Page images
PDF
EPUB

TAYLOR-TEAL

ps Academy at Andover, Mass., from 1837; editor of clasext-books.

ylor, THOMAS, 1758-1835. English Platonist; translator ato, 1804, Aristotle, 1806-12, the Neo-platonists IambliPorphyry, Plotinus, Proclus, and other Greek writers. ylor, THOMAS RAWSON, 1807-1835. English hymnist. ylor, Tom, 1817-1880. English playwright; ed. Punch 1874. aylor, WILLIAM, 1765-1836. English author and translaSynonyms, 1813; German Poetry, 1828-30.

aylor, WILLIAM, D.D., b. 1821. M. E. bp. for Africa 1884; fic writer.

aylor, WILLIAM MACKERGO, D.D., LL.D., 1829-1895. Pasin Scotland, at Liverpool, and 1872-93 in New York; au- of Scripture biographies and other works. Knox, 1885; ables, 1886; Miracles, 1890.

aylor, WILLIAM ROGERS, U.S.N., 1811-1889.

Captain

; active on the Atlantic coast; Commodore 1866, Rearniral 1871.-His father, WILLIAM VIGNERON, U.S.N., 17813, became Captain 1841.

Taylor, ZACHARY, U.S.A., 1784-1850. Twelfth Pres. U. S.; otain 1810; defender of Ft. Harrison, Ind., 1812; Major 1816. onel 1832; distinguished in the Black Hawk war, 1832, and ainst the Seminoles, Fla., 1836-38; victor at Okechobee, Dec. 1837; commander on the Texas frontier 1845, and in the xican war 1846; victor at Palo Alto May 8, Resaca de la Ima May 9, and Monterey Sept. 21-24; Major-gen. June 16; weakened by transfer of his best troops to Gen. Scott, t victorious at Buena Vista Feb. 23, 1847; popular and fa

Tehelynskin, CAPE. Northernmost point of the mainland of Asia, lat. 78°.

Tcherevin, d. 1896.

Russian general, prominent against the Poles 1863 and the Turks 1877; head of secret police 1878-80. Tchernaya. River in Crimea, scene of a battle Aug. 16, 1855. The Russians, under Gortschakoff, were repulsed with loss of 5,000 killed and wounded and 600 prisoners; loss of allies, 1,200.

Tchernyshevsky, NIKOLAI GAVRILOVITCH, 1828-1889. Russian economist, sent to Siberia for life 1864, after two years' imprisonment, during which he wrote a novel, Que Faire? It exerted a deep influence in Russia, and was tr. 1886 as A Vital Question.

Tea. Shrubs of the genus Thea, of the natural family Ternstromiaceae, natives of e. Asia, extensively cultivated

Tear. I
plant in the
Tear Gla
Tears. S
lubricating th

an excessive t
shed tears at
nose. Tears
consist of wat
Tears of
by Prof. J. Th
of wine on the
tension at po
remaining liqu
taking place f
Tear-Th
Polygonum; es
of N. America.
Teasel. C

[graphic]
[graphic]

Zachary Taylor.

mous as "Old Rough and Ready"; Whig candidate for Pres. June 1848; elected by plurality over Cass and Van Buren. His brief administration is memorable for the admission of Cal. as a free state, the struggle over the extension of slavery, and the Clay compromise. His son, RICHARD, 1826-1879, a brilliant and accomplished man, became Brig.-gen. C.S.A. 1861, Majorgen. 1862, and Lieut.-gen. 1864, serving in the southwest, and fighting Gen. Banks in two battles, April 8-9, 1864. He pub. Destruction and Reconstruction, 1879.

Taylor, MT. Volcanic peak in w. New Mexico. 11,391 ft.

Altitude

for their leaves. The leaves of numerous other plants have been used as substitutes. It contains 2.57-4.89 per cent of THEINE (q.v.), the active principle. Tea is supposed to have orig inated in Assam, thence been introduced into China ab.400, and from China into Japan ab.850. It was brought to Europe by the Dutch 1610, and was sold in England at $30 to $50 a pound; in 1666 the price had fallen to $15. It began to be cultivated in India 1834, in Ceylon 1876. Gt. Britain and Ireland in 1894 consumed 214,000,000 lbs.; the U. S. in 1896 imported 93,998,372 lbs. The consumption in the U. S., 1897, was 1.55 lbs. per capita. Production in 1888, in millions of pounds, was estimated, China 290, India 90, Japan 40, Ceylon 19, Tea, PARAGUAY. See Paraguay 10, Java 7. MATE.

Taylor's Theorem. Formula, devised 1715 by BROOK TAYLOR (q.v.), for developing a function of the sum of two variables in a series of the ascending powers of one variable with coefficients which are functions of the other.

[blocks in formation]

n-1 yn-1 +... f(x+y)=f(x)+f'(x)y+f" (x) + f (x) [_n-1+ fn(x+y) or

yn

n

[blocks in formation]
[ocr errors]

Tazewell, HENRY, 1753-1799. Judge Va. Supreme Court

LITTLETON WALLER,

View in the Black-Tea District of China.

sors, 40 assistants, and ab. 350 students; it was made the school of pedagogy of Columbia Univ. 1897.

Teachers' Institutes. Begun in the U. S. 1843, with informal precedents from ab. 1834.

Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. Greek MS., discovered 1873 at Constantinople by Bp. Bryennios; pub. 1888, tr. 1884. As perhaps the earliest Christian document outside the N. T. canon, it is of great importance for the light it casts on primitive church usages.

Teak. Tectona grandis. Large tree of the natural family Verbenaceae, native of India, yielding a very hard and durable

in shinbuilding. Sp. gr. 5.85.

Fuller's Teasel (D
fullonum): a, a bra

trial schools, wh
blacksmithing,
electrical and
metallurgy and
Institute at Tr
the U. S. The
founded in 1847
Mass.. in 1847, C
in 1852, School
Lehigh Univ., 1
Mass. Institute o
Technolog
spinning, calico-
science. See INI
Tectibranc
chiata, including
a special cavity
usually present,
by lobes of the f
(Phyllidiidae) and
Tectology
Study of the re
grades above th
tology, Organolo

Tectonic. 1
materials of the

Tectospond
Tectrices (
bases of the ren
Tecumseh, a
er, ELSKWATAWA
of the western ti
Tippecanoe, Nov.

1812 he joined t
killed at the Tha
Te Deum. I

a Greek original
and in universal
special occasions
Ambrose and Aug
Teeswater.
Teeth. Princ
in sockets in the
mammals), there

teeth, 20 in numb
ginning with the

month and

TEAR-TEISIAS

Tear. In Botany, resinous or gummy exudation from a nt in the form of a teardrop.

Tear Gland. See LACHRYMAL GLAND.

se.

Tears. Secretion of the lachrymal gland. They assist in
ricating the eyeball, and strong emotions and odors produce
excessive flow, especially in the human race, but few animals
ed tears at all. The normal discharge escapes through the
Tears are of alkaline reaction, have a saline taste, and
sist of water and ab. 1 per cent common salt.
Tears of Strong Wine. Phenomenon first explained
Prof. J. Thomson. The alcohol evaporating from a layer
vine on the sides of a glass causes an increase of the surface
sion at points where the evaporation is most rapid. The
aining liquid is thus drawn up in drops, the motion always
ing place from the stronger wine to the weaker.

Tear-Thumb. Prickly, climbing herbs of the genus
ygonum; especially P. sagittatum and P. hastatum, natives
N. America.

Teasel. Coarse herbs of the genus Dipsacus, natural order

ler's Teasel (D. num): a, a bract.

Dipsace, with lavender-colored flowers sub-
tended by a prickly or spiny involucre; na-
tives of the Old World, introduced into
America. D. fullonum is cultivated for its
dense flower heads, furnished with recurved
bristles, and used by fullers in raising the
nap on woolen cloth. Its cultivation is a
local industry of some importance in parts
of Onondaga co. and Cayuga co., N. Y., the
headquarters of the trade being at Skeneate-
les. The plant also grows wild in many
parts of the country as a wayside weed.

Teche Bayou. Large bayou of the
Mississippi River in La., issuing from the
Atchafalaya Bayou to the s. of lat. 31° N.,
and flowing into the s. end of Grand Lake.

Technical Schools. These are schools
of applied science in distinction from indus-
I schools, which latter instruct in handicraft, as carpentry,
ksmithing, etc. They include civil, mechanical, mining,
trical and chemical engineering, industrial chemistry,
allurgy and architecture.
itute at Troy, N. Y., established 1824, was the first in
The Rensselaer Polytechnic
U. S. The Sheffield Scientific School at New Haven was
ded in 1847, Lawrence Scientific School at Cambridge,
S., in 1847, Chandler Scientific School at Dartmouth Coll.
852, School of Mines of Columbia Coll., N. Y., 1864, the
gh Univ., Bethlehem, Pa., 1866, Stevens Institute 1871,
5. Institute of Technology, and many others.

echnology. Science of the industrial arts. as brewing,
ning, calico-printing, etc.; a general name for industrial
ace. See INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS and TECHNICAL SCHOOLS.
ectibranchiata (PALLIATA). Suborder of Opisthobran-
ta, including forms having the gill on the right side, in
ecial cavity or covered by the mantle-edge. A shell is
lly present, though it may be concealed, as in Aplysia,
obes of the foot. There are two groups, Phyllidiobranchia
llidiidae) and Ctenobranchia (Bulla, Aplysia, Sea-Hare).
ectology (COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, or MORPHOLOGY).
y of the relations and development of animal units, of
es above the antimere (see INDIVIDUALITY): includes His-
Ey, Organology, Blastology, Prosopology, and Cormology.
ectonic. In Geology, structural arrangement of the
erials of the earth considered as a whole.
ectospondyli. See SHARKS.
ectrices (COVERTS).

s of the remiges of the wing of birds.
Short feathers overlapping the
ecumseh, ab. 1768-1813. Shawnee chief: with his broth-
LSKWATAWA, "the Prophet," he sought to form an alliance
e western tribes against the whites, and in the battle of
ecanoe, Nov. 7, 1811, was defeated by Gen. Harrison. In
he joined the British, was made Brig.-gen., and was
at the Thames.

e Deum. Latin hymn of 5th century, perhaps based on
eek original; valued as the noblest of Christian poems,
n universal use; sung as part of Morning Prayer and on
al occasions of thanksgiving. The legendary ascription to
rose and Augustine is unsupported. See AMBROSIAN HYMN.
eeswater. See CATTLE.

eeth. Principal organ of mastication: bony bodies placed
ckets in the upper and lower jaws. In man (and most
mals), there are two sets: the first, the milk or temporary
,20 in number, appear in the first three years of life, be-
ng with the central incisors at from the 6th to the 8th
ch and ending with the last molar at from the 20th to

month The

[merged small][merged small][graphic][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]
[graphic]

Vertical Section through a Tooth lodged in its socket: a, enamel; b, dentine; c, crusta petrosa, or cement; d, lining of the cavity in the gum; e, bony socket in gum; f, pulp cavity. The permanent teeth appear in the following sequence: the 1st molar, the central and lateral incisors, the 1st and 2d bicuspids, the canine and the 2d and 3d molars. This last seldom appears before the 17th or 18th year, and is known as the wisdom tooth. The upper canines are sometimes called the eye-teeth; the lower, the stomach teeth. See DENTITION.

A, the separate human teeth as they occur in the half-jaw of the adult; B, the human teeth in situ in the upper jaw; a, a, incisors; b, b, canines; c, c, premolars; d, d, true molars.

Teething. Process of eruption or cutting the teeth. The teeth are developed in the sockets, and, as they grow, are pushed up through the gum. This pressure is apt to cause severity caused by the irritation. This, in part, accounts for great pain, with constitutional disturbances of more or less the added dangers in the second summer of a child's life. Teeth of Wheels. See GEAR WHEELS.

Teetotalism. Total ABSTINENCE (q.v.) from intoxicating

drink.

Teetotum, or SPINNING DIE. Common gaming implement usually having four or six faces, which are marked either with letters, numbers, or dots like dice. Among German Jews, one marked with Hebrew characters is used in the sports of the Chinese implement, ch'é mé, is apparently borrowed from children at the Feast of Purim. In India, one (chukree) with six dotted sides is permitted at the Diwali Festival. The India. In Japan it is called Coma, and used in the popular game of Sugoroku or Double Sixes.

Tegern See. Mountain lake in s. Bavaria, 30 m. s.e. from Munich, 34 m. long; it is frequented as a summer resort.

Tegmen, or ENDOPLEURA. Inner seed-coat of flowering plants, resulting from the ripening of the secundine coat of the ovule.

Tegmina. ELYTRA (q.v.) of the Grasshopper, etc.
Tegnér, ESAIAS, 1782-1846. Swedish poet, called the "great-
est of the Gothic School"; prof. Lund 1812, Bp. of Wexio 1824.
Svea, 1811; Axel, 1821; Frithiof's Saga, 1825.

Tegucigalpa. Capital of Honduras, 125 m. e. by n. of
San Salvador. Seat of Congress since 1880. Pop. ab. 18,000.
Tegulæ. Two small scales of the mesothorax, projecting
over the bases of the wings in insects (Hymenopters).

Teheran. Capital of Persia; near the Elburz Mts., ab. 70 m.
s. of the Caspian Sea. Pop. ab. 160,000 in winter; early in spring
the wealthier citizens go to the mts. Its trade and manufac-
tures are considerable. The mosques have colleges attached
to them, and the king's college has European professors.
Teheult Indians. See PATAGONIANS.
Tehuantepec, ISTHMUS OF. Narrowest part of N. America,
in s. Mexico. Width 134 m.
recently a ship railway, have been projected across it. The
An inter-oceanic canal, and more
Gulf of Tehuantepec is on its s. or Pacific side.

Indian official; Baronet 1792; legislator of Bengal; Gov.-gen.
Teignmouth, JOHN SHORE, BARON, 1751-1834. Anglo-
biographer of Sir William Jones.
of India 1793-97; Baron 1797; Privy Councilor 1807; editor and

Teinds. Scottish tithes, secularizad

TEJEDA-TELEODACTYLA

eda, JUAN DE. First Captain-gen. of Cuba, 1589-95. amon. In Etruria, Italy: here the Gauls, hemmed in o Roman consular armies, were annihilated 225 B.C.; were taken prisoners, and 40,000 killed.

autograph. Electrical device invented by Elisha Gray nsmitting autographs or copying designs. It is an ins application of the general principles of Morse's telec alphabet.

egraph. The first electric telegraph, 13 m. long, was in England 1839. The first overground line, on poles, uilt at Calcutta 1839. The first in the U. S., between more and Washington, was completed May 1844, using 's system, of which a working model had been made In 1897 the telegraph systems of the world had an exAn attempt to lay a cable across the of ab. 5,000,000 m. ntic was made 1857; another was landed Aug. 5, 1858, but d to work within a month: the first which proved a sucvas landed in Newfoundland July 27, 1866. See TELEGRAPHY.

Morse Apparatus as used on the line between Washington and Baltimore.

Telegraph and telephone companies are not common carers, but their business is impressed with a public interest, that the State may authorize them to exercise the right E eminent domain and may regulate their charges. They are ound to serve the public without discrimination, and generlly to send messages for which payment is made or tendered

the order of reception. They are liable to the sender for amages sustained by their negligence in transmission and elivery, and in some jurisdictions they are liable to the receiver. In some States they may limit such damages by contract stipulation, in others such stipulations are deemed void, as against public policy.

Telegraph, FIELD. During the last years of the Civil War the headquarters of an army were often connected with those of its important subdivisions and of its supply stations in rear by means of a light telegraph wire through which direct and rapid communication could be maintained even during battle. The wires were on rolls, carried in light-wheeled vehicles, and could be rapidly paid out: they were supported on light poles or lances or on trees with suitable insulation. The system has been carefully and thoroughly developed, and is now part of the duty of the signal corps of the army.

Telegrapher's Cramp. Form of NEUROSES (q.v.). Telegraph Plant. Meibomia gyrans. Herbaceous plant of the natural family Leguminosa, which exhibits a remarkable system of spontaneous movements of its lateral leaflets. Telegraphy, ELECTRIC. Art of communicating between two distant stations by means of a code of prearranged signals conveyed by an electric current over a wire joining the two. Every telegraphic system comprises three parts, the generator of the electric current, the conductors or wires for conveying

for making and breaking the electric circuit; the receiver is an
electromagnet furnished with an armature, which is movable a
short distance to and fro in front of the poles. Morse's code of
signals, if recorded by the instrument as it was in the earlier

it, and the sending and receiving apparatus. The first to succeed in giving a practical character to the telegraph were Prof. paratus was known as the needle telesimplified

may be determined by experiment. We have then the propor-
duced by the prism as the distance of the prism from the focus
tion that the visual angle of the object is to the deviation pro-
is to the focal length. With this instrument Arago deter-
mined the apparent diameters of the planets with great precis-
ion. Also, an instrument for determining the distance by the
velocity of sound. Le Boulenge's telemeter consists of a glass
tube filled with liquid containing a metal disk of slightly greater
specific gravity. When the tube is held vertical the disk falls
with a nearly uniform motion. To use the telemeter for ex-
plosives, as with guns, the tube is held horizontal with the
disk at zero mark. It is turned quickly to a vertical position
at the instant the flash is seen, and when the report is heard
it is turned back to a horizontal position. A scale on the tube
gives the range directly, corresponding to the distance passed
over by the disk.

Teleocephali. See PHYSOCLISTI.

See DIPLARTHRA.

Teleology in natural the Teleosaur Teleostei, though remain tochord often p arches, and an by cycloid or cu bus arteriosus v and the ova are

are Lophobranc Acanthopteri. tions Physostom division, as is g these groups: S duct), including and the follow (Gymnonoti, Ele nows), Isospondy Pickerel). Also shores, not well Superorder Phys the following su (Flying-fishes, E (Acanthopterygii Mackerel, Dolph Sheepshead, Toa Haddock), Disco Heterosomata (F (Sticklebacks), (Globefishes, Trig and order Opisth Teleostomi. and TELEOSTEI (q. Telepathy.

an idea from one the usual avenue garded as doubtfu restrictions have reputable observe account for the pl worthy informatio is useless. The be the Proceedings o Telephone.

tance; of two kin sometimes known themselves are pl from one vibrating trie instrument, so invented by Prof.

[graphic]

iron disk capable of

pole of a strong st ine insulated copp two distant station plate generate mag transmitted over t Where they are reco ting instruments u

TELEOLOGY-TELESCOPE

eleology. Study or doctrine of design or final causes; used atural theology to prove the being and attributes of God. eleosauria. See CROCODILIA.

eleostei, or TELEOSTOIDEA. Fishes with a bony skeleton, gh remains of the primitive cartilaginous cranium and noord often persist. There are usually four pairs of free gill es, and an external operculum. The skin is usually covered ycloid or ctenoid overlapping scales. The heart has a bularteriosus with two valves. Most Teleosts are oviparous, the ova are fertilized after being spawned. The suborders Lophobranchii, Plectognathi, Physostomi, Anacanthini, and thopteri. They may also be considered in the two secPhysostomi and Physoclisti, and, using a more minute subon, as is general with American ichthyologists, we have - groups: superorder Physostomi (with open pneumatic , including orders Apodes (Eels), Nematognathi (Catfishes); the following subdivisions of Teleocephali, Glanencheli nonoti, Electric eels), Eventognathi (Plectospondyli, Min), Isospondyli (Herrings, Shad, Salmonidae), Haplomi (Pike, rel). Also a few orders from the deep sea or foreign s, not well-known, among them Lyomeri (Pelican fish). order Physoclisti (with closed pneumatic duct) includes ollowing subdivisions of order Teleocephali: Synentognathi ng-fishes, Exocetidae), Persesoces (Mullets), Percomorpha thopterygii, the spiny-finned fishes, Perch, Bass, Bluefish, erel, Dolphins, Swordfish, Xiphiida, Bonitos, Weakfish, shead, Toadfish, and many others), Anacanthini (Cod, ock), Discocephali (Remora), Taniosomi (Ribbonfish), osomata (Flounders); also the orders: Hemibranchii lebacks), Lophobranchii (Sea Horses), Plectognathi efishes, Triggerfishes, Trunkfishes), Pediculati (Anglers), rder Opisthomi.

leostomi. Subclass of Pisces, including the GANOIDS
ELEOSTEI (q.v.).

lepathy. Thought-transference, or communication of
-a from one mind to another by some means other than
sual avenues of sense.
das doubtful, though surprising experiments under close
Its possibility must still be re-
ctions have been apparently successfully carried out by
able observers. Various theories have been advanced to
nt for the phenomenon, but until more exact and trust-
y information as to the facts is forthcoming, speculation
ess. The best experiments and theories are recorded in
-oceedings of the Society for Psychical Research.

ephone. Apparatus for transmitting sounds to a disof two kinds, acoustic and electrical. In the former, imes known as the lover's telegraph, the sound-waves elves are propagated along a stretched wire or string One vibrating membrane to another. The magnetoelecstrument, sometimes called the articulating telephone, ed by Prof. A. G. Bell, patented 1876, consists of a thin

[blocks in formation]

1497

upon the principle of varying the resistance at the points of contact, first employed by Gray and by Edison (see MICROPHONE). The transmission of sounds by electricity seems to have been first effected by J. P. Reis of Friedrichsdorf 1860-61. Elisha Gray of Chicago constructed a "musical telegraph"

[graphic]

Early Telephones.

1, Magneto Telephone by A. G. Holcomb 1860-61; 2, Magneto Telephone by G. W. Beardslee prior to 1865: 3, Same inclosed for use; 4, Weyde Transmitter 1869; 5, Weyde Receiver ab.1869; 6, Weyde Receiver in 1870.

1866-67, and filed a caveat for transmitting a sound-wave through a wire Feb. 16, 1876. Graham Bell exhibited a different device for attaining the same result June 25. 1876. Edison's "loud-speaking" telephone was invented 1877. In 1897 there were 772,627 telephone instruments under lease in the U. S. See RECEIVER. TELEPHONE.

Telerpeton. Small lizard-like reptile from the Triassic sandstones of Elgin, Scotland. For many years this fossil was erroneously attributed to the Old Red Sandstone.

Telescope. Instrument for observing distant objects; of
two classes, refracting or dioptric, and reflecting or catoptric.
The simplest form is the astronomical instrument, which con-
sists of two convex and preferably achromatic lenses at a dis-
tance apart nearly equal to the sum of their principal focal
lengths. The lens directed toward the object is as large as
convenient to secure as much light as possible, and of long
focal length. It is called the OBJECT GLASS (q.v.), and forms
an inverted real image of the object, just within the focus of
the other lens, called the eyepiece. Thus the eye placed be-
yond the eyepiece sees a magnified virtual image of the real
one. The terrestrial telescope differs from the above in having
an arrangement for re-
inverting the image
formed by the object-
glass. This consists of
a combination of two
convex lenses, separated
by a distance equal to
the sum of their focal
lengths, and so placed
that the image to be in-
verted faces at the prin-
cipal focus of the com-
bination. Galileo, who
was the first to examine
the heavens, devised a
simple form of instru-
ment. The object-glass
is a double convex lens;
the eyepiece is a double
concave lens, and so
placed that the rays
from the object-glass
are incident upon it be-
fore they form an im-
age. The result is a
beam of divergent rays
which the eye projects
till they form an erect
and virtual image of the
object. By this means

the length of the instru- Lick Telescope. Aperture 36 in., focal length
ment is much lessened.

[graphic]
[graphic]

The common opera-glass is constructed on this principle.
chief forms of refle

The

TELESILLA-TEMPERATURE

image to be viewed by the eyepiece; the instruments in the details of forming and examining this image. onomical telescopes are furnished with a smaller instrut, called finder, which has a much larger field, and has xis parallel to that of the large one. Roughly, the maging power of a telescope is the ratio of the focal length of objective to that of the eyepiece. Roger Bacon understood principles on which the telescope depends_ab.1250; so perdid Giambatista della Porta 1558; and Leonard Digges, melp of Bacon, before 1571; but the instrument was praclly discovered in Holland 1608. The invention is claimed Hans Lippershey, spectacle-maker of Middelburg; Destes ascribes it to Metius (otherwise Andrianzoon) of AlkAnother opinion is that Jansen, also of Middelburg, Galileo discovered satellites of s the inventor in 1610. An achromatic piter Jan. 1610; Kepler explained the telescope 1611. Newn invented the reflecting telescope 1668. escope was constructed by C. M. Hall 1723, and again by Dolland 1758.

ar.

Telesilla OF ARGOS. Heroine and lyric poet, who flourhed ab.510 B.C. Her warlike deeds are probably mythical. Telespectroscope. See SPECTRUM ANALYSIS. Telesphorus. Bp. of Rome 128-139.

Teleutospores. Spores produced in the puccinia state f Fungi of the subclass Uredineæ. They are two-celled, and mark the third phase of the life-history of these parasites. Telfair, EDWARD, 1735-1807. Delegate to Congress 1778 and 1780-83; Gov. of Ga. 1786 and 1790-93.

The corresponding bromine and iodine ride with chlorine. compounds are known.

Tellurium Dioxide. TeO,. Tellurous anhydride; found as TELLURITE (q.v.); white crystalline solid, melting to a yellow liquid when heated; made by burning tellurium, or dissolving it in warm nitric acid.

Telford, THOMAS, 1757-1834. English civil engineer; builder of many canals, of the Menai and Conway tubular bridges, and inventor of the Telford system of roadmaking; founder of Institution of Civil Engineers 1818. See MACADAM ROAD.

Tellurium Fluoride. TeFl. Only compound of fluorine and tellurium; white mass, obtained by evaporating the solution of tellurium dioxide in hydrofluoric acid.

Tell, WILLIAM. Hero of Swiss legend. He shot an apple from the head of his son, at command of Gessler, whom he afterward slew. The story is connected with the Swiss revolt against Austria 1307-15.

Tellurium Iodide. Similar to the chlorides and bromides. Tellurium Tetrabromide. TeBr,. Solid yellow substance, melting to a dark red liquid; sp. gr. 4.31; made by the direct union of the elements at ordinary temperature.

Tellurium Trioxide. TeO,. Telluric anhydride; orangeyellow, crystalline substance, made by heating crystallized telluric acid.

Village of central Egypt. Here were Tell-el-Amarna. discovered, 1887-88, ab. 300 clay tablets containing correspondence in the cuneiform character from various courts of w. Asia; these have since been deciphered and published. Village of Egypt, e. of Cairo; site of Tell-el-Kebir. Arabi's camp, taken by Sir G. Wolseley, Sept. 13, 1882, ending the rebellion.

Teller, HENRY MOORE, b.1830. U. S. Senator from Col. 1876-82 and since 1885; Sec. Interior 1882-85.

Tellurous Acid. H,TeOs. White powder, made by mixing a solution of tellurium in nitric acid with water; slightly soluble in water; dibasic.

See

Tellurous Anhydride. See TELLURIUM DIOXIDE. Telolecithal. Eggs in which the formative yelk is collected at one pole: hence the segmentation is discoidal. EPIBOLE, GERMINAL DISK, and MESOBLAST.

Teller, WILHELM ABRAHAM, 1734-1804. German rationalist, fined for his Worterbuch des N. T., 1772.

Telotrocha. Annelid larva with a perianal and a præoral ring of cilia.

Tellez, GABRIEL (TIRSO DE MOLINA), ab.1580-1648. Spanish dramatist and writer of tales; Prior of Soria 1645; author of some 300 comedies, interludes, and autos, of which 59 survive. His Burlador de Sevilla developed the legend of Don Juan.

Telpherage. Transmission of vehicles hung from a wire to a distance by electricity, independently of any control exercised from the vehicle. Experimental telpher lines have been operated in various places, notably in Weston and Glynde, England.

Tellureted Hydrogen. H,Te. Gas with a disagreeable odor, resembling that of sulphureted hydrogen; made by heating tellurium with zinc, and then treating this with hydrochloric acid. It precipitates many metals from their solutions in the form of tellurides. It burns with a blue flame, and is soluble in water.

Telson. Terminal joint, or median piece of the terminal opening. joint, of higher Crustacea. In its base is situated the anal

Telluric Acid. H2TeO,.+2H O. Colorless crystals, made by converting the potassium salt into the barium salt and precipitating with sulphuric acid. It loses water on heating to 160° C., forming a white powder.

Telluric Anhydride. See TELLURIUM TRIOXIDE.
Telluric Lines. See SPECTRUM ANALYSIS.

Telugu. Language of the Dravidian group.

Temesvar. Town of s. Hungary. 160 m. s.e. of Pesth:
taken and sacked by Turks 1582; taken from them by Prince
Haynau Aug. 10.
Eugene 1716; besieged by Hungarians April 1849; relieved by

Tellurite. TeO2. Rare mineral compound of tellurium and oxygen, found with native tellurium.

Tellurites. Salts of tellurous acid.

Temminck, CONRAD JACOB, 1778-1858. Dutch ornithologist; writer on Java.

Tempe. Narrow vale or ravine in n. Thessaly, between Mounts Olympus and Ossa, cleft through thick marble, through It is ab. 6 m. long, and from 100 to which flows the Peneus.

Tellurium. Te. At. wt. 125?, sp. gr. 6.24, sp. ht. .047, mpt. 452° C., valence II. IV. VI.; discovered by Von Reichenstein. 1782; prepared from the ores by treating them with an oxidizing agent, isolating the tellurous acid thus formed, and then reducing with sulphurous acid; bluish-white substance of metallic luster; soluble in nitric and sulphuric acids; one of the rarer chemical elements, occasionally found in nature in a free state, but more abundantly in combination with gold, silver, and lead, as in the minerals nagyagite, sylvanite, and calaverite, the first being also known as foliated tellurium and graphic tellurium.

See Tellurium Bromide. TeBr. Black substance, mpt. 280° C.; made by heating tellurium in bromine vapor. the CHLORIDE. Two are known, TeCl, and The former is a greenish-yellow powder, made by

[merged small][ocr errors][merged small]

2,000 paces broad. The beauties of its scenery are much celebrated by ancient authors, and thus became a synonym for any beautiful valley.

Temper. That molecular property of steel by which it is made harder or softer for specific purposes. See TEMPERING OF STEEL.

Tempera. In Painting, same as DISTEMPER (q.v.). Temperament. Distinguishing mental characteristics. Four classes are usually described: choleric, melancholic, sanperfect way only, to certain well recognized types of disposi guine, and phlegmatic. These classes correspond, in an intion. Of late years a somewhat more promising attempt is being made on strictly psychological grounds to describe "types" in terms of mental method, but the whole subject is in an unsatisfactory state.

See ABSTINENCE. Temperance. Control of the appetites and desires by the moral sentiments and by reason.

Temperature. Maxwell defines the temperature of a body to be "its thermal state, considered with reference to its power of communicating heat to other bodies." It is then merely a condition of a body with which heat is temporarily associated, and can have no quantitative relations in any true

The
sense.
in the devices
bodies are sa

the same ten
nication neit
Sensations o
aroused by
the surface o
sense are sit
in great num
reacting to s
not to both.
as recipients
differentiated

Tempera
metals and all
much less ter
temperature a
For steel, exp
600°, correspor
temperature e
gated. See C
Temperat
heat or total e
a plant from b
its fruit; somet
Temperat
Temperat

of the body ave
degree of heat
have been brea
freezing have
body to gastri
largement of th
torrid zone. H
inducing sleep,
becomes irresist

Temperat
Temperatu
fered greatly.
that it can neve
Tempering

the best relatio
for use in cuttin
hardening by s
nation with the
separate out.

the more carbo
more brittle the
are used. In on
the right temp
quenched: in th
and the particu
ened outright by
ducted to this 1
softens or draws
whole is quench
on the rapidity
930° to a tempera
temperatures
which appear on
be due to oxide fo

[graphic]
[blocks in formation]
« PreviousContinue »