鮮 se. TEMPERATURE-TENACITY The general principle of expansion by heat is employed he devices for measuring or comparing temperatures. Two ies are said to be in thermal equilibrium, and so to have same temperature, if when brought into thermal commuation neither loses heat to nor gains it from the other. sations of temperature are changes of consciousness used by the application of stimuli of heat or cold to surface of the body. The end organs of the temperature se are situated in minute points scattered over the skin great numbers, and known as "temperature spots," some eting to stimuli of cold and some to stimuli of heat, but to both. The corpuscles and nerve endings which serve recipients for temperature stimuli have not as yet been erentiated from those of TOUCH (q.v.) or pressure. emperature, CRITICAL. One in the cooling process of als and alloys at which they have been found to have very ch less tenacity than when hotter or colder. This is the perature at which cracks occur in castings as they cool. steel, experiments have seemed to show that this is ab. , corresponding to a blue heat. For other metals such a perature exists, but its limits have not yet been investied. See CRITICAL TEMPERATURE. emperature Constant of Plants. Total quantity of cor total excess of temperature above 40° required to bring ant from budding up to the point of complete ripening of cuit; sometimes known as Hoffman's or Linnsser's Constant. emperature of Reversal. See THERMOELECTRICITY. emperature of the Body. The normal temperature ne body averages 98.4° F. The human body can bear a high ee of heat diffused in the atmosphere, 400° F. and upward e been breathed for a short time, and cold 115° F. below zing have been withstood. Excessive heat disposes the to gastric and intestinal diseases, and particularly enement of the liver, which is of common occurrence in the d zone. Heat acts as an excitant, and cold as a sedative, cing sleep, the tendency to which, after long exposure, mes irresistible. See ANIMAL HEAT. emperature of the Earth. See EARTH. emperature of the Moon. greatly. Langley, from his latest researches, concludes Authorities have difit can never rise above the freezing point of water. empering of Steel. Operation of giving to steel just est relation between hardness and toughness to adapt it se in cutting implements, etc. ening by sudden cooling to send the carbon into combiThe action seems to be in -n with the iron; in gradual cooling the carbon seems to -ate out. The hotter the steel is when suddenly cooled, more carbon unites with the metal, and the harder and brittle the steel. In tempering, therefore, two methods sed. In one the metal is heated from a cold state to just -ight temperature for the hardness desired, and is then ched: in the other, the whole bar is heated to cherry-red, the particular part to be tempered is quenched and hardoutright by immersing that part only. The heat is cond to this hardened edge from the body of the bar, and ns or draws it until the desired point is reached, when the e is quenched. The tempering process seems to depend e rapidity with which the part passes from the limits of o a temperature below that for forging, or to 400°. The eratures are indicated on steel by the succession of tints appear on a bright surface of the edge. These seem to e to oxide forming. The following table gives these tints emperatures, and the uses for which the steel is adapted tempered by either process. yellow, very pale. . 66 darker 66 F. 430° 440° 470° 1 66 500° with purple shade (Steel engraving tools, ham- Rock drills, taps, chasers. Reamers, gouges, stone-cut- 530° Wood augers, drifts. 550° Cold chisels, axes. Framing chisels, planer 590° Circular saws, screw drivers. "with green tinge. 630° Springs, handsaws. EEL, METALLURGY OF. per Screw. Mechanical device attached to the upper the string of tools used in well-boring, by means of which portion of it was first leased to students of the common law cation of the World; head-master of Rugby 1858-69; Bp. of Temple, H. J. See PALMERSTON. Temple, SIR RICHARD, LL.D., D.C.L., b.1826. Anglo-In- ville Papers, 4 vols., 1852-53. Temple, SIR WILLIAM, 1628-1699. English diplomatist; Temple, WILLIAM GRENVILLE, U.S.N., 1824-1894. Captain Temple Bar. Gate in London, between the Strand and Temple Society. German Christians who separated from Temporal Bone. One of the bones of the skull forming that part of the head behind the brow and around the ear. The flat upper portion of the bone forms the temple, while the lower and more irregular part incloses the auditory apparatus. The name is given to this bone because the hair frequently first begins to turn gray in this region. Temporal Power. Properly, the Pope's regal authority in the States of the Church, abolished 1871; also, more or less, the indirect civil authority resulting from his spiritual claims. Temporary Stars. Stars which have appeared suddenly and after a time have again disappeared. Among recorded instances are those of Hipparchus 134 B.C., of Tycho Brahe 1572, Nova Cygni 1876. a star in the nebula of Andromeda 1885, and Nova Auriga 1892. Birmingham rectly proportional to the breaking weight, and inversely tional to the sectional area. It is also affected slightly her considerations; e.g., with the same cross section, a er has greater tenacity than, a prism. The most tenamaterial is drawn cast-steel; a wire 1 millimeter in diaman sustain a weight of 80 kilograms. maille. Rampart between two bastions raised in the ditch in front of the curtain. nant. Holder of lands by any title. If absolute owner tenant in fee; but he may hold for life, or for a fixed of years, or from year to year, or at will or by sufferance. n, he may be tenant in common, i.e., he and others may several titles to a piece of land, but be united in possesor joint tenant, when he and others own land by a joint created expressly by one and the same deed or will; or in rceny, when he and others take by descent as one heir. ordinary tenant holds land from another, giving some conration, either in money, produce, or personal service; or Es another's house. "enant Right. Supposed right to retain the use of land Tenasserim. S. part of Burmah, between Siam and Bay Tencin, MME. CLAUDINE ALEXANDRINE GUÉRIN DE, 16811749. French social personage, mistress of the Regent and other eminent men, mother of D'Alembert; author of three romances, 1735-47. Lettres, 1790-1806.-Her brother, PIERRE, 1680-1758, was a Cardinal. Tendai-Shin. Japanese Buddhist sect, founded from China ab.805, afterward in three branches. Tender. Proffer of an act in accordance with the offerer's legal obligation. Tendon. Tissue which binds a muscle to its place of attachment. It is white and fibrous; in many muscles cord-like in form. The contractile muscular tissue is attached to this inelastic substance, on which it pulls as one would pull on a rope, causing the desired movement through its attachment to the bone at the other end of the tendon. Tendril. Slender leafless branch, or modified leaf developed into an organ adapted to aid a plant in climbing, as in the grape or pea. Responsorium following the Tenebræ Factæ Sunt. fifth lesson on Good Friday in R.C. Ch.; descriptive of the last agonies of Christ. The service in which it occurs breathes the spirit of gloom, penitence, and mourning. The altar is shrouded in black, the bells are dumb, the candles on the altar are extinguished one by one, not to be relighted until Easter Eve. Tenedos. Greek island in the Ægean Sea, off the Troad; ab. 8 m. by 3; held by Turkey, whose fleet was destroyed here by the Greeks Nov. 22, 1822. Pop. ab.15,000. Tenement. Land, or anything of a permanent nature which may be holden. Tenement Houses. Those which accommodate several tenants; in 1893 more than 70 per cent of the population of New York City were thus housed. At the present time these houses are, at the best, well provided with all modern conveniences, and, in proportion to the conveniences, are the most economitions being provided with light and heat and other Ding under control of the Village Tavern, by David Teniers. (In the Art Gallery in Schwerin) Tenison, THOMAS, D.D., 1636-1715. Bp. of Lincoln 1691; Ten Kate, JAN JACOB LODEWIJK, b.1819. Dutch poet; Tennantite. Cu,As,S,. Mineral copper sulph-arsenite, usually containing some antimony and passing by gradations into tetrahedrite. Tennemann, WILHELM GOTTLIEB, 1761-1819. Prof. Marburg 1804. Hist. Philosophy, 11 vols., 1798-1819; Manual, 1812, tr.1832. Tennent, SIR JAMES EMERSON, 1804-1869. Irish M.P. 1832; in India 1841-50: Sec. Board of Trade 1852-67; Baronet 1867. Greece, 1826-30; Belgium, 1841; Ceylon, 1859. Tennent, WILLIAM, 1673-1745. Irish immigrant ab.1717; Tennessee. One of the s. central States; area 42,050 sq. TENNESSEE-TENTERDEN utbreak of the Civil War it at first refused to secede, At w. Knoxville; successor nney, SANBORN, 1827-1877. Prof. Vassar 1865, Williams Hist. Rebellion, enniel, JOHN, b.1820. Cartoonist in Punch since 1851; trator of Alice in Wonderland, Ingoldsby Legends, and er books. ennis. Oldest of all existing games of ball; was played Europe in the Middle Ages, coming from Italy to France, from France to England. The ball is thrown against a 1 and struck by a racket on its rebound. It was formerly yed in the open air, now generally in courts with walls, or h walls and roof. See COURT TENNIS and RACKETS. Tennis, or LAWN TENNIS. Game played by two or four yers. It consists in driving a small felt-covered ball across net so that it may strike within a certain prescribed area. e players take turns in serving, i.e., putting the ball in play; must strike within a certain space of the opponent's court. Iter that, it may be struck on the fly, volleyed, or after the st rebound. A player failing to hit the ball, or hitting it nd failing to place it over the net and within the confines of me opponent's court, loses the stroke. Tennyson, ALFRED, D.C.L., LORD, 1809-1892. Poet lauHis first volumes, 1830-32, won little eate 1850, Baron 1884. ttention; those of 1842 made him famous. The Princess folOwed, 1847, the greater In Memoriam, 1850, Maud, 1855. Four Idylls of the King, 1859, contained much of his noblest Tennyson, as a young man. work; others were added 1869 and later. Enoch Arden, 1864, won great popularity. His later works include three historical plays, Queen Mary, 1875, Harold, 1877, and Becket, 1884, besides The Cup. 1884, and The Foresters, 1892; but his genius shone more brilliantly in the lyric and the minor epic than in He was a consummate artist, unsurI thought and feeling. His tig form. lived from 1853 at Farringford, Isle of Wight, and from 1870 Tenon. See MORTISE. Tenor. Highest adult male voice; also applied to instruments of about the same compass. Tenore, MICHELE, 1780-1861. Prof. of Botany in Naples. Flora Napolitana, 1811-38; Géographie physique et botanique de Naples, 1827. Tenorite. CuO. Mineral compound of copper and oxygen, occurring in small scales with metallic luster; black oxide of copper. Tenos. One of the Cyclades, s.e. of Andros. Area 70 sq. Ten Persecutions. See PERSECUTIONS. Tenrec. See TANREC. Tensas. River joining the Washita, at Trinity, La., after flowing 250 m. through the State in a s.e. direction. Tense. Modification of a verbal root to express time of action. Augment and reduplication seem to have been the earliest means for indicating a change from present to past. For this purpose the Germanic tongues largely employed Ablaut, i.e., a change of the radical vowel, as in drink-drank. Values Tensile Strength. Force required to tear apart a rope 66 sheets and wire. Bronze (for guns). 66 66 66 (Tobin's, Cu,Sn, Tn.).. Phosper, cast. Copper, cast... 66 sheets... wire.. Iron, cast, ordinary. 66 best... for ordnance.. wrought, bars.. 66 66 66 plate, best... eye-bars. large forgings. wire. Steel, low carbon. 66 high 66 Tin, cast. Zinc, cast.. 66 'rolled.. The strongest metal tested is a special alloy of steel with tungsten, which gave in a compressed ingot an ultimate strength of 161,000 lbs. per sq. in. Tension. State of stress produced by two forces acting in the same line but in opposite directions, as when two men pull on the ends of a rope. In practical applications it is important that the tension should not be so great as to produce a perma nent stretch, or, in engineering language, the elastic limit of the material should not be exceeded. Tension of Vapor. See VAPOK TENSION. Tensor. In Quaternions, coefficient of a unit vector to give any definite length. Tent. This is a very ancient habitation, being made of bark or leaves of trees, skins of animals and textile fabrics successively. They are often made waterproof by alum or hydrocarbons. The usual material is cotton duck, and the best form is conical. Ten Tables. See TWELVE TABLES. Tentacle. In Botany, sensitive glandular hair, by which some plants, e.g., Drosera, capture insects. Feelers. Among Protozoa, the Acinetans Tentacles. possess them. In the Jellyfish, Hydroids, and other cœlenterates they are usually flexible and long processes of the body wall, into which frequently the body cavity extends. They may be extended a great length and retracted almost like porated into the general body. Tentacles of this nature are common in the Worms, Holothurians, and Molluscoids. pseudopodia, except that their substance never becomes incor Tentaculocyst. Modified tentacle of the scyphomedusan Jellyfish, containing a part of the gastro-vascular canal-system, otocysts, visual organs, and olfactory hairs. Tenterden, CHARLES ABBOTT, LORD, 1762-1832. Judge of Common Plea 1818; Baron 1 Ten Tho Tenuiros beak and feet belong the be Tree-creeper Nuthatch (Sit Tenure. Teocalli. Teocalli at Teosinte. value in the wa it will not devel Tephroite. lar to rhodonite Teplitz. T discovered 762; Napoleon was fo Teraphim. houses from th peatedly mentio Terashima England 1872-73 Teratology ities, or abnorm postnatal diseas Terbium. covered by Dela Rare metal, forn orange-yellow p Terbium N made by treating it yields basic ni Terbium S tals, isomorphou the nitrate with Terbium Tr powder: prepare in acids forming Terburg, G affected aristocra fine finish; celebra to the small dimer TEN THOUSAND-TERMINAL on Pleas 1816; Chief-justice of King's Bench, and Knight, Baron 1827. Merchant Ships and Seamen, 1802. Thousand, RETREAT OF. See RETREAT. uirostres. Tribe of Passerine Birds, having long thin nd feet ambulatorii or fissi; the hind toe is long. Here the beautiful clamatory Hoopoes (Upupa), the Oscinal reeper (Certhia), the Humming-birds (Trochilidae), the tch (Sitta), and the Australian Lyre-bird. ure. Legal form of holding land under English law. calli. Pyramidal Aztec temples, usually for human sacrifices. That of the City of Mexico, famous in the history of the Conquest, stood only 14861521: it was 375 ft. by 300, 80 ft. high, and terraced. The pyramid of Cholula, 1,440 ft. square and 177 high, is supposed to be of another and earlier class. Teocalli at Palenque. Teos. Ancient Greek city of Lydia, w. Asia Minor, 25 m. s.w. of Smyrna; birthplace of Anacreon. osinte. Euchlaana luxurians. Forage plant of some in the warmer portions of the U. S. In ordinary seasons not develop in the North. phroite. Mn,SiO.. Mineral manganese silicate, simirhodonite, but of different percentage composition. plitz. Town of n. w. Bohemia, noted for its hot springs, ered 762; sanitary resort. The Triple Alliance against eon was formed here Sept. 1813. raphim. Small images idolatrously used in Hebrew s from the time of the Judges to that of Ezekiel; rely mentioned in O. T. rashima Munenori, 1832-1893. Japanese Minister to nd 1872-73, and to the U. S. later; Count 1884. ratology. In Botany and Zoology, study o. monstrosor abnormal forms and structures, not resulting from atal disease. rbium. Tr. At. wt. 160° C., valence III. It was disd by Delafontaine 1860. It occurs in LAMARSKITE (q.V.). netal, forming colorless salts. Its oxide, Tr2O., is a dark e-yellow powder. bium Nitrate. Tr(NO:). Deliquescent substance, by treating the oxide with nitric acid. Heated to 500° C. is basic nitrates. 1503 Terceira. One of the Azores Islands. The surface is mountainous but the soil is fertile. The capital is Angra on the s. side. Exports are wine, oranges, and lumber. Area ab. 222 sq. m., pop. 45,000. Terebenthene. See TURPENTINE. Terebinth. Pistacia terebinthus. Turpentine tree growing about the Mediterranean, from 30-40 ft. high; source of Chian turpentine and noted for its longevity. Absalom was caught in its branches (II. Sam. xviii.). Terebra. Ovipositor, when adapted for boring. Terebrantia. Suborder of Hymenoptera, in which the female possesses a freely projecting or a retractile ovipositor, adapted for boring. There are three tribes, PHYTOPHAGA, GALLICOLA, and ENTOMOPHAGA (q.v.). Terebratulina. See TESTICARDINES. Teredo Navalis. See SHIPWORM and PHOLADIDÆ. Terence (PUBLIUS TERENTIUS AFER), ab. 185-159 B.C. Latin comic dramatist; b. at Carthage; brought to Rome a slave, and soon manumitted. Scipio, Lælius, and other nobles were his patrons. We possess six plays entire: Andria; Hecyra, or Step-Mother; Heanton-Timoreumenos, or Self-Tormentor; The Scene from the Phormio of Terence. adaptations from the Greek of Menander, Apollodorus, and bium Sulphate. Tr,(SO,),+8H,O. Colorless crys-litteris, syllabis, metris, pub. 1836. Terentianus Maurus, 2d cent. African versifier. De bium Trioxide. Tr,O,. Terbia; dark orange-colored r: prepared from samarskite and cerite niinerals; soluble s forming the corresponding salts. burg, GERARD, 1617-1681. Dutch genre painter, who d aristocratic types and subjects, and had a marvelously Commentator Terentius Scaurus, QUINTUS, 2d cent. on Virgil and Horace; writer on grammar. Terephthalic Acid. See PHTHALIC ACIDS. Teresa, or THERESA, ST., 1515-1582. Spanish Carmelite nun, reformer of the order 1562; mystical writer; canonized 1622. Her day is Oct. 15. Autobiography, 1562; Way of Perfection, 1563; Book of Foundations, tr. 1853; Interior Castle, 1577, tr. 1852. Works, 1587. Terete. In Botany, nearly cylindrical. Terhune, MRS. MARY VIRGINIA (HAWES: "MARION HARLAND"), b.ab.1832 in Va., m. 1856. Author of many novels and several cook-bocks; founder of the Home-maker, 1888. Alone, 1853; Hidden Path, 1855; Nemesis, 1860; Husks, 1863; His Great Self, 1892. Her Common Sense in the Household, 1871, is widely used. Term. Single algebraic quantity, unconnected with others by plus or minus sign. An aggregate of two or more terms bound together by a parenthesis may be an element in a complex term; e.g., 3a(x+2y) is a single quantity in which the base is the sum of x and 2y, while 3a and are respectively coefficient and exponent. Term-Days. Days on which it is agreed that very frequent observations shall be made simultaneously at distant stations; first adopted 1825-30, when magnetic observations were made all over Europe. Terminal. In Botany, belonging to the apex or end. Terminal. Pillar, or pedestal, often in the form of a frustum of an inverted obelisk, to support a bust. Terminal Inflorescence. Manner of flowering in which the flowers are produced at the ends of the t |