SYDNEY-SYMPATHETIC VIBRATIONS ydney. Capital of New South Wales, Australia. on the shore of Port Jackson, 112,000; with suburbs, Syenite. Crystal- The name was first given by Pliny to rock from Syene in Egypt, a hornblendic granite, e rock from the Plauensche Grund near Dresden, which and later by Werner mainly a mixture of hornblende and feldspar. Sydney Town Hall. kes, GEORGE, U.S.A.. 1822-1880. Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. See SULLA. labus. Encyclical of Pope Pius IX., Dec. 8, 1864, coning eighty tenets, about half of which are condemned by Lians generally, while the others are regarded by most stants as true. Whether it is of dogmatic or only of linary authority does not appear to be finally settled. logism. Form of mediate inference which consists of terms and three propositions, major, minor and middle major and minor premises, and conclusion. The conis based upon the comparison, in the premises, of the and minor with the middle term. phs. In medieval legend, spirits of the air, as gnomes earth and salamanders of fire. va. Botany of the trees of a country. vanite. (Au, Ag)Te,. Rich gold and silver telluride, wester I., ST. Bp. of Rome 314-335. His day is Dec. ester, JOSHUA, 1563-1618. English poet. His version iculture. See FORESTRY. ie, EDUARD, 1670-1739. French naturalist, in S. Amer- ite. KCl. Mineral potassium chloride, of infrequent us, DE LA BOE, 1614-1672. Science at Leyden. He attempted to explain the Iatrochemist, Prof. of ena of respiration, digestion, etc. us, JACOBUS, 1478-1555. Prof. of Anatomy at Paris Opera Medica, 1630. biosis. Peculiar form of commensalism, more pary referring to the habitation of animal cells by unicelIgoe, as in the Green Hydra, and the yellow cells of 1479 Radiolarians. The plant cells absorb the carbonic acid secreted by the animal, and in sunlight produce oxygen, which is abadvantage.-In Botany, intimate coexistence of one organsorbed by the animal protoplasm. Thus there is mutual supposed combination of Fungi and Algo in the structure of ism with another, the two being mutually dependent, as the lichens; known also as Consortism. Symbols. Creeds, confessions of faith, or formal statements of doctrine; so named by Cyprian ab.250; historically treated by Marheineke in Symbolik, 1810, by Winer 1824, Möbler (R. C.) 1832, and many recent writers, as Dr. Schaff in Creeds of Christendom, 1878. Symbols. In Chemistry, used to designate the elements ally the initial, or first and second, or other letters of their and their compounds. Of the elements, the symbols are usuaccepted name; e.g., C of Carbon, Ca of Calcium, Ce of Cerium. Symborodont Dentition. dont-lophodont series, having the outer tubercles of their Molar teeth of the amoebocrowns longitudinally elongated and crescentic, while the inner tubercle remains isolated and conic, as in Symborodon. Syme, JAMES, M.D., 1799-1870. Prof. Edinburgh 1833: eminent as teacher, operator, and introducer of new methods. Principles of Surgery, 1832; Pathology and Practice of Surgery, 1848. Symington, ANDREW JAMES, b.1825. Scottish writer and steamboat, tried 1788. His Charlotte Dundas was used for Symmachus, ab.200. Author of a Greek version of O. T., nifying his office and holding several synods. Symmachus, QUINTUS AURELIUS, ab.340-ab.403. Roman Symmes, JOHN CLEVES, 1742-1814. Delegate to Congress 1785-86; Judge of Northwest Territory 1787; founder of Cincinnati. His nephew, JOHN CLEVES, U.S.A., 1780-1829, put being hollow, could be entered from the North Pole. This forth 1818 the theory of "Symmes' Hole," whereby the earth, was resuscitated 1876 by his son, Americus Vespucius. Symmetrical. 1. In Botany, having an equal number of Symmetrical Determinant. Symmetrical Figure. 1. In respect to a center of sym- Symmetrical Points. 1. In reference to a point (center of symmetry) when it bisects the line joining them. 2. In respect to a line (axis of symmetry) when it bisects at right angles the line joining them. 3. In reference to a plane, the same criterion applies. Symmetry. Harmonious balance of parts along an axis symmetrical when its literal elements may be interchanged Symonds, JOHN ADDINGTON, 1840-1893. English historian ologist, authority on rainfall. ia Sympathetic Ink. See COBALT CHLORIDE. Sympathetic Nervous System. See NERVOUS SYSTEM. Wh SYMPATHY-SYNE medium, both being of the same pitch, if one body be Such vibrations the other will absorb from the air the note of that ar period which is equal to its own. d sympathetic. The phenomenon may be practically ed by sounding the proper note before an open piano. pathy. Feeling aroused by expression of a similar mind in another. The more developed and complete Fists where there is an imaginative reproduction of anfeelings; i.e., fellow-feeling. The emotion depends upon xperience, and its development corresponds to the deent of civilization. It is feeble in the lower animals In Ethics and common use, it ong the lower races. especially to the sorrows of others. petalous. See GAMOPETALOUS. phonic Poem. Form of musical composition for tra, introduced by Liszt as a substitute for the sym- It is in a single movement, though divided by changes po, key and sentiment, is based upon a poetical idea, a ce of incidents or moods to which a clew is given by tle, or a motto which serves as a programme, and ently has a principal subject which the composer transso as to make it express variety of emotional or dra content. mphony. Musical composition for orchestra, whose cteristics are identical with those of the sonata. The was established by Hadyn, and brought to its highest e by Beethoven. Besides these, the greatest symphonists Mozart, Schubert, Schumann, and Brahms. mphysis. In Botany, cohesion or adhesion of parts typi - distinct. mpiesometer. Form of barometer invented by Adie of burgh, which indicates the pressure of the atmosphere and It consists of a column of oil, supported in a ariations. e closed at the top by atmospheric pressure, rising against dy of hydrogen gas, which acts like a spring against the oil. ymplegades. Two small islands at the entrance of the kine, fabled to collide when ships passed through. Homer s them "Wanderers." Sympodial Dichotomy. In Botany, condition arising m the greater development of one branch of a bifurcan than of the other. Sympodium. Stem whose main axis ceases to grow, while e branches, continuing to develop, build up the plaut body. Symptoms. Changes of condition, or the phenomena, hich occur in the manifestation of diseases, and which serve point out their nature. Symptoms may be subjective when, s pain, observed by the patient alone: objective, as the physial signs, when observed by the physician; pathognomonic, hen they certainly indicate definite diseases. Symptoms comlex is the group of individual symptoms together forming the istinctive picture of the disease. Synacmy. See PROTERANDROUS. Synagogue. Meeting-house of the Jews, who had one 538 B.C. According to express rabbinic law, it was always to Synagogue, GREAT. In Jewish tradition, council of 120 Synangium. Bulbus arteriosus of Amphibia.-In Botany, boat-shaped sorus of certain ferns. Synanthesis. Maturing of both pistils and stamens of a flower simultaneously. Synapta. See APODA. Synapticulæ. Bars that unite the septa of corals. Syncarp. Aggregate or multiple fruits which become Syncarpous. Gynoecium of a flower when consisting of coalescent carpels. Synclastic. Curved surfaces are divided by Sir Wm. Thomson into two classes, synclastic and antisynclastic. A tangent plane at any point of a synclastic surface does not cut the surface: hence the curvatures of all normal sections are similarly directed; e.g., a sphere, an ellipsoid. A plane tangent to an antisynclastic surface cuts it, and it bends away from the plane, part from one side, part from the other. Synclinal Axis. Line toward which the strata dip from opposite sides. Syncline. Trough or furrow between two anticlines formed by the bending of the strata, as in the Appalachian region. Synagogue, Great Portland Street, London. Synclinorium. Mountain system originating in a submarine synclinal of great extent. Syncopation. Binding of two similar notes so that the accent intended for the second appears to fall on the first. Its effect in the accompaniment of songs may be charming. See ACCENT IN MUSIC. Syncope. Abridgment of a word by elision of a vowel or syllable. Syncretism. Effort to reconcile contending sects or parties on a basis of common belief; especially that of G. Calixtus, 15861656, and his son, who sought to mediate between the Lutheran and Reformed systems. The controversy raged with much fury, and Calovius, 1612-1686, won the battle for severe confessional orthodoxy.-In Philosophy, compilation of systems without reference to unity or consistency; thus opposed to eclecticism. Syncytium. Tissue formed of cells whose bounding walls are indistinct or absent.-In Botany, one in which cell-walls are not developed, as in the vegetative stage of slime-moulds. A plasmodium. Syndactyli. See LEVIROSTRES. Syndendrium. United bases of the stomatodendra in Syndic. Officer of a town or corporation, chiefly in France, Syndicate. Organization or association for commercial Syne. River in Burmah, ab. 20 m. n. of Moulmein. Curiously picturesque and almost inaccessible rocks rise abruptly Syne River, with Burmese Race-boat from the plain on the banks of the river; nevertheless the highest roo penances. Synecd whole, a sp "ship," or Synento Synergi thon, makin opposed by elsewhere. Synesius corresponder remarkable pendence; a 1553 and ofte Syngenes having the a posite flowers Syngenes ring or tube a Syngenes the organism germs and ho must have ha all time) teles rations. Syngeneti Synonyms. are displayed the vailing over larg a certain hour simultaneous on Synpelmous Synpetalou Syntax. Div Synthermal world having th hour of Greenwi (q.v.), 1867. Synthesis. logical combinati form a complex w ment of ANALYSIS fied system of be whole. Synthesis, CH made from its con Synthetic Ty other organisms. latter are present both bird and rep logically at the b Synecdoche. Figure of speech which puts a part for the hole, a species for its genus, or the reverse, as "a sail" for ship," or "Boston" for some of its inhabitants. Synentognathi. See ANACANTHINI. Synergism. Modification of Luther's doctrine by Melanchon, making man a coworker with God in redemption. It was oposed by Flacius, and caused much commotion at Jena and sewhere. Synesius, ab.375-414. rrespondent of Hypatia; Bp. of Ptolemais in Cyrene 410; African Neoplatonist, friend and markable for liberal opinions, wide culture, and lofty indeendence; author of hymns, orations, and letters, collected 53 and often reprinted; celebrated by Kingsley in Hypatia. Syngenesia. Linnæan class of plants, distinguished by ving the anthers united into a tube or ring, as in the com-site flowers (natural family Composite). Syngenesious. Stamens whose anthers are united into a ng or tube about the style, as in Compositæ. Syngenesis. Theory that each egg contains in miniature e organism which is to develop from it, and this in turn the rms and homunculi that are to come from it. Thus Eve ist have had in her all the members of the human race (for time) telescoped one within the other, in successive genecions. Syngeneticæ. Order of unicellular, colonial, fresh water ge of the subclass Phaeophyceae. Syngeothermal. Lines joining places at which the temature of the earth near the surface is the same at a given ur of Greenwich time; epithet applied by Hennessey 1867. Syngnathous. See LOPHOBRANCHII. Synod. Any larger church-council; especially, a Presbyian assembly, including several presbyteries. Synod, HOLY. Governing body of Russo-Greek Ch., recing the old Patriarchate of Moscow. It has 12 members, pointed by the Czar. Synodic Period. Interval between two conjunctions of lanet with the sun, as seen from the earth. -ynod of Dort. See DORT, SYNOD OF. -ynonym. In Botany, more recent or otherwise untengeneric or specific name which has given place to the ginal or earliest tenable one. ynonyms. Words of nearly equivalent signification, but ally with some slight difference of shade; therefore import in literary use. The chief collections of them in English those of Crabbe and Roget. ynoptic Charts, or WEATHER CHARTS. Maps on which ynpelmous. Arrangement of the flexor tendons in a yntax. Division of grammar (so called) treating of the ynthesis. Process and method; as process, the psycho- a complex whole; as method in philosophy, the complet of ANALYSIS (q.v.), representing the formation of a unisystem of beliefs by articulating them in a systematic le. ynthesis, CHEMICAL. Process by which a compound is e from its constituent elements. ynthetic Type. Organism which connects, as a link, r organisms, because the separate characteristics of the er are present in the one animal. Certain fossils have bird and reptilian characters. As these appeared geoally at the beginning of the period when Reptiles and 1481 Birds (Sauropsida) first appeared, we may suppose that such forms retain most nearly the characters of the common ancestors of Birds and Reptiles. Syphax. See MASINISSA. Sypher, JOSIAH RHINEHART, b.1832. Journalist and lawyer in Pa. Hist. Pa., 1868. Syphilis. Specific disease of slow evolution, propagated by inoculation (acquired), or by hereditary transmission (congenital). In the acquired form the site of inoculation becomes the seat of the special tissue change (primary lesion); after an interval of 2 or 3 months, constitutional symptoms develop with affection of the skin and mucous membranes (secondary lesion); and, finally, after a period of 3 or 4 years growths develop in the of social impurity, and because of its contagiousness can be viscera, muscles, bones or skin (tertiary lesion). It is a disease and discomfort than any other single disease. This is an anconveyed to the innocent. It probably causes more suffering cient disease, with the Chinese dating back to 2637 B.C., and sieging Naples, and later was prevalent in Europe. is claimed to have existed among the ancient Greeks. In 1494 it appeared in the army of Charles VIII. of France, then be Syra. One of the Cyclades: area 43 sq. m. position in the Egean makes it an important calling-place Its central Syra. of vessels in the Levant. It is the seat of a Greek Abp. and of a R. C. bishop. Its capital, Syra, or Hermoupolis, has some commercial importance. Pop., 1890, 22,104. Syracuse. Chief city of ancient Sicily; on s.e. coast; founded ab.734 B.C. from Corinth; ruled by Gelo 484, Hiero 478-467, Dionysius 405-367, and other tyrants; attacked by an Athenian expedition 415, which was destroyed 413, ending the Peloponnesian war and the supremacy of Athens; besieged 396 by Carthaginians, who were routed by a pestilence; freed by the hero Timoleon, liberator of Sicily, 343; ruled by Agataken and sacked 212 B.C.; pillaged and burned by Saracens thocles 317-289, and Hiero II. 270-216, the latter being in alliance with Rome; besieged by Romans 214 (see ARCHIMEDES); 878; rebuilt in later times on Ortygia, a peninsula (once an island), its first site. Its coinage of ab.300 B.C. is the most beautiful known; its remains of antiquity are important. Pop. ab.25,000. Syracuse. Capital of Onondaga co., N. Y.; on Onondaga Lake. in a salt-producing region; settled 1797; chartered 1826 and 1847. Its industries relate chiefly to salt and soda-ash manufacture. Pop., 1890, 88,143. Syracuse University. At Syracuse, N. Y.: known as Genesee Coll. and located at Lima, N. Y., until 1871; founded 1848; coeducational; under Methodist control; organized in four colleges of liberal and fine arts, medicine, and law. It has 1,135 students, of whom 474 are in the liberal, and 516 in fine arts, with 89 instructors and a library of 47,000 vols., including Von Ranke's collection. border and flowing w. and n.w. to the Aral Sea. Length ab. Syria. Region of w. Asia, e. of Palestine; anciently occu- SYRIAC-SZEMA TSIEN as its capital from ab.290 B.C., and Damascus 654- try by Captain Daniel Tyler, an officer of the U. S. artillery, Hebrew times. . See SEMITIC LANGUAGES and ARAMAIC. - Literature. This is mostly theological writings iac Church, dating from early Christianity, flourish4th to 10th centuries and declining in the 13th centThere were many etry and history were much written, the latter and y being often written in verse. ons from the Greek. The most learned writer was AGIUS (q.v.). m Rite. Of R. C. Ch.; comprising United Syrians, ns, Maronites, and United St. Thomas Christians. ea Syrian ritual, not the Latin. Showy, white-flowered shrubs of the genus ga. phus, natural family Saxifragaceae, natives of N. See LILAC. x. Vocal organ of birds, situated at the point where hea divides into the two bronchi. The walls are modio tympanic membranes, and membranous septa, like cords, are stretched interiorly across the openings of es, so they can vibrate in the passing air current. nx. Pan's pipe or shepherd's pipe of the ancients; as It consisted of a series precursor of the modern organ. e tubes of various lengths, fastened side by side and ed by blowing across their open ends, as boys whistle on phus Flies. Small two-winged flies whose larvæ, col Syrphus Flies. ored greenish to gray, are of ser- Gulf of Cabes, projects into the Syrup. Boiled saturated water Syrus, EPHREM. See EPHREM. System. In Botany, group of the parts of an organism of System, ARTIFICIAL or LINNAAN. Classification of plants Systematic Botany. Branch treating of the classificaon of plants. Systems of Artillery. The character and arrangement of the material of artillery adopted by a nation at a particular epoch. About the middle of the 16th century France first grouped her artillery into a system having six different calibers, varying from 334 pound shot to of a pound shot, each requiring a different carriage without interchangeable parts; also requiring three different sizes of powder grains. A second system, equally varied in its components, was adopted in the reign of Louis XIV. Valière's system, adopted in 1732, brought about some uniformity in guns, but not in carriages. Gribeauval in 1765 separated the field and siege artillery, making the former simpler and more mobile by improving the carriages; he introduced cartridges, elevating scales, and tangent screws for more rapid and correct firing. This last system was used in the wars of the French Republic and the Empire. In 1827 the stock-trail system was engrafted upon the Gribeauval and other improvements introduced. It was brought to this coun and was made the basis of the American system, used in the Systems of Fortification. The form of the general Systyle. Intercolumniation in which the distance between Syzygy. Duplex organism formed by external union of the bodies of two individuals that were previously separate, as in many Gregarines and in the worm Diplozoon. Except in the latter, this union is not apparently for sexual purposes; it resembles rather the plasmodium, and may secure the advantage that underlies the phenomena of colony-formation among animals, which is usually secured by retaining the primitive connection existing in asexual multiplication. Syzygy OF THE MOON. Its conjunction or opposition with the sun. Szabad, EMERIC, b. ab.1822. Hungarian soldier, in U. S. 1861-65. Hungary, 1854; Policy of Europe, 1857; Modern War, 1863. Szabadka. Town of Hungary, 105 m. s.s.e. of Pesth; in Szarvas, GABRIEL, 1831-1895. Hungarian philologist; ed. Szechenyi, ISTVAN. COUNT, 1792-1860. Hungarian re- Szegedin. Town of Hungary, on the Theiss, opposite the mouth of the Maros; held by Turks 1526-1686; scene of an Au Taafe, E ister 1869 and Tabard. over armor. Tabari, 8 Koran. His Tabashed secreted in th Tabb, Jo City, Md., sin Tabernac wilderness and was built ab.10 It was made o by ample cove term is also ap ments, surmou Tabernac lasting a week booths, and ga ering of the fru Tabes Dor Tableaux France ab.1785 Table-Lan S., and Spain. Tables. Ba or pieces, accor divided vertical variety of game origin of which Tablet. In formed from p of the drug wit some inert sub adhere by comp mixing with a and removed. the triturate. Table Tur and England ab by unconscious resting on the t Tabley, JOH 1895. English p Taboo. Ed claring certain a tain trees, anim touched or dest game, etc., amor of a taboo is dea Capt. Cook at th Tabor. Ins sociated with th Tabor, MT. in the plain of T Taafe, EDUARD, COUNT, 1833-1895. Austrian Prime Min- Tabard. 1. Sleeveless cloak worn by medieval knights The Tabernacle. Portable sanctuary of the Israelites, in the derness and in Palestine, on the model of which the Temple s built ab.1000 B.C. (see HOLY PLACE and MOST HOLY PLACE). vas made of acacia-wood, overlaid with gold, and protected ample coverings of cloth and of seal or badger skins. m is also applied to niches for images and sepulchral monunts, surmounted with rich canopy work. Tabernacles, FEAST OF. cing a week in Sept. or Oct., during which the people dwelt in One of the 3 great Jewish feasts, ths, and gave themselves up to rejoicing over the ingathng of the fruits. See PASSOVER and PENTECOST. Cabes Dorsalis. See LoCOMOTOR ATAXIA. Tableaux Vivants. "Living pictures"; introduced in nce ab.1785; since familiar in England and America. "able-Lands. Elevated plains, as in central Asia, w. U. and Spain. See PLATEAU. ables. Backgammon, played by two persons with men ieces, according to the throws with two dice, upon a board ded vertically into two parts, and having 24 points. A ety of games were played upon this board or "tables," the in of which may be traced to classical antiquity. ablet. In Pharmacy, a cylindrical or disk-shaped body ned from powdered drugs. The tablet may be composed he drug without admixture, or it may be triturated with einert substance, as sugar of milk; it may be caused to ere by compression or by making a paste of the powder by ing with a volatile liquid. This paste is filled into molds removed. The liquid forming the paste volatilizes, leaving criturate. able Turning. Phenomenon much talked of in U. S. England ab.1850; credited to spirits, but probably caused nconscious muscular action of hands clasped around or ng on the table. abley, JOHN BYRNE LEICESTER WARREN DE, BARON, 1839English poet. aboo. Edict by a chief among Pacific Island tribes, deng certain acts unlawful; e.g., during a stated period certrees, animals, crops, etc., are sacred and must not be med or destroyed. It resembles the close season for e, etc., among civilized peoples. The penalty for violation taboo is death. This is supposed to explain the killing of - Cook at the Hawaiian Islands. abor. Instrument between drum and tambourine; asted with the fife. bor, MT. Mountain of Galilee, 6 m. s.e. of Nazareth, e plain of Esdraelon, 2,000 ft. above the sea; repeatedly memorates this event. Scene of Bonaparte's victory over the Turks, April 16, 1799. Altitude ab. 1,000 ft. 1884. Tabor, HORACE AUSTIN WARNER, b.1830. Lieut.-gov. of Colorado 1878-84; U. S. Senator Feb.-March Capitalist; academy at Tabor. Ia., 1854; chartered 1866. It has 13 inTabor College. Founded by Congregationalists as an structors and ab. 230 students. Taborites. Bohemian adherents of Huss, who took up waged a mutually destructive war. arms ab.1420, led by ZISKA (q.v.); so called from their stronghold Mt. Tabor; opposed to the Calixtines or moderate reformers, with whom, after the defeat of their common foes, they Tabriz. Ancient city of n.w. Persia, ab.300 an Armenian capital; injured by several earthquakes and Turkish attacks; of some commercial importance. Pop. ab. 175,000. Tabulæ. Horizontal partitions in the thecæ of some corals. Tabular Spar. See WOLLASTONITE. Tabular Standard. See MULTIPLE STANDARD. Tabulata. See MADREPORARIA. Tabulate Corals. the thecæ, and weak septa; not a natural group. See HELIOThose having horizontal plates in PORIDE. Tac, SIXTUS LE, 1649-1699. French missionary in Canada from 1676. Hist. Nouvelle France, pub. 1888. Tacahout. Nutgall growing on the tamarisk in India and Barbary; source of gallic acid. Tacamahac. See POPLAR. Angiospermae and subclass Monocotyledons, comprising 2 genTaccaceæ. Natural family of flowering plants, of the class era and ab. 10 species, natives of the tropical lands of both hemispheres. 1820, pub. Esquisse sur le Canada, 1855, and other books. His Taché, SIR ÉTIENNE PASCAL, 1795-1865. Canadian official brother, ALEXANDER ANTOINE, 1823-1894, became Bp. of St. and author, knighted 1858.-His nephew, JOSEPH CHARLES, b. Boniface (Winnipeg) 1853, and Abp. 1871. Tachhydrite. CaMg,Cl.+12aq. Extremely soluble hydrous magnesium calcium chloride, found associated with rock salt at Stassfurt. Tachometer. Speed indicator. Special forms are adapted for measuring variations in the velocity of revolution of machines. A small cistern of mercury, from the center of which rises a glass tube partly full, is fixed concentric with the re Mount Tabor. in O. T., but not in the New; traditional site of the iguration, and a Crusading church on the summit com- I volving part. As the centrifugal tendency depresses the middle part of the mercury in the cistern, the column in the tube will fall and the tube may be empirically graduated to indicate any speed within certain limits. Tachycardia. Excessively rapid heart action, due to various causes: nervous excitement, violent exertion, a weakening of the inhibitory nerves of the heart from pressure by tumor, or other cause. A very rare form is known as paroxysmal tachycardia, and is characterized by spells of rapid beating, sometimes at the rate of 200 or more beats in a minute. The attacks may follow each other at regular intervals, lasting in some instances but an hour or so. Tachygraphy. See SHORTHAND. Tachylite. Rapidly cooled Basalt (~ *\ |