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TACITUS-TÆNIOGLOSSA

in having less silica in its composition. Obsidian has to 80 per cent silica; tachylite from 50 to 55.

tus, MARCUS CLAUDIUS, 200-276. Roman senator of aracter and patriotic aims, supposed descendant of the _n; emperor from Sept. 275.

Prætor 88, suffectus 98, proconsul of Asia ab. 114; author of DiaOratoribus, Agricola, Germania, Histories, and Annals. o latter, which survive only in part, are remarkable for sed and vigorous style, deep thought, and vehement of tyranny and corruption. After Thucydides he is the she is one of the greatest, of philosophic historians. ek, NAUTICAL. Course of a ship with reference to the -n of the sails. Starboard tack when the vessel is closewith the wind on the starboard side, larboard when on her.

itus, PUBLIUS CORNELIUS, ab.54-ab.118.

cking. Rule enforced by English (but not by American) s of equity, that a third or subsequent incumbrancer may he first incumbrance and tack his to it, so as to compel ening incumbrancers to pay both, if they would redeem the first.

coma.

Capital of Pierce co., Wash.; on a bay e. of t Sound, 41 m. s. of Seattle; founded 1868, chartered of recent growth. It has a fine harbor, a large come, especially with Japan, considerable manufactures, and colleges. Pop., 1890, 36,006, since much increased.-Mt. ma or Rainier near by has a height of 14,440 ft. acon, MIGUEL, 1777-1855. Spanish officer, b. in Colombia; -gen. of Cuba 1834-38.

aconic. Rocks of the Taconic range, chiefly in e. N. Y., now known to belong to different ages. The term, prod by Emmons, is passing out of use.

actics. Science of organizing troops in proper formation che march and for battle, and the art of handling them on battlefield; called grand tactics when applied to large es comprising different arms of the service, and minor ics when restricted to a single arm or to small bodies. Il tactics pertains to the different formations of line or coln and the methods of passing rapidly from one to the other, at the same time keeping the troops under the complete trol of their commander. The essential principles of all tical movements are unity of command, concentration, and bility consistent with the least loss and exposure when un- fire. Historically the infantry formations exhibit an imovement in one or more of these essentials. The Greek alanx of 1,024 files front and 16 ranks deep, comprising 384 men, was unwieldy and capable of moving only on seeted ground. Greater mobility was obtained by the Roman gion, which was composed of three lines, each of ten manies, each maniple having ten ranks deep and twelve files front the first two lines and six files in the third line, the maniples ing arranged in quincunx order to facilitate concentration d to give mobility. The Roman cohort followed, it being rmed of ten ranks, each of 50 to 100 men front: the legion as made up of two or three cohorts, with light troops as irmishers on the flanks. The formations of the early Gerans and Franks more nearly resembled that of the phalanx, heir troops being massed in large bodies until about the time Charles Martel. Under Charlemagne cavalry began to asume more prominence, and infantry, then considered of less mportance, suffered in its organization until about the comencement of the 12th century. It was then armed with the ance or pike and retained its depth until the middle of the 6th century, when, owing to a more general use of firearms, ts depth gradually decreased from ten ranks to six or even hree in the time of Gustavus Adolphus. With the adoption of the bayonet the number of ranks was reduced to four. Marshal Saxe introduced the cadenced and lock step: Frederick the Great adopted the three-rank formation, fully developed the marching and maneuvering power of his infantry, and greatly increased the accuracy and rapidity of musketry fire. In 1810 the English, and also the French and Swiss shortly afterward, adopted the two-rank formation. Other changes, increasing the flexibility of formations and mobility in handling troops, were brought about by introducing the various subdivisions of the army, such as corps, divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions and companies: these permitted the maneuvering of an army in fields which were formerly impossible when the army moved as a whole or by its wings. Battalion tactical units permitted the combinations of deployed lines and columns, giving a rapid extension for fire and mass formation for attack, as frequently exhibited in the Napoleonic wars. The introduction since 1861 of the modern rifled small arm and field gun have brought about fundamental changes in tactical nating all deep formations and bring

front of

and of concentration, and requiring in the individual soldier
much finer qualities than ever before.

Taddeo. See GADDI.

Tadmor. City founded by Solomon as a trading-post in the Syrian desert: later, as PALMYRA (q.v.), a city of great wealth and magnificence, seat of Zenobia; now in ruins. Tadousac. Oldest town in Canada, famous as a summer resort, near the confluence of the St. Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers. Pop. of the district 2,400.

Tael. Chinese monetary unit, equivalent to ab. 1,250 copper cash, or 1 oz. silver.

worms.

Tænia. See TAPEWORM.
Tæniadæ. Family of Cestoda, which includes the Tape-
Each worm consists of a small head armed with suck-
ers and hooks, for holding to the wall of the intestine of its
host; from this grows out a chain of segments (proglottides),
that increase in size toward the posterior end, where the old-
est are. Each segment has its own reproductive organs; the
eggs begin development before the proglottis is set free. The
eggs finally may be eaten, with the food of some animal, and
the gastric and other juices dissolve the shell and set the larva
free. This then burrows into the tissues, becoming encysted,
and changed to a sac, in which several tapeworm heads are
budded out. This is the cysticercus stage. The flesh of this
host being eaten, the scolices are set free as tapeworm heads
that fasten on the alimentary canal of the new host.
cysticercus stage in man and domestic animals is also called
the Echinococcus. See TÆNIA SOLIUM and TAPEWORM.

The

Tænia Echinococcus. Tapeworm infesting the dog.
It has hooks and suckers, but only four segments, the last of
which contains mature eggs. The ripe proglottis becomes
freed, and new ones take its place
successively. The eggs develop in
water, and become proscolices in the
intestine of any animal (including
man) which drinks water containing
them. The proscolex then bores into
some internal organ and becomes a
scolex, about of an inch in di-
ameter. This has the power to pro-
duce other scolices indefinitely, all
gifted with a similar power, until
the organ becomes infested with a hydatid tumor, that may
reach the size of an orange. If the flesh infested with hy-
datids be eaten by a dog, the scolices become tapeworms.
Another tapeworm that infects the dog has its scolex stage in
the common louse of the dog. Another species produces hy-
datids in the brain of sheep, which consequently suffer from
staggers.

Tænia echinococcus.

Tænia Solium. Commonest of Tapeworms infesting man.
On its head is a double circle of 26 hooks. The proglottides
(joints) are in. long, in. broad, and there are ab. 850 of them
The last hundred or so have ripe eggs,
in a mature worm.
which are thrown off with the excrement: if swallowed by
a pig, they hatch and become encysted in its flesh, causing
the pork to be measly. Each cyst is ab. in. long. Similar

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cluding forms seven plates in stomatous, oth former are the dinida) and Ve bus, Natica, etc the Chiastoneu Orthoneura (No Tæniolæ, o Taffeta. P times mixed wit Taffrail, or Taft, ALPHO perior Court 18 1876-77; Ministe Tag. pursues the oth caught in turn are many variet Tag is called On Devil. In Corea suer being the W tween "soldiers" Tagala. Mo pine Islands. Th hair, low forehea hands and feet. are gentle, but 1 They can read ar ers. They are cl civilized.

Child'

Taganrog. of T., an inlet n. I. ab.1720. It has

Tagliamento defeated the Aust Taglioni, M through Europe father, FILIPPO, were noted ballet Tagus. River e. of Madrid, and Atlantic, near Lis

sq. m.

Tahiti. Chief 2.100 m. n.e. of N m., pop. ab.10,000. Tahitians. P beauty. Morally smaller than the

They are good sa deceitful, and fond

baking and steamin Tahlequah founded

TENIOLE-TAI-YUEN

ing forms having two small jaws and a long radula with en plates in each transverse row of teeth. Some are holomatous, others are siphonostomatous. Examples of the mer are the Winkles (Littorinida), freshwater Snails (Paludae) and Vermetus. To the latter belong Cypræa, StromNatica, etc. By a different division of the group we have Chiastoneura (Littorina, Paludina, Vermetus, etc.), and honeura (Natica, Cypræa, Strombus).

æniolæ, or TÆNIOLATA. See SCYPHOMEDUSÆ.

affeta. Plain silk, of varied quality and color, and somees mixed with wool.

affrail, or TAFFEREL. Upper part of a ship's stern.

There

aft, ALPHONSO, LL.D., 1810-1891. Judge Cincinnati SuOr Court 1866-72; U. S. Sec. of War 1876, and Atty.-gen. -77; Minister to Austria 1882, and to Russia 1884-85. ag. Child's game, in which one player, known as It, ues the others and endeavors to catch them. The one -ht in turn becomes It and continues the game. many varieties, as Cross-tag and Squat-tag. In Japan, is called Oni gokko or "Devil Touching," and It is Oni or 1. In Corea, it is called Watchman-catching, the purbeing the Watchman. In Canton the game is played ben "soldiers" and "thieves." agala. Most important of the Malay tribes of the PhilipIslands. They are of medium size, with straight black low forehead, large eyes and mouth, flat nose, small s and feet. The women wear pure white clothing. They gentle, but love gambling, opium-smoking, and music. can read and write, and are skilled carvers and weavThey are closely related to the Formosans, but more zed.

ganrog. Seaport of Russia, on the shore of the Gulf an inlet n.e. from the Sea of Azov; founded by Peter 1720. It has a large export trade. Pop. ab.50,000. gliamento. River in Lombardy, near which Bonaparte ted the Austrians under Duke Charles, March 16, 1797. glioni, MARIA, 1804-1884. gh Europe 1822-47; Comtesse de Voisins 1832.-Her Italian dancer, famous , FILIPPO, 1777-1871, and brother, PAUL, 1808-1884, noted ballet-masters.

gus. River of Spain, heading in the Castilian Mts., Madrid, and flowing mainly s. w. across Portugal to the tic, near Lisbon. Length 566 m., drainage area 34,000

hiti. Chief of the Society Islands: in the Pacific, ab. m. n.e. of New Zealand; held by France. Area 400 sq. Op. ab. 10,000.

hitians. Polynesian Malays, celebrated for physical y. Morally they stand low. er than the men. The women are much The principal weapon is the sling.

1485

Tahoe, LAKE. In the e. foothills of the Sierra Nevada, on the boundary between Cal. and Nevada. Elevation 6,225 ft., area 195 sq. m.

Tahpanhes. Town in Lower Egypt, seat of PharaohHophra, the ruins of whose palace, with the brick pavement (mistranslated kiln) on which Jeremiah prophesied (Jer. xliii. 9) have lately been discovered.

Tail. In Botany, long, slender appendage, as to a seed or achene.

Tailed Men. to Cornishmen, which was referred to divine vengeance upon A Devonshire superstition attributes a tail them for having insulted St. Thomas à Becket. Lord Monboddo argued that a tail was a desideratum. Common report attributed tails to the Niam-niams, and many stories are told of the belief in tailed men in Abyssinia. Among the American Indians there are stories of men once having tails, which they forfeited by some misdemeanor.

Tailings. Material of lowest value, separated from the richer portions of ore in a process of concentration. The tailings from any given stage of a concentration process may be further treated on machines devised for the purpose, or may run to waste.

1879. Prof. Montpellier 1843, and Paris 1863; Academician 1873; Taillandier, RENÉ GASPARD ERNEST, or SAINT-RENÉ, 1817writer on Germany. Scotus Erigena, 1843; Servia, 1871; Études,

1881.

Tailor Bird. Name given to various genera of birds which skillfully construct their nests. They are found in tropical countries. The principal genera are Suthora, Suya, Prinia, Sutoria, and Orthotomus.

Tainan. See TAIWAN.

Prof. Chief

Taine, HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE, D.C.L., 1828-1893. glish Literature, 4 vols., 1863-64, tr. 1872-74, and Origines de Paris 1864, Academician 1879; historian and critic. among his numerous works are the familiar History of Enindustry. la France Contemporaine, 5 vols., 1875-90. Both are monumental works, the result alike of genius and of conscientious.

Taiping (or TAEPING) Rebellion. The head of it styled himself the Heavenly Prince, proIn China 1850-64. claimed a spurious Christianity, and aimed to set up a native dynasty in place of the ruling Manchu. COL. C. G. GORDON (q.v.) was largely instrumental in suppressing the insurrection.

Tait, ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, D.D., LL.D., 1811-1882. Head-. master of Rugby 1842, succeeding Dr. T. Arnold; Dean of Carlisle 1850, Bp. of London 1856, Abp. of Canterbury 1868; a moderate and judicious primate. Modern Theology, 1861. Tait, ARTHUR FITZWILLIAM, b. 1819. painter. N.A. 1858.

Anglo-American

[graphic]

Tait, LAWSON, M.D., b.1845. Scottish surgeon. of Women.

Diseases

Tait, PETER GUTHRIE, b.1831. Prof. Belfast 1854, Edinburgh 1860; writer on physics and higher mathematics. Thermodynamics, 1868; Paradoxical Philosophy, 1878. Taiwan, or TAINAN. Capital of FORMOSA (q.v.) till 1885; 3 m. from w. coast, and connected with the sea by canals; treaty port, with considerable commerce. Pop. ab. 135,000.

Tai-yuen. Chinese city. ab. 400 m. s. w. of Peking; capital of the Shansi province. It consists of an inner and outer

[graphic]
[blocks in formation]

Cliff in yellow earth near Tai-yuen.

long and 13 m. wide, and the wall being pierced by 8 ctos city, each surrounded by walls, the inner city being 2 m. It is of no commercial impor

D.

TALAVERA DE LA REINA-TALMUD

arsenal, powder mills, and cannon foundry. Pop. ab.
lavera de la Reina. Spanish town, on the Tagus,
s. w. of Madrid; scene of a French defeat, July 27-28,
by the British and Spanish armies under Wellesley.
Ibot. Breed of dogs, formerly known as St. Hubert,
robably the original stock of the bloodhound.

lbot, JOHN, 1645-1727. English missionary of the S. P.G.,
merica 1702-24; rector at Burlington, N. J., 1709-24; doubt-
alleged to have been consecrated by nonjuring bishops

albot, RICHARD. See TYRCONNEL.

albot, SILAS, U.S.N., 1751-1813. Mass. officer, distin-
hed in naval encounters 1776-80: prisoner in England
-81; M.C. from N. Y. 1793-95; Captain 1798-1801.
albot, THOMAS, 1818-1886. Gov. of Mass. 1873-74 and
-80.

albot, WILLIAM HENRY Fox, 1800-1877. M.P. 1832-34;
overer of the calotype or talbotype process in photog-
y 1841; decipherer of cuneiform inscriptions from Nine-
Hermes, 1838-39; Pencil of Nature, 1844-46; Etymologies,
-. See PHOTOGRAPHY.

albotype. See TALBOT, W.

"alc. H,Mg,Si,O,,. Very soft, white or greenish white,
rous magnesium silicate, with a greasy feel, that occurs
an essential mineral component in many schistose rocks,
also in independent masses and forms that find extensive
in the arts. A fibrous variety from n. N. Y. has been used
the manufacture of paper: the foliated forms add to the
A coarser and more rock-like
ue of some solid lubricants.
iety is known as soapstone or steatite. The latter has
en quarried in large quantity in e. Pa. and Vt. for com-
rcial uses.

Talcott, ANDREW, 1797-1883. U. S. engineer officer 1818-
later employed on rivers, boundary surveys, and railways.
His brother, GEORGE, 1786-1862, was an officer of artillery
d ordnance 1813-51.

Talent. See GENIUS.

Talent. Ancient Greek weight which was applied to silver d gold money, although no single coin could be made of this eight. Thus the Attic talent after Solon was 56 lbs., 15 oz., .09 grs. avoirdupois, and was divided into 100 minæ. At this me the talent, when used as a commercial weight, was made eavier than the coin talent, equaling over 85 lbs. The talent Egina seems to stand to the Attic in the proportion of 5 3. The coinage differs a little from this. The Hebrew talent as, in gold, ab. 1,320,000 grs. Troy, twice the weight and ab. times the value of the silver talent.

joined the Tiers État; proposed the suppression of tithes; was
in England 1792-94, and in the U. S. 1794-96; was Minister of
Foreign Affairs 1797-1807, and a power in Europe; intrigued

Talfourd, SIR THOMAS NOON, 1795-1854. English dramaist, biographer of Charles Lamb, 1837-48; M.P. 1835-41 and 847-49; Judge and Knight 1849. Ion, 1835; Essays, 1842; Vaation Rambles, 1844-46.

M.C. from Va. 1801-3, Taliaferro, JOHN, 1768-1853. 811-13, 1824-31, and 1835-43.-His relative, WILLIAM BOOTH, 0.1822, became Brig.-gen. C.S.A. 1862 and Major-gen. 1865. Taliesin. Welsh bard, probably of 12th century. Some of his reputed compositions are extant.

Talipes. See CLUBFOOT.

Talisman. Engraved charm intended to arrest evil influences; usually cut upon stone or metal, and referring to some planet or star; in a wider sense, all engraved charms, such as those used by the Mohammedans, with Arabic inscriptions. Among the Chinese, a common talisman worn by children bears the seven stars of the Great Bear.

Tallahassee. Capital of Fla. and of Leon co., midway between the Ga. line and Gulf of Mexico. Pop., 1890, 2,934. Tallahatchie River. In Miss., flowing 250 m. s.s. w., and, uniting with the Yallobusha, forms the Yazoo.

Tallemant des Réaux, GÉDÉON, ab. 1619 - ab. 1692. French author. His Historiettes, 376 biographic and anecdotical sketches, were written ab. 1658, and pub. in 6 vols. 1834.

1821-1896.

Talleyrand-Perigord, CHARLES ANGÉLIQUE, BARON,
French Ambassador at Berlin 1862, and at St.
Petersburg 1864; Senator 1869.
Talleyrand-Perigord, CHARLES MAURICE, DUC DE,
DENEVENTO 1754-1838. Abbot of St. Denis 1775;

1200

Talleyrand.

and Ambassador to England 1830-34. He possessed marvel-
against Napoleon from 1811; was Pres. of Council 1814-15;
ous penetration of intellect and great duplicity. His Memoirs,
5 vols., 1889-91, disappointed public expectation.

Tallien, JEAN LAMBERT, 1769-1820. French terrorist, vio-
lent at Paris and Bordeaux till converted by Mme. de Fonte-
nay, whom he married Dec. 1794; Pres. of Convention March
1794, and chief agent in destroying Robespierre and his fac-
tion July 27; powerful for a time, but soon relegated to
obscurity.

Tallis, THOMAS, ab.1516-1585. Organist of the Chapel
Royal; composer of anthems, Te Deums, etc.; "father of En-
glish cathedral music."

Tallmadge, BENJAMIN, 1754-1835. Major 1777, Colonel
1779; Aid to Washington; especially distinguished for exploits
near New York 1779-80; custodian and friend of André; M.C.
Memoirs, 1859.-His son, FREDERICK AU-
from Conn. 1801-17.
GUSTUS, 1792-1869, was Recorder of New York 1841-46 and
1849-51, M.C. 1847-49, and Supt. of Police 1857-1862. He sup-
pressed the Astor Place riots May 1849.

Tallmadge, JAMES, LL.D., 1778-1853. M.C. from N.Y.
1817-19; member of N. Y. Constitutional Conventions 1821 and
1846; Lieut.-gov. 1825-26; pres. American Institute 1831-50.
Tallmadge, NATHANIEL PITCHER, 1795-1864. U. S. Senator
from N. Y. 1833-44; Gov. of Wis. 1844-46.

Tallow. Fat rendered from the fatty tissues of cattle and sheep; known accordingly as beef and mutton tallow. It is used as lubricant and in making soap, candles and oleomargarine.

Tallow-Tree. Stillingia sebifera. Tree of the natural family Euphorbiacea, native of China; cultivated in warm regions for its fruit, which yields a tallow-like substance.

Talma, FRANÇOIS JOSEPH, 1763-1826. Greatest of French tragic actors. His first appearance was in 1787, his first eminent success 1789: in 1791 he founded the Théâtre de la République. He introduced historically correct costumes, and was most eminent in classic parts.

Talmage, THOMAS DEWITT, D.D., b.1832. Pastor Brooklyn Tabernacle 1869-94, where his audiences were immense; author of many volumes of sermons and addresses.

Talmud. Collection of Jewish law not included in the Pentateuch, usually regarded as comprising the Mishna or Midrash and Gemara. Two great collections exist, the Jerusalem and Babylonian, both dating from ab. 2d to 6th century. Numerous editions of both exist, with an enormous body of critical Talmudic literature. The Mishna includes the Mosaic traditions. maintained to have been transmitted orally till the early Christian centuries. The Gemara comprises commentaries and casuistical decisions as to the application of the Mishna.

Talon, JE of Canada 166 Talpidæ by having fee ears, soft thic

[graphic]

tary tail. The ing its nest and terranean. Its

a, section have also the St of fleshy process Shrew Moles (Sc webbed feet.

Talvi. Pseud is simply the init Tamarack. tree of the natu also known as B

Tamarind.

ral family Legum ical America; pl and esteemed as a

Tamariscine the class Angiosp petala, comprisin throughout the t

sphere and in s. A Tamarisk.

Common Tamarisk

Tamariz gallica): , a flower.

New York City, fo Charitable society) namned from a De trolled the politics

The exposures res in 1871 brought it still retains much tions and State leg

in Greater New Y trol of the city gov

H

TALON-TANGENT COMPASS

Talon, JEAN BAPTISTE, 1625-1691. Second French intendant
Canada 1663, which he did much to develop.

Calpidæ (MOLES). Family of Insectivora, distinguished
having feet fitted for burrowing, small concealed eyes and
5, soft thick fur, strong clavicles, short arm, and rudimen-

Common Mole (Talpa europæα).

- tail. The mole burrows rapidly underground, constructits nest and galleries with radiating passageways, all subanean. Its food is principally animal. In America we

a, section of the habitation of the mole; b, plan of ditto.
e also the Star-nosed Moles with longer tail and a fringe
eshy processes surrounding the tip of the snout, and the
w Moles (Scalops), with elongated snout, short tail, and
bed feet.

alvi. Pseudonym of the wife of E. ROBINSON (q.v.). It
mply the initials of her maiden name, T. A. L. von Iakob.
amarack. American Larch, Larix laricina.
of the natural family Pinaceae, native of n. N. America;
known as Hackmatack.

Large

amarind. Tamarindus indicus. Tall tree of the natuFamily Leguminosa, native of Arabia; naturalized in tropAmerica; planted for its fleshy pods, which are candied esteemed as a delicacy.

amariscineæ. Natural family of flowering plants, of
class Angiosperma, subclass Dicotyledons, and series Poly-
a, comprising 5 genera and ab. 45, species, distributed
ughout the temperate and warm regions of the n. hemi-
re and in s. Africa.

amarisk. Tamarix gallica and other species of the natu-
ral family Tamariscineæ, natives of the Old
World; planted for ornament.
narrow-leaved shrubs with small flowers.
They are
Tambora. See SUMBAWA.

mon Tamarisk

Tambour. Frame upon which material is stretched for embroidering; also the embroidered muslin or other material, the tambouring being performed by a small hook instead of a needle.

Tambourine. Musical instrument con-
sisting of a hoop, on one side of which is
stretched a vellum head, the other being
open, with metallic clappers placed around
it. It is beaten by the hand or shaken. It is
probably of Oriental origin. It is much used
in Spain.

Tamerlane. See TIMUR-LENK.
Tamiathis. See DAMIETTA.
Tamil Language. One of the Dravid-

narix gallica): ian group.

a, a flower.

Tammany. Political organization in York City, founded by Wm. Mooney 1789 (ostensibly as a itable society), as the Columbian Order; incorporated 1805, ed from a Delaware chief. Since 1800 it has largely coned the politics of New York, and often those of the State. exposures resulting from the defeat of the Tweed Ring 371 brought it into discredit, but it was reorganized, and retains much of its ancient power to control local elecSand State legislation. In 1897 it carried the first election reater New York by a plurality, and thus obtained conof the city government for four years.

1487

Tammuz. Idol worshiped in Babylon with obscene rites,
tioned by Ezekiel, viii. 14.
especially in July; identified by Jerome with Adonis; men-

Tampa Bay. On w. coast of Florida; length ab. 35 m.
The upper part of the bay forms the harbor of the city of T.,
and is the largest on the Gulf of Mexico. T. has manufactures
of cigars and is one of the places of export of Florida phos-
phates. Pop. 5,500.

Tampon. Any material, as sponge, muslin bandage, etc., used to plug the cavity of an organ to control bleeding after the fashion of a bandage used externally. In view of the possibility of infection, care must be taken to use material that has been made aseptic. The tampon is used chiefly to control otherwise uncontrollable hæmorrhage in the uterus and the

[graphic]

nose.

Tamsui. City of n. Formosa; seaport open to foreign commerce. Pop. ab. 95,000.

Tanagers. Small conirostral song birds, of bright colors,
allied to Finches. There are over 350 species, most of which
are S. American, mainly tropical: there are only 5 species in N.
America, and but 2 go n. as far as Canada; viz., Piranga ery-
thromelas (rubra), the Scarlet Tanager, and P. rubra (@stiva),
the summer Redbird. They feed on beetles and are shy: the
latter is rarer than the former in the U. S. The former has the
cutting edge of the upper mandible toothed: the male is bril-
liant scarlet, with black wings and tail. The female is clear
olive green above, greenish yellow below, with grayish wings
and tail. The latter has mandible not toothed, male rose red,
and wings dusky. The female is brownish olive above and
dull yellow below.

Tanagra. Ancient city of e. Boeotia, on the Asopus;
scene of a Spartan victory over
Athenians 457 B.C. Here were dis-
covered 1873 many figurines, terra-
cotta statuettes, mostly of women,
ht. 6 to 9 in. They are probably
from tombs.

Tanais. Ancient name for the
river DON (q.v.).

Tananarivo. See ANTANANA

[graphic]

RIVO.

Tancred. 1. 1078-1112. Sicil-
ian, prominent in the first Crusade;
notable for valor, wisdom, and gen-
erosity; became Prince of Tiberias
1100, and of Edessa 1112; celebrated
by Tasso. 2. King of Sicily 1190,
d. 1194.

Tandem Engine. Horizontal
compound engine in which the pis-
tons of high and low pressure cylin-
ders are on the same rod, and one
in front of the other. It is the
STEEPLE ENGINE (q.v.) on its side.
Tandy, JAMES NAPPER, 1740-1803.
in exile 1793-98; tried for treason 1800;
1801, but allowed to escape.

Terracotta Figure from
Tanagra.

sentenced to death
Irish revolutionist,

Taney, ROGER BROOKE, LL.D., 1777-1864. Laywer of Md.; U. S. Atty.-gen. 1831; Sec. Treas. 1833. Pres. Jackson directed the removal of government deposits from the U. S. Bank to selected local banks, and Taney gave the necessary order, Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. He succeeded Marshall, whereon the Senate refused 1835 to confirm him as Associate March 1836, as Chief-justice. The most conspicuous incidents of his career in this great position were the DRED SCOTT (q.v.) decision 1857, and his effort to maintain the writ of habeas corpus against Pres. Lincoln's suspension of it 1861. Though a man of great learning and high integrity, he was long regarded in the North as a tool of tyranny and of the slave power.

Tanganyika. Lake of e. central Africa, in lat. 3°-9° S.;
420 m. long (n. to s.), and 10 to 60 wide; elevation 2,756 ft.;
drained by the headwaters of the Congo; discovered by Speke
and Burton 1858, explored 1871-76.

Tangent, GEOMETRICAL. Limiting position of the secant.
and at this element the same direction.
That to any locus has one element in common with that locus,

Tangent, TRIGONOMETRICAL. Ratio of the ordinate of any
point on the terminal line of an angle (the initial line being the
axis of X) to the abscissa of that point.

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Tangier from the Market-place.

wry of the Queen of Charles II.. and held till Feb. 1684.
tside of the town are the ruins of a Roman bridge and ab.
m. s.e. are the remains of ancient Tingis. Pop. ab. 25,000.
Tangle, BLUE. In N. America, Gaylussacia frondosa, one
the Huckleberries.

Tangle, or SEA TANGLE. Different varieties of sea-weeds,
pecially Laminaria digitata. It is used for food; in making
dine, and as uterine probes. That growing in N. America has
een found unfit for the last purpose.
Tanhäuser. See TANNHAUSER.
Tanis. See ZOAN.

Tanjore. Town of s. India, 180 m. s.s.w. of Madras. It as an old palace, a large temple or PAGODA (q.v.), and manuactures of silks, carpets, jewelry, and copper utensils. Pop., 1891, 54,060.

Tank Worm. Larval form of the GUINEA WORM (q.v.), found in the E. Indian fresh waters.

Tannahill, ROBERT, 1774-1810. Scottish lyric poet. Tanner, BENJAMIN, 1775-1848. American engraver.-His brother, HENRY S., 1786-1858, pub. many maps and atlases. Tanner, HENRY S., M.D., b. ab. 1830. Subject of a noted experiment in fasting, in New York, June 28-Aug. 7, 1880. Tanner, THOMAS, D. D.. 1674-1735. Archdeacon of Norwich 1710, Bp. of St. Asaph 1732; ed. Wood's Athene Oxonienses, 1721. Notitia Monastica, 1695-1744; Bibliotheca BritannicoHibernica, 1748.

Bavarian knight and minnesinger; described in German legend as dwelling in the Venusberg, and then seeking pardon from the Pope; celebrated by Wagner in opera.

Tannhäuser, or TANHAUSER.

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Tansy. Tanacetum vulgare. Bitter, yellow-flowered herb
of the Composite family, native
of Europe; cultivated and intro-
duced into America. It is a tonic.

Cakes and puddings flavored with
the leaves were formerly eaten in
England at Easter, representing
the bitter herbs at the Paschal
feast.

Tannic Acid, or TANNIN. C1,H,,O,.2H,O. Numerous tanThe common tannin nins of this composition exist in nature. of the nut-galls, sumach, etc., is an amorphous mass, of astringent taste, soluble in water. Boiled with water it furnishes gallic acid, with ferric salts a dark-blue tannate of iron, and with gelatin an insoluble gelatinous precipitate. The latter property causes its use in tanning to convert the hide into an insoluble compound, LEATHER (q.v.). The tannic acids from other sources have like properties.

Tanning. See LEATHER.

Tantalates.

Derived from

the metatantalic acid HTaO, and
from the hexa-acid H.Ta,O19.

Tantalic Acid. HTaO,. Ge-
obtained by mixing
latinous mass,
the chloride with water; soluble
in potassium binoxalate and hy-
drofluoric acid.

Tansa. River of w. India, which supplies water to Bombay by an immense dam, completed 1892, 2 m. long, 118 ft. high, area ab. 8 sq. m., and supplies 100,000,000 gals. per day.

Italian poet.

Tantalite. (Fe, Mn)Ta2O. Mineral compound of iron, manganese, and tantalum, closely related to COLUMBITE (q.v.), a compound of iron, manganese, and niobium. In nature these two compounds frequently occur to

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). gether, and, being isomorphous, are often combined in the same individual crystal. Large masses have been found in the Black Hills region of S. Dakota.

Tantalum. Ta. At. wt. 182.6, sp. gr. 10.6, valence IV. V.; discovered by Hatchett 1801; rare metal, occurring in the minerals columbite and tantalite. It is prepared by fusing potassium fluotan talate with potassium. This gives a black powder which takes fire when gently heated. It is soluble only in hydrofluoric acid.

Tantalum Pentabromide. TaBr.. Volatile substance
similar to TANTALUM PENTACHLORIDE (q.v.); made by treating
a strongly heated mixture of the pentoxide and carbon with
bromine vapor.

Tantalum Pentachloride. TaCls. Yellow needles or
prisms, made by heating a mixture of the pentoxide and car-
bon in chlorine. It decomposes in the air to form tantalic acid.
Compounds of tantalum and the other halogens are known;
similar in composition and properties to the pentachloride.
Tantalum Pentafluoride. TaFl. Known only in so-
lution; made by dissolving the pentoxide in hydrofluoric acid.
Tantalum Pentoxide. Ta,Os. White amorphous pow-
It does not dissolve
der, which becomes crystalline on heating.
in any acid.

Tantalum Tetrasulphide. Ta,S. Lustrous, brass-
yellow substance, not attacked by hydrochloric acid; made
by heating the pentoxide in carbon disulphide vapor.

Tantalum Tetroxide. Ta,O,. Porous grayish mass,
made by heating the pentoxide in a carbon crucible in the
It is not attacked by any acids.
blast furnace.

Tantalus. Phrygian king, who for variously stated of-
fenses was placed in a lake whose waters eluded his lips. Over
his head hung branches of fruit which he could not reach, and
a huge rock which menaced his safety.

Tantalus' Cup. If a siphon be placed in a cup, the longer leg passing water-tight through the bottom and the shorter

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be made con to the top of emptied thro If the siphon ju mouth is rise nearly to Tantum stanzas of Th hymn in the Tanyston a long probo hooked jaws sucking, sting Taoism. ings of a Chi also a native virtue and tr absorption in religion, as it dhism. Only sect. They ar temples of th Three Pure Of of its founder, Taormina Tapajos. and the Jaruen Tape. Steel (q.v.). Very ac by a tape if th be taken into ac Tape-Gras Taper-Poi Tapetum. plants. Tapeworm CUS, TENIADE, infested by the Tenia saginata is of an in.) ab. 20 ft., with of contain ripe eg worm, placed al ments. This ta meat inspection to prevent the d Tapioca. S palmata and A under water. I meal upon plates is sometimes giv Tapiridæ. Tapirodont

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ing to the antio-1 the tapir, rhinoce ridges on the cro while the inner a ones.

Tapirs. Odd

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ing in Central an

front feet bear s

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