication with Lake technic Institute. Four railroads intersect here, and the WaErie. Pop., 1890, 30,217. Terrestrial. In Botany, neither aquatic nor arboreal in habit; growing upon land. Terrestrial Magnetism. See MAGNETISM. Terrestrial Paradise. Mediæval writers fix the locaCosmas in the 7th tion of the Terrestrial Paradise in e. Asia. century speaks of it as a continent e. of China; others regard it as an island s.e. of Asia, while by some it was fixed in China. Later we find it described as an island s. of India or in Armenia, and frequently as Ceylon. In the center was a fountain that watered it, near which grew the tree of life. These notions are largely drawn from the Book of Genesis, but similar conceptions are almost universal. Terrestrial Radiation. Loss or radiation of heat by the earth into space, determined by Maurer to be 0.13 calorics per sq. centimeter per minute; heat radiated from the surface of land and water. It is partly absorbed by the atmosphere and partly transmitted directly through it into space; but that absorbed by the air is subsequently radiated by it, so that all terrestrial radiation eventually passes into space. Similarly, the heat communicated to the atmosphere by the sun directly or by convection from the earth's surface is eventually lost in space by atmosphere radiation. The sum total of radiation from land, ocean and air is terrestrial radiation in a general sense, and is just able to balance the solar radiation received. Terricolæ. Oligochatous Annelids that live principally in the earth; e.g., earthworm. See LUMBRICUS TERRESTRIS. Terriers. Small to medium-sized dogs. of compact build, with slender but strong legs, erect ears, and tail curved up. They are good ratters and dig readily into the ground after prey. The English Terrier is smooth, and usually black and Scotch Terrier has a rough wiry coat of dirty white; the Skye The Turns rier, an extr U.S. Vols. 18 Terry, A Tertiarie they yield nei Tertiary a Montanist TERRILL-TESTIMONY che Skye Terrier has long hair, long body, and short legs. The Turnspit has a long body and bandy legs. The Bull Ter 1505 powerful writer, precursor of Latin ch. literature. His works Teschen. Town of Austrian Silesia. Here a treaty was signed May 13, 1779, between Austria and Prussia, closing the war of Bavarian succession; Austria relinquished most of Bavaria. Pop. ab. 13,000. Tesla, NIKOLA, b. 1857 in Croatia. Electrician in New York, associate and rival of Edison; T. C. Martin has described his Inventions, Researches, and Writings, 1894. Tessellata. Palæozoic sea urchins, showing transitional forms to the Cystoids. Each interambulacral zone has five or six series of plates: and the ambulacral plates may be more than two rows. Palachinus is an example. There are two Scotch Terriers. er, an extremely savage dog, is a cross between a terrier d a bulldog. Terrill, WILLIAM RUFUS, U.S.A., 1834-1862. Brig.-gen. S. Vols. 1862; killed at Perryville. His brother, JAMES BAR- Territories of the U. S. New Mexico, Arizona, Okla- Terry, ALFRED HOWE, 1827-1890. Clerk Conn. Supreme Terry, HENRY DWIGHT, 1812-1869. Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. Terry, MILTON SPENSER, D.D.. b. 1840. Prof. Garrett Inst., anston, Ill., 1884; O. T. commentator. Hermeneutics, 1883Sibylline Oracles, 1890. Tersteegen, GERHARD, 1697-1769. German hymnist and stical preacher. Spiritual Crumbs, tr. 1837. Tertian Fever. Form of intermittent or malarial fever ere the chill and fever occurs every other day. It is so med because parts of three days are occupied by the cycle. s a common form of the disease. Tertiaries. Lay persons, attached to an order, especially Franciscan, without taking vows or leaving the world; inguished from monks proper, or Primaries, and nuns, or ondaries. Tertiaries. Quills (remiges) borne by the joint of birds' gs which is nearest the body. Certiary. Division of the Cenozoic Age, extending from Tertiary Compounds. Formed by replacing hydrogen O Palachinus ellipticus.-The left-hand figure shows a portion of an sections, the Perischoëchinidae and Bothrocidarida. The for- Tessellated. In Botany, having the surface divided into small geometric figures. Tessellated Pavement. Roman pavement of pieces of brick or stone an inch square, forming geometrical patterns or animals and figures. See MOSAIC. Tesseromedusæ (TESSERONIÆ, TETRAMERALIA). Group of Jellyfishes, including PEROMEDUSA, CUBOMEDUSA, and LUCERNARIDE (q.v.). They have their parts in fours. Tessier, ULRIC JOSEPH, 1817-1892. Judge of Queen's Bench, Quebec, 1875. Tessin. See TICINO. Tessin, KARL GUSTAV, 1695-1770. Swedish official, orator, and author, tutor to Gustavus III. Test (TESTA). Shell of Mollusks, Echinoderms, etc., or leathery tunic of Tunicates. Testa. Outer seed-coat; ripened primine coat of the ovule of flowering plants; called also Spermoderm and Episperm. Testacea. See ARCELLINA. and from membership in corporations; repealed 1829. ReligTest Acts. Passed in England 1661, 1672, and later, aiming to exclude Roman Catholics and Nonconformists from office ious tests were enforced in the universities till 1871. Testament. In English Law, originally, will bequeathing personal property. See WILL. Testament, OLD AND NEW. Two great divisions of the BIBLE (q.v.), so called by a confusion, in the Greek, between Testament and Covenant. Testamentary Guardian. GUARDIAN (q. v.) appointed by the father in his last will and testament. Teste, LUCIEN AUGUSTE, 1765-1817. Swiss (German) writer Test Galvanometer. See GALVANOSCOPE. MATA). Brachiopoda with a calcareous shell, with hinge and 3 TESTING MACHINE-TETRABRANCHIATA esting Machine. Apparatus by which known or measole stresses can be applied to specimens of materials or mbers of structures, for ascertaining experimentally their stance to such strains. The usual types of machine are to ly tests in tension, in compression, in flexure, or in torsion. e type can usually make the first three investigations; torrequires a special but inexpensive machine for the best rk. The older testing machines loaded a pan with direct ghts and multiplied their effect by levers which applied the ltiplied load to the specimen; recent ones use either the hyaulic press or screw gearing to produce the load upon the ecimen, that load passing through the sample and being lanced by counterpoises upon a graduated scale beam. The unterweights on the scale beam can thus be regarded as apying the load through the multiplying levers as before, the toes, and are adapted for walking. They are strictly herbiv- Tetanus. Disease characterized by the continuous spas- Tethya. See TETRACTINELLIDE. Tethyoidea (ASCIDIANS). Mostly fixed Tunicata, with saccular bodies. The inhalent and exhalent pores are close together; the branchial sac is large. Development is through a tailed-larva stage. There are four orders: Copelata, Ascidic simplices, Ascidia composite, and Ascidic salpæeformes. The first order may be grouped as Perennichordata, the others as Caducichordata. See ASCIDIANS. Tethys. Daughter of Uranus and Gea; wife of Oceanus; mother of the ocean-nymphs and river-gods. Tetraammonium Compounds. Formed by the union of a tri-substituted ammonia with the halogen compound of an organic group. They may be regarded as ammonium salts; thus trimethylamine, (CH),N, + methyl iodide, CH,I,- tetramethylammonium iodide, (CH), NI. Tetrabasic Acid. See ACID. Tetraboric Acid. H,B,O,. Pyroboric acid; brittle, glass-like substance, obtained by heating boric acid to 160° C. Its principal salt is borax, sodium tetraborate. Tetrabranchiata. Cephalopoda with four gills, with a cleft funnel, and a many-chambered shell. The anterior chamber contains the animal; the others are united by a central siphuncle and contain air. Nautilus has 19 external tentacles tentacles near each eye, and 12 internal tentacles, the four (the dorsal pair can close the orifice of the shell), 2 ocular ventral of which, on left side, form the spadix; in the female Testis (TESTICLE). Essential reproductive gland of a male animal; in it, the spermatozoa are developed. In its most perfect condition of development a testis consists of a number of chambers or lobules, in each of which lie several coiled tubules (in Man, ab.800 each 2 ft. long). In the walls of the tubules the spermatozoa are formed by multiplication and transformation of epithelial cells. The tubules empty by means of a few straight tubes into a network of tubes from which in Man there are ab. a dozen vasa efferentia uniting to form the vas deferens or sperm duct. The latter in Man is ab. 20 ft. in length coiled up into an epididymis, and thence passing by a length of 2 ft. to reach the urethra. Testes are always paired and are developed and originate in the body cavity in a position corresponding to that of the ovaries, i.e., near the kidneys. In most Mammals they slip backward through the inguinal canal into scrotal sacs of the skin at the external opening of the In the elephant, most Edentates, and urino-genital sinus. lower among Mammals and all other Vertebrates, they never In Rodents and Insectivora leave their primitive position. they descend through the inguinal canals only during rutting. Test Oath. Generally, affirmation of present loyalty to a government. If so imposed as to be ex post facto in effect, it is unconstitutional in the U. S. Testudinata. Broadly, all the CHELONIA (q.v.); in a restricted sense, the Testudinida. ORCHERSIDE. Land Tortoises, a family of rachlorid chlorine naphthale Tetra of the and of a fourt Tetra Tetra rine spong variable n are scatte of spicules long ray Tethya are Tetrad in a squar effected in produced i cells; (2) g egg-cell or Tetrad rium, foun Tetrad those havin Mustard, T Tetrag eral: figure are concurr Tetragr J-b-v-h (Je nounce, sub Tetragy Tetrahe nite, in whi silver, zinc, able as an of silver. Tetrahe angles. Tetralog Tetrame Coleoptera, v extra rudime of which inju (Curculionido TETRABROMFLUORESCEIN-TEUTONIC KNIGHTS much folded. Orthoceras, of structure allied to Nautilus but with a straight (not spiral) shell, is also fossil. Tetrabromfluorescein. See EOSIN. Tetrachlornaphthalene. C.H.C. Naphthalene tetrachloride; mpt. 182° C.; solid, prepared by the action of chlorine or chlorate of potash and hydrochloric acid upon naphthalene; used in the manufacture of phthalic acid. Tetrachord. System of four tones, which were the basis of the ancient Greek scales. It always compassed the interval of a fourth, but the middle tones were variable. Tetracoraila. See RUGOSA. Tetractinellida. Order of Plethospongiae, including maine sponges with a more or less horny skeleton, inclosing a ariable number of tetraxial spicules of flint: similar spicules re scattered freely throughout the sponge flesh. Other forms f spicules are present, but the prevailing form consists of a ong ray bearing three short axes at one end. Geodia and Tethya are examples. Tetrad. In Biology, group of four cells regularly placed a a square, resulting from a twice repeated binary division fected in vertically crossed planes.-In Botany, (1) four cells roduced in the development of pollen grains from the motherells; (2) group of four chromosomes, formed in the primary gg-cell or pollen-cell preparatory to cell-division. Tetradymite. Mineral compound of bismuth and telluum, found in the gold regions of Va., N. C., and Ga. Tetradynamia. Linnæan class of plants, comprising ose having four longer and two shorter stamens, as in Cress, ustard, Turnip, and Pepper-grass. Tetragram. In Modern Geometry, complete quadrilatal; figure formed by four straight lines, no three of which e concurrent. Tetragrammaton. Sacred quadriliteral name of God, h-v-h (Jehovah), which the Jews hold it unlawful to pro-unce, substituting Adonai, Lord. Tetragynia. Orders of plants having four pistils. Tetrahedrite. Cu,Sb,S. Mineral copper sulphantimoce, in which the copper is often replaced in part by iron, ver, zinc, and mercury, and the antimony by arsenic; valule as an ore of copper and, in the argentiferous varieties, silver. Tetrahedron. Polyhedron of four faces, necessarily tri gles. Tetralogy. Series of four plays or other writings. Tetramera (PSEUDOTETRAMERA, or CRYPTOPENTAMERA). eoptera, with apparently four-jointed tarsus, but also an ra rudimentary joint. Here belong the Bostrychida, species which injure pine trees by boring in the wood: the weevils rculionidae), which have a proboscis, and whose larvæ live strychus typographus, Typographer beetle; 2, pupa; 3. foot; 4, larvæ; leg; 6, feeler. 7, Eccoptogaster scolytus; 8, pupa; 9, larvæ. 10, Eccoptogaster destructor. A, borings of 1: B, borings of 7. Fruit, grain, and plants in general (Calandra granaria is Black Grain-worm); and the Longicornia or Cerambycidæ, long antennæ. Some can produce a peculiar sound by ing the head against the thorax. The larvæ are elongated, short antennæ and powerful jaws, and bore passages in etrameralia. See TESSEROMEDUSEÆ. etramerous. Flowers constructed on the quaternary 1507 of the Madder family, the common Plantain, Dogwood, and Holly. Tetraonidæ. Family of Gallinacei, having a stout body, with short neck, small feathered head, and short legs, usually feathered to the toes. Partridges and Grouse are examples. The latter are larger, with nostrils feathered, and usually a naked strip over the eye. Tetrapetalous. Corolla consisting of four petals. Tetraphyllous. Plant bearing four leaves, or calyx or corolla composed of four leaves (sepals or petals). Tetrapleura. Zygopleural organisms with four antimeres, according to the promorphology of Haeckel. Annelids are examples. The Tetrapneumona. Holothurians with flask-shaped bodies, at whose narrow end are both the mouth and anus. The in Tetrapneumona: a, Ypsilothuria attenuata; b, Rhopalodina neurtali. testine has four gill-cæca. Ten tentacles are present, and five sets of double rows of ambulacral feet. Rhopalodina is an example. See APODA. Tetrapneumones (TERRETELLARIA). See ARANEIDA and SPIDERS. Tetrapolitan Confession. Prepared by Bucer and Capito in the Reformed interest; adopted by four cities, Strasburg, Constance, Lindau, and Memmingen; presented to the Diet of Augsburg July 11, 1530, but not read there, nor further accepted. Tetraprionidian. Graptolites with four rows of hydrothecæ arranged down the stem of the polypary. Tetraquetrous. In Botany, sharply four-angled; chiefly stems. Tetrarch. Ruler of a fourth part; Galatian title, transferred by the Romans to Palestinian princes, as Herod Antipas, whom they were not willing to call king. The distinction was not much observed by their subjects. See Matt. xiv. 1, 9. Tetrasepalous. Calyx composed of four sepals, as in St. John's Wort. Tetraspores. Bright red spores formed by quadrate celldivision in many of the Floridea or red Algae. These are rarely in twos or eights, but ordinarily in fours; they propagate the plants independently of any sexual process. Tetrastichous. Arranged on the stem in four longitudi nal rows. Tetrastigm. In Modern Geometry, complete quadrangle; Tetrastoon. Courtyard with porticoes on its four sides. Tetter. Popular name given to several skin eruptions, Teuffel, WILHELM SIGISMUND, 1820-1878. Prof. Tübingen Teutones. German tribe, living probably near the Baltic. Teutonic. See GERMANIC. 1210-39 transferred its sphere of operations from Palesti ortant political power of n. Europe 1350-80. Internal decay id the rising power of Poland weakened it. It was defeated Tannenberg (e. Prussia) July 15, 1410; gradually lost its tertories; was suppressed by Napoleon 1809, and was reorganized $40 and 1865. Teutonic Mythology. The myths of the Germanic ations, which were transmitted from ancient times, and odified by association with other peoples. They had their ods and goddesses, which presided over the forces of nature, ne elements, and the affairs of mankind, and the myths of he dead. See SCANDINAVIAN MYTHOLOGY. Tewksbury. Town of Gloucestershire; scene of Edward V.'s victory, May 4, 1471, over the Lancastrians. Queen Mararet was made prisoner and her son slain. Its Norman abbey Portion of Choir, Tewksbury Abbey. church, built 1123, measures 317 by 124 ft. across the transepts, with a massive tower 132 ft. high. It was restored by Scott in 1875-79, the later additions being in Early English, Perpendicular and Decorated styles. Pop., 1891, 5,269. Tewfik Pasha, MOHAMMED, 1852-1892. Khedive of Egypt 1879; son of Ismail; succeeded by his son Abbas. Texas. Largest of the States, on the Gulf of Mexico; area 265,780 sq. m. Stretching over 13 degrees of longitude and 10 of latitude, it contains all variations of surface and of climate. The e. part, along the Gulf coast, is low, marshy, and unhealthful. Further inland, it becomes higher and densely forested. Still further inland is a prairie region, more broken than the prairies of Illinois. This is succeeded by high arid tablelands, reaching their summit in the Llano Estacado, 3,500 to 5,000 ft. high; between, the Pecos and Rio Grande desert plains are intersected by short isolated ranges of mountains. Numerous rivers rise in the Llano Estacado and in the prairie region, and flow s.e. to the Gulf. Along the s. w. border. separating it from Mexico, flows the Rio Grande. Its principal branch is the Pecos, which joins it in the w. deserts. The geology of the State is as varied as its surface. The w. two-thirds are underlaid by Cretaceous formations, within which are found areas of Cambrian, Silurian, Carboniferous, and even Quaternary beds. Shoreward from this area of Cretaceous is a broad belt of Eocene, followed by Neocene, while along the Gulf, including all the low-lying country, are Quaternary beds. The industries differ widely in its different parts. In the e. the culture of cotton prevails; further w. that of the cereals as far as comparatively dense settlement has extended. Beyond that. on the w. and s., the ranging of cattle and sheep is the chief industry. In 1890 the value of farms was $399,971,289, of the agricultural product $111,699,430. In recent years the development of the railroad system of T. has gone on with extreme rapidity. In 1893 the mileage of railroads was 9,088. The State has not yet reached the stage of settlement where manufactures become of great importance. 585.000 tons of coal was mined in 1896. Its commerce is largely centered at the port of Galveston, and consists mainly of the shipments of cotton and cattle. Till 1821 the history of T. is that of a Spanish territory. After the purchase of La. 1th TT S Americans began to settle in T., and in 1821, government; but in 1830 the American colonists were placed under military rule, and hence ensued the struggle for independence. The Mexicans were defeated 1836, and till 1845 T. was an independent State. In 1845 it was admitted, against the protest of Mexico, as one of the States. The result was a war, ending in Mexican defeat, the cession of Cal., New Mexico, and the intervening territory, now composing Nevada, Utah, and Arizona, and the payment of $15,000,000. T., on admission to the Union, sold to the U. S. the portion of its territory between the headwaters of the Rio Grande and Arkansas. The State seceded 1861, and was readmitted with a new constitution 1868. Capital, Austin. Pop., 1890, 2,235,523, over one-fourth colored. Texas, UNIVERSITY OF. At Austin: opened 1883. It is coeducational, has 30 professors in the College of Arts, with 343 students. The Medical College, at Galveston, opened 1891. has 9 professors, 9 lecturers, and 248 students. The Law School has 144 students under 3 instructors. The Agricultural and Mechanical College, at Bryan, connected 1876, has 23 instructors and 354 students. Texel. Island of n. Holland, in area ab. 35,000 acres; scene of naval battles 1653, 1673, and 1799. Pop. ab. 6,500. Texier, CHARLES FÉLIX MARIE, 1802-1871. French explorer in Asia. Asia Minor, 4 vols., 1839 and later; Armenia, Fersia, and Mesopotamia, 1842-45. Textile Fabrics and Designing. See WEAVING. Textularidea. Order of perforate Foraminifera, with small hyaline shells or large arenaceous ones, the chambers of which are usually arranged in a spiral or alternately. Tezcatlipoca. God of the winter sun and of stern law; chief Aztec deity, with his brother Uitzilopochtli, god of the summer sun; worshiped with human sacrifices. Tezcuco. City of Mexico, 17 m. e. of the capital; held from ab.1120 by a tribe often at war with the dominant race. Its remains are important. Pop. ab. 16,000. Its lake, between it and Mexico, covers ab. 80 sq. m., but is shallow. Tezel. See TETZEL, J. Thacher, GEORGE, 1754-1824. M.C. from Mass. (Me.) 17891801; Judge Supreme Court of Mass. and Me. from 1800. Thacher, JAMES, 1754-1844. Surgeon in Continental army 1776-82, and at Plymouth, Mass. Military Journal, 1823; Medical Biography, 1828; Hist. Plymouth, 1832. Thacher, THOMAS, 1620-1678. Pastor and physician in and near Boston; praised by Cotton Mather.-His son, PETER, 1651-1727, and great-grandson, PETER, D.D., 1752-1802, were noted preachers.-SAMUEL COOPER. 1785-1818, son of the last, was an early and able defender of Unitarianism. Thackeray, ANNE ISABELLA. See RITCHIE. Thackeray, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE, 1811-1863. English humorist and satirist, famous chiefly for the novels Vanity Fair, 1847-48; Pendennis, 1848-50; Esmond, 1852; and The |