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SUSPENDED-SWALLOWS

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quehanna. River, chiefly of Pa. The e. or n. branch a Otsego co., N. Y., and flows some 300 m. s. w. then w. h N. Y., then s.e. and again s. w. through Pa. to NorThe united erland, where it joins the w. branch, which rises in ria co. and flows ab. 200 m. e. and then s.

Susquehanna-Junction of West and North Branch. eam flows s. till joined by the Juniata, and then s.e. to Md. Chesapeake Bay, ab. 150 m. It is not navigable, except timber-rafts, etc., in spring, but is noted for beauty of nery, especially in the Wyoming Valley, which is celebrated history, legend, and poetry. Drainage area ab. 28,000 sq.m. Sussex. Saxon kingdom in s. England, founded 477 by Ja; subject to Wessex 725.

Sussex. See CATTLE.

Sustermans, JUSTUS, 1597-1681. Flemish portrait painter, filiated with Rubens and Van Dyck, but ranking much below

Sutcliffe, MATTHEW, ab. 1550-1629. Dean of Exeter 1588; ontroversial writer, chiefly in Latin.

Sutech. Egyptian deity, in later times identical with Set, nd regarded as the god of foreigners.

Sutlej. Branch of the Indus, rising in Thibet, and flowing nearly 1,000 m. n. w., w., and s. w.; joined by four other rivers. See HYPHASIS.

Sutlers. See CAMP FOLLOWERS.

Sutras. Collections of Hindu aphorisms, partly commentaries on the Vedas.

Sutro, ADOLF HENRY JOSEPH, b. 1830 in Prussia. engineer in Cal. and Nev.; promotor of the tunnel, 1869-79, to reach the Comstock lode. He gave to San Francisco a copy of the Bartholdi statue of Liberty, 1887.

Suttee. Voluntary cremation of a widow on her husband's funeral pyre; practice once prevalent among the Hindus, but suppressed by the British 1829, and in the native States under their protection 1847.

Sutter, JOHN AUGUSTUS, 1803-1880. Swiss pioneer in Cal. 1839, at what is now Sacramento; useful to the Wilkes and Fremont expeditions; ruined by the discovery of gold 1848 on his premises.

Suture. Material used by the surgeon to stitch wounds to

Twisted Suture as used in

gether. It may be made of metallic
wire (usually silver), of silk, of animal
membrane (catgut), etc. The name is
also applied to the character of the
stitch employed, as a continuous or
interrupted suture.-In Anatomy, the
immovable articulations of the bones
of the cranium.

Sutures. In Botany, line along
which the infolded edges of the car-

of a flower:

Sutures. 1. Lines where two structures, e.g., bones, join,
without forming a movable articulation. 2. Lines on the out-
side of the cephalopod shell, made by the margins of the septa.
Suwanee. River rising in s. Georgia in Okefinokee Swamp,
flowing s. through Florida into the Gulf of Mexico, ab. 10 m. n.
of Cedar Keys; it has been made navigable to White Springs.
Suwarow, or Suvorof, ALEXANDER, 1729-1800. Russian
general, active against the Turks, Poles, and French; eminent
especially for his captures of Ismail, 1790, and Praga, 1794.
Suzerain. Prince or chief in relation to his vassals; now,
state or ruler holding nominal authority over another state.
Svanetia. District of the Caucasus. Area 1,250 sq. m.,
pop. ab. 13,000.

Svastika. Symbol found on ancient coins and monuments
in Europe and Asia; supposed to refer to sun worship.
Svatopluk, or ZWENTIBOLD, ab.884. Ruler of Moravia.
Svendsen, JOHANN SEVERIN, b.1840. Norwegian musician,
violinist and composer; conductor at Christiania 1872-77;
Court Chapelmaster at Copenhagen since 1873. His composi-
tions are chiefly chamber music and orchestral pieces.
Sven Tröst. Pen-name of SNOILSKY (q.v.).

Svetla, KAROLINA (JOHANNA MUZAK), b.1836. Bohemian
novelist and poet.

Svir. River of n. w. Russia, flowing from Lake Onega, 135 m., into Lake Ladoga, making part of the Marünsk system of navigation, connecting the Baltic with the Caspian and White Seas. Svold. On coast of Pomerania; scene of defeat of Olaf Trygvasson, King of Norway, by Svend of Denmark, 1000. Swabia. See SUABIA.

Swain, CHARLES, 1803-1874. English poet. Known as the "Manchester" poet.

Swain, DAVID LOWRY, LL.D., 1801-1868. Gov. of N. C. 1832-35; pres. Univ. N. C. from 1835.

Swain, GEORGE FILLMORE, b. 1857. Prof. of Civil Engineering in Mass. Institute of Technology since 1883; engineer of the Mass. Railroad Commission.

Swain, JOSEPH, 1761-1796. English hymnist.

Swainson, WILLIAM, 1789-1855. English writer on ornithology and zoology, in New Zealand from 1841. Naturalist's Guide, 1840.

Swallowing. Act by which food or other material is conveyed from the mouth to the stomach. It is placed at the back of the mouth by voluntary action, where it excites a reflex movement by which it is carried down the oesophagus by peristaltic action.

Swallows (HIRUNDINIDA). Picarian birds with long pointed wings, small feet, short broad bill, deep gape without bristles, 9 primaries in wing, and 10 tail feathers. Ab.100 species are

European Barn Swallow (Chelidon rustica) and European Martin
(Hirundo urbica).
known, almost universal in distribution. They feed while fly-
ing, catching insects. Some build nests in crevices, some dig
holes in banks, and others make mud nests plastered against
1 exuthrogaster, the Barn Swall

8., much like th nut below, tail mains in n. U. S Swallow is a Sw Swamp Oa of the natural in N. America, Swan, JOSEP Court 1854-59. 1851.

Swance Riv Swan Maid to the ancient fications of the Vedic heaven, re mon tale is that bathing. He sei him and makes h ing her feather ro Swann, THOM 1847-53; Mayor of 1869-79.

Swans. Larg throughout n. and The color is a br Australia, which bill, and in the bla nests in July or S several feet deep. of N. America, ha

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Mo

has a black bill, ye Europe (now native largely domesticat wild forms migra Persia. The young do not become pur Cygnets are hatche delicacy in Europe. Swansea. Sear large commerce, sh 1891, 90,423.

Swarm-Spores Swarthmore 1864, opened 1869; c structors and 172 stu arts, letters, science Swartz, OLAF, 17 botanica, 1791; Flo Filicum, 1806; Liche Swastika. See Swatow. Seapo its mouth, 225 m. e. sugar. Pop. ab.25,00 Sway Bracing.

of preventing oscilla Swayne, NOAH Supreme Court 1862 Major-gen. I

SWAMP OAK-SWEDENBORG

ch like that of Europe, is lustrous steel blue, pale chestlow, tail deeply forked. It arrives early in May and rein n. U. S. until late August. The American Chimney ow is a SWIFT (q.v.). See FISSIROSTRES.

amp Oak. In Australia, Casuarina suberosa, a tree natural family Casuarinec, producing very hard wood; America, Quercus palustris.

an, JOSEPH ROCKWELL, 1802-1884. Judge Ohio Supreme 1854-59. Statutes of Ohio, 1841; Pleading and Practice,

anee River. See SUWANEE.

an Maidens. Widely diffused European tale, traced - ancient Hindu cosmic myth of the Apsaras, personins of the cirrus clouds. They were the houris of the heaven, receiving the souls of the heroes. The comale is that of the man who surprised several maidens g. He seizes the swan robes of one which lie nearest nd makes her his wife. She usually escapes by recoverr feather robe.

ann, THOMAS, 1805-1883. Pres. Baltimore and Ohio R.R. 3; Mayor of Baltimore 1856-60; Gov. of Md. 1865-68; M.C.

9.

ans. Large duck-like birds with long necks, distributed ghout n. and s. temperate latitudes, but extinct in Africa. olor is a brilliant white, except in Chenopis atrata of alia, which is black, but with white bars on wing and nd in the black-necked swan of S. America. The latter n July or Sept., building up from the bottom in water 1 feet deep. The Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator), America, has the bill wholly black; the Whistling Swan

Sweat. See PERSPIRATION.

1475

Sweating Sickness, or MILIARY FEVER. Epidemic which visited England 1485, 1506, 1517, 1528, and 1551. It began with pains in various parts of the body, flushes of heat and sleepiness, followed by profuse sweating, and sometimes an eruption. The crisis usually passed in 24 to 48 hours, and the epidemic generally spent itself in a month. Its causes have been sought in unfavorable atmospheric conditions, lack of house and street drainage, unsanitary habits, and overfeeding.

Sweating System. Organization of labor existing in some industries, in which the employer gives out the work to a subcontractor, who in turn employs workmen, generally in his own rooms. It has invariably proved subject to abuse.

Sweden. Country of n. Europe, occupying with Norway the Scandinavian peninsula, and comprising most of its e. incline. Area 172,876.5 sq. m. Agriculture is the principal

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Mourning Swan (Chenopis atrata).

black bill, yellow at base. C. olor, the Mute Swan of (now native to, but once introduced into England), is domesticated; it has red bill and black legs. The rms migrate s. to the Mediterranean, Egypt, and The young (cygnets) are sooty gray or brown, and become pure white for a year, but occasionally white are hatched from this species. Cygnets are a table in Europe. See ANATIDE.

nsea. Seaport in s. Wales: seaside resort. It has ommerce, shipping tin, copper, iron, and coal. Pop., ,423.

rm-Spores. See ZoÖSPORES.

rthmore College. In Delaware co., Pa.; founded ened 1869; controlled by Friends. It has (1897) 24 in's and 172 students, of both sexes. It offers courses in

ters, science, and engineering.

tz, OLAF, 1760-1817. Prof. Stockholm. Observationes e, 1791; Flora India occidentalis, 1797-1806; Synopsis 1806; Lichenes Americani, 1811.

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Types and Costumes-Swedish Interior.

industry. It produces large amounts of iron and coal, and its forests are of great value. Manufactures are of secondary importance. It has a large commerce, 5,454 m. of railway, and an excellent public school system. The government is a limited monarchy. The capital is Stockholm. Norway and Sweden are united under one king, and act in their foreign affairs as a unit. Sweden was Christianized ab.1150, united with Denmark and Norway 1397-1524, and for near two centuries prominent in European affairs, especially under Gustavus Adolphus, 1611-32. The wars of Charles XII., 1697-1718, exhausted his realm, which ceased to be a first-class power. The present dynasty began with Charles XIV., Bernadotte 1809-18. Pop., 1890, 4,784, 675, ab.28 to a sq. m.

Sweden, CHURCH OF. Branch of Lutheranism, governed by bishops, the metropolitan being the Abp. of Upsala. Its Episcopal succession is doubtful, and not held as of divine right. Swedenborg, EMANUEL, 1688-1772. Swedish theosopher, founder of a profound and peculiar religious system, now widely

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gh scientific rank, and began to teach his system 1743.
ubject to visions, dreams, and strange psychologic ex-
s, which he interpreted as revelations. Opera Philo-
et Mineralia, 3 vols., 1734; Animal Kingdom, 5 vols.,
Arcana Celestia, 8 vols., 1749-56; Heaven and Hell,
octrines of the New Jerusalem, 1763; Angelic Wisdom,
onjugal Love, 1768; True Christian Religion, 1771. His
were reprinted in 10 folio vols. 1869-70; most of them
English versions.

dish Green. See SCHEELE'S GREEN.

edish Language. Member of the Scandinavian fam-
sely allied to Danish, with which it made up the so-
East-Norse group, as opposed to the Norwegian (now
ented only in dialects) and Icelandic. The literature of
n Swedish begins with the Reformation.

edish Literature. The Scandinavian literatures have
in common. In early times Sweden produced poetry
ar to that of the other members of the group. In Me-
al times the writings were largely theological; the first
ish work of importance was a paraphrase of the Bible by
BIRGITTA (q.v.) ab. 1340. The oldest history is Chronica
i Gothorum, by Ericus Olai (d.1486). In the 14th century
native literature of Norway became extinct, and that of
den increased, chiefly in rhyming chronicles, ballads and
compilations. In the Reformation in the 16th century the
C. was translated by Laurentius Petri, and his brother, Olaus,
te the first Swedish hymnal. The latter also wrote the
liest school drama, Tobia Comodia, 1550. Johan Messenius
ote six plays illustrating Swedish history. Under Gustavus
olphus and his successors literature improved, philosophy
d science were cultivated, and noted scholars invited to the
untry. The Swedish Academy was founded 1786. Bellman,
ellgren, Leopold, Thorild, Rosenstein and Adlerbeth are
mong the writers of this period, much under French influ-
nce. In science there were Linnæus, Celsius, Bergmann,
cheele and Swedenborg. In the present century the influ-
nce of the German romantic school has been great in all di-
ections, poetry, the drama, philosophy and fiction. Runeberg,
Oscar II., Frederika Bremer, Rydberg and Mellin are represen-
atives of this period. In science are Retzius, Fries, Berzelius
and Nordenskiöld. See SCANDINAVIAN LITERATURE.

Sweeny, THOMAS WILLIAM, U.S.A., 1820-1892. Brig.-gen.
U. S. Vols. 1862-65; distinguished in Mo., at Shiloh, and in the
Atlanta campaign.

Sweep. Long oar used on board ship to assist the rudder,
during a calm, or the motion of the ship, as in the ancient
galley.

Sweeping Table. Ore-dressing apparatus on which slimes are gently manipulated with a broom while a flowing current of water carries away the lighter and poorer portions.

Sweepstakes. Mode of gambling, especially at races. Tickets in a pool are sold for certain horses, the proceeds of which, less a certain percentage for the manager of the pool, is divided among those who bought tickets on the winning horse. The Pari Mutuel, the pool for the race for the Grand Prix at Paris, has paid 800 for 1. Pools are sold also for second and third place in the race.

Sweet, BENJAMIN JEFFREY, 1832-1874. Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1864-65; commander of Camp Douglas, which he twice saved, with Chicago, from Confederate attacks.

Sweet, HENRY, b.1845. English philologist. Phonetics, 1877; Current Shorthand, 1892.

Sweet, JOHN EDSON, b.1832. American machinist, inventor of a straight-line engine.

Sweetbread. Pancreas of animals; that of ruminating animals is used as food.

Sweet-Brier. Rosa rubiginosa. Tall, climbing, odorous shrub of the Rose family, native of Europe, cultivated and introduced into N. America.

Sweet-Cicely. 1. Herbs of the genus Washingtonia, natural family Umbelliferæ, natives of the n. temperate zone. The roots are aromatic, with flavor of anise. 2. Myrrhis odorata, similar plant of the same family, native of Europe.

Sweet-Fern. Comptonia peregrina. Fragrant shrub of the natural family Myricaceae, native of e. N. America. Sweet-Flag. See CALAMUS.

Sweet-Gale. Myrica gale. Small shrub of the natural family Myricaceae, native of the cooler portions of the n. hemisphere, growing in swampy places.

Samplocos tinctoria. Small tree of the
the s.e. U. S. Known

Swifts (Micropus melba and Micropus apus). M melba (upper figure) is Alpine Swift, M. apus (lower figure) is European Swift. pelagica, the Chimney Swallow (Swift), with its spine-pointed attached to walls and roofs and glued together with glutinous tail feathers, and the Swiftlets, among which the Collocalia saliva. Among the other members of the family is Chaturt cave in n. Borneo yields three crops per year. 40 nests bring $9, and $25,000 worth are taken here annually. See FISSIROS species makes the edible birds' nests of almost pure mucus: one TRES, CYPSELI, and PAMPRODACTYLOUS.

Swift, JONATHAN, 1667-1745. Irish satirist, long a power it British politics; Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin, 1713; famcas for genius, misanthropy, and disappointed ambition. H ters of general interest. Besides many tracts and much rough but vigorous verse, he wrote A Tale of a Tub and Battle of the strange relations to "Stella" (Esther Johnson) and "Vanessa Books, 1697-1704: Conduct of the Allies, 1711; Journal to Sell (Esther Vanhomrigh), and his lamentable fate, are still mat 1713: Drapier's Letters, 1724; and the immortal Gulliver's That els, 1726. His mind gave way 1741.

Swift, LEW ester, N. Y.; di Swift, WIL on the coast su JOSEPH GARDN Swift, ZEPE Conn. Suprem Conn., 1795-96 1822-23. Swimmere endopodites of tacea; particula larged, and, wit Swimming propelling the a sport only, b

whose time is sp
diving and swin
modern swimme
1875 swum from
Beckwiths, all o
swum in one min
in 5 min. 49 sec
min. 7 sec. by
swimming 10 h.
with swum 20 m.
of Boston in July
Channel, in 15 h.
Swinburne,
and dramatic poe
dious verse, and
extreme freedom
parent in Laus T
Atalanta in Caly
also pub. Essays d
and other critical
Swine (SUIDA
Peccary; others h
scrofa, is descend
admixture of a st
of both jaws turn
well as for defens
in the fall. The
are striped, are
number of species
Vark in S. Africa
HOG.

Swine are kept
the breeds approa
meat production
minor points. A
barrow, an adult
duced young a gil

Berkshire.-Bree

are of medium siz

SWIFT-SWITCH

wift, LEWIS, b. 1820. Director of an observatory at RochN.Y.; discoverer of several comets.

ift, WILLIAM HENRY, U.S.A., 1800-1879. Engineer, long e coast survey, and later in railroad work.-His brother, PH GARDNER, U.S.A., 1783-1865, was similarly employed. wift, ZEPHANIAH, LL.D., 1759-1823. M.C. 1793-97; Judge . Supreme Court 1801; Chief-justice 1806-19. Laws of ., 1795-96; Law of Evidence, 1810; Digest of Conn. Laws, 23.

immerets (PLEOPODS). Flat or leaf-like exopodites and podites of the abdominal appendages of lobster-like Crus; particularly those of the last joint, which are greatly end, and, with the telson, form the tail fin of these animals. wimming. Art of keeping the body afloat in water and elling the person in any desired direction; properly not rt only, but a most necessary equipment for any one

Swimming-Positions taken in making a stroke.

e time is spent on or near the water. The sport includes g and swimming under water. The most remarkable rn swimmers have been Capt. M. Webb, who in Aug. swum from Dover to Calais in 21 h. 45 min., and the withs, all of England. 100 yards in still water has been n in one minute by Meadham of New S. Wales, 440 yards min. 49 sec. by Tyers of England, and a half mile in 12 7 sec. by Nuttal, an English professional. Beckwith, ming 10 h. a day for six days, covered 94 m.; Miss Beckswum 20 m. in the Thames in 6 h. 25 min. P. S. McNally ston in July 1897 swum 35 m., nearly across the English nel, in 15 h.

inburne, ALGERNON CHARLES, b. 1837. English lyric ramatic poet, noted for his unequaled mastery of meloverse, and in early life for his radical opinions and the me freedom of his muse. These qualities are most apt in Laus Veneris, 1866, and Songs before Sunrise, 1871. nta in Calydon, 1864, is his best dramatic poem. He has ub. Essays and Studies, 1875, a Life of Victor Hugo, 1886, ther critical prose.

ine (SUIDE). The native pig of the New World is the ry; others have been introduced. The domestic pig, Sus t, is descended from the European wild boar, but with ture of a stock long bred in e. Asia. The boar's canines h jaws turn upward, and are used in digging for food, as s for defense. Wild swine are swift runners. They rut fall. The gestation period is 4 months, the young, which riped, are hidden and well-defended by the mother. er of species live in the E. Indies; others are the Bosch in S. Africa and the Red River pig of Guinea. See WART

A

ne are kept but for one purpose, meat; consequently all eeds approach one type of form, that most profitable for production. Breeds differ mainly in size, color, and points. An adult male is a boar, a castrated male a v, an adult female a sow, a female that has not proyoung a gilt, and the young are pigs.

1477

the face, the four feet, and a few hairs at the tip of the tail, white. They have a dished face and erect ears. Next to Poland China in numbers, they are much esteemed for the high quality of the bacon and hams they furnish.

Cheshire.-White breed resembling the Chester White; chiefly known in a few counties in central N. Y.

Chester White.-Large white breed, originating in Chester co., Pa. They are the largest and most popular of the white breeds. No black hair is admissible, but bluish spots in the skin are not a disqualification.

Duroc-Jersey.-American breed, characterized by large size and a red or reddish brown color. They are somewhat coarse in body, and are held in less esteem on that account. They are hardy and prolific.

Essex.-Small black English breed. They make a very good quality of pork, but are too small to enter into competition with the improved American breeds.

Poland China.-Breed that originated in central Ohio, by crossing, selection, and inbreeding. They are of large size, formerly largely spotted, but now nearly entirely black, and very smooth and symmetrical, with a slightly dished face and drooping ears. They far outnumber any other breed.

Suffolk.-Small white English breed. They have scanty hair and tender skins, rendering them liable to scurvy and other skin diseases, on which account they are little kept.

Victoria.-White breed of composite origin. There are claimed to be two different breeds; and one of them at least has not well-fixed characteristics. They are kept only in small numbers.

Yorkshire.-Small white breed of English origin, chiefly characterized by their short and very much dished faces. They

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mature early, fatten readily, and are much prized where a small carcass is desired for cutting up fresh. See PORK. Swine-Cress. See WART-CRESS.

Swing. Common means of amusement in Asia, as well as Europe and America. In Corea, swinging is a spring sport and is practiced by girls even of 18 and 19 years. In Japan, men and boys swing, both the swing and the act of swinging being called Buranko.

Swing, CAPTAIN. Name assumed by certain persons in England between 1830-33, who sent threatening letters to those who used threshing-machines. Disregard to these demands resulted in the burning of grain-stacks and farm buildings. The laboring class believed that the use of machinery would lessen the demand for labor.

Swing, DAVID, 1830-1894. Prof. Miami Univ., Ohio. 185466; Presb. pastor in Chicago from 1866; independent from 1874, after a trial for heresy, of which he was acquitted. His influence was great. Club Essays, 1880.

Swing Bridge. One which swings on a central pivot. See BRIDGES and DRAWBRIDGE.

Swinton, WILLIAM, 1833-1892. Scottish-American writer of school-books and histories of the Civil War; prof. Univ. Cal. 1869-74. Rambles Among Words, 1859; Word Analysis, 1872. -His brother, JOHN, b. 1830, is a journalist and radical lecturer. Swiss Guards. In the French service from 1616; famous for fidelity and heroism; nearly annihilated in defending the Tuileries Aug. 10, 1792; in 1830 defeated and dispersed. The Pope employs Swiss Guards about his palace. Swisshelm, JANE GREY (CANNON). 1815-1904

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Amani

SWITCHBACK RAILWAY-SYDENHAM

- train may be turned from one track upon ane principal types are the STUB, SPLIT, and WHARCHES (q.v.).

back Railway. One in a mountainous country, ed that after a down grade the train runs by its n up a short grade, and then backward by gravity er track; also, road where a car is drawn up an inne, and then runs back in a circuit to the point of The oldest in the U. S. is that at Mauch Chunk, Pa., for coal transportation.

h-Grass. See QUACK-GRASS.

in, ST., d.862. Bp. of Winchester 852; canonized 970. were removed to the cathedral 971, and were sup

zerland. Republic of Europe, between Italy, France, en; of irregular shape; area 15,964 sq. m. Its surface mainly of an alternation of high, rugged mountains s) and narrow valleys. Its agricultural industries are e and varied. The manufactures are also large and consisting largely of silk, cotton, watches, and conmilk. Its railway mileage in 1893 was 2,220. Its early is one of heroism, as shown in the compact of Uri, , and Unterwalden 1307, and the legendary deeds of ELL (q.v.). The Austrians were defeated at Morgarten Sempach 1386, and at Næfels 1388. Lucerne joined ance 1332. The Helvetic Confederation was founded eight Cantons. Independence was secured 1477 by the tion of Charles the Bold. Five more Cantons were 1513. Zurich was defeated by R. C. Cantons 1531. By aty of Westphalia (1648), S. was acknowledged as an inent State, and again, at the peace of 1815. A Helvetic lic existed 1799-1803; French influence prevailed till 1814.

e confederation consists of 22 Cantons, each represented in Diet. The constitution was modified 1830, 1848, and 1874. e Cantons are divided into absolute and representative decracies. In the former, legislation is conducted by a yearly sembly of the adult male population; in the latter, by a eat council, elected by the people. The control of the army, reign affairs, police, post-office, settlement of disputes beeen Cantons, are handed over to a Federal Assembly of two hambers, the State Council of 44 members, and the National, 135. Executive power is delegated to a Federal Council of holding office for 3 years, the President being merely one the Council. The Federal Tribune, of 9 members, elected y the Federal Assembly, acts as a high court of appeal. Every tizen is obliged to serve as soldier; there is no standing army. roperty is much subdivided, and there are no titles of Swiss rigin. Systems of law differ in the different Cantons. Mounains and lakes produce the finest scenery, and make S. "the layground of Europe," and the resort of multitudes of summer visitors from all parts of the world: hotel-keeping is a eading and increasing industry. The chief cities are Zurich, Geneva, Basel, and Berne. Pop., 1894, 2,986,848.

Sword. Hand weapon used in all lands and ages, except by Savages; of varying size and shape; in the past sometimes, but rarely, two-handed; sometimes curved, as the saber, but usually straight; formed for either cutting or thrusting, or for both. The edge may be single, or double, as in the Higho handle has been variously formed,

attern

It embraces the rapier, cutlass, broadsword, scimiter and saber.
It is the official weapon of the commissioned officer and the
symbol of his authority, of which he is temporarily deprived
when placed in arrest.

Sword Bayonet. Bayonet shaped like a short broad
sword, now used with the new service .30 caliber rifle. When
detached from the rifle it may be used as a cutting imple-

Sword Dance. Dancing with swords is a ceremonial custom of great antiquity, and took the form either of a practical military exercise, in which it existed in n. Europe to a late time, or as a dramatic exhibition by youths or girls, such as the Pyrrhic dance of the Greeks and Romans. A sword dance by singing girls is a popular amusement of the gentry of Corea. In Scotland the person dances over two swords crossed upon the ground or floor.

Swordfish. See ACANTHOPTERI and XIPHIAS.

Syagrius. Ruler of the kingdom of Syagrius, between the
under Clovis at Soissons 486, by whom he was put to death.
Seine, Marne and Oise in France. Defeated by the Franks
He was the last Roman ruler in Gaul.

Sybaris. Greek town in Lucania, on or near Gulf of
Tarentum; founded ab. 720 B.C.; famous for luxury; taken
and destroyed 510 B.C. by Crotonians, and a river turned
on its site.

German historian; prof.
Sybel, HEINRICH VON, 1817-1895.
Bonn 1841 and 1861, Marburg 1846, and Munich 1856; member
of several parliaments; director of archives at Berlin 1875;
Deutschen Königthums,
founder and ed. Hist. Zeitschrift.
1844; Revolutionszeit, 1789-1800, 5 vols., 1853-74: Establish-
ment of the German Empire, 5 vols., 1885-90, tr. 1891.
Sycamine. In Scripture, the black mulberry tree.
Sycamore. Ficus sycomorus. Tree of the Fig family, na-
tive of the Mediterranean
region. In Scripture, spe-
cies of fig, with leaves
slightly resembling the mul-
berry. The wood was light
and porous, but lasted for
very many ages.

Sycamore, AMERICAN.
See BUTTONWOOD.

Sycandra. Calcareous
sponge, one of the Sycones.
See SYCONIDE.

Syconidæ

(SYCONES).

Calcareous sponges, rarely Branch of Ficus sycomorus: a, fruit.
colonial, with thick walls,

pierced by straight radial tubes that project on the surface.
The body is sac-like, opening by one osculum. The flagellated
cells are confined to dilatations of the radial canals. Sycandra
is an example.

Syconium. Fig-fruit. It consists of a hollow flower-stalk
or receptacle, within which a large number of minute flowers
are borne, some of which ripen small achenes, often considered
the seeds, the structure becoming fleshy and edible. It is also
called a Hypanthodium.

Sycon-Type. Sponge having simple or branched lateral or radial tubes, coming off from the paragaster and involving the entire body wall, or simply burrowing in a thick mesoderm. In this type, the endoderm cells are of two sorts, pavement cells and choanocytes; the latter are restricted to the radiating tubes.

Sycosis. Name given to various diseases of the hair fol-
licles. Barber's itch, a contagious disease, is sometimes so
called. True sycosis is non-parasitic and, consequently, not
communicable.

Sydenham. In Kent, 8 m. s. of London; site of the Crystal
Palace, built 1852-54, at a cost of ab.$7,000,000.

Sydenham, CHARLES EDWARD POULETT THOMSON, 1799-
1841. M.P. 1826; Privy Councilor 1830; Gov.-gen. of Canada
1839; Baron 1840.

Sydenham, FLOYER, 1710-1787. English translator of
Onomasticon, 1784.
Plato, 1760.

Sydenham, THOMAS, M.D., 1624-1689. London practi-
tioner, who introduced a method, then unfamiliar, ascribed
to Hippocrates. His Latin works were collected and pub-
lished as their first issue 1846 by the S. Society (formed 1843),
This society prints medical works.
and tr. 1848.

one

Sydney.

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Sydne

to the rock from was mainly a mix Sykes, GEORG 1861, Major-gen. 1 Sylburg, FRI editor of sundry c Sylla. See Su Syllabus. En denining eighty te Christians genera Protestants as tr disciplinary autho Syllogism. F three terms and t terms. major and clusion is based up major and minor Sylphs. In me are of earth and sa Sylva. Botany Sylvanite. (A formerly found in in recent years reg covery of the Crip of the most im Sylvester I., S 31.-II. GERBERT, a of Ravenna 998. P posed him to be in Sylvester, JAM English mathemat 1841-42, of Physics. Hopkins Univ. 1876 in modern analysis, determinants. Sylvester, JOSH of Du Bartas' Divi over 1,000 pages. 1 Sylviculture. Sylvie, EDUARD, ica and W. Indies 17 Sylviidæ. See I Sylvite. KCl. Occurrence, though rock salt at STASSFU Sylvius, DE LA Medical Science at phenomena of respir Sylvius, JACOBUS 1550. Opera Medica. Symbiosis. Pec ticularly referring to Jular Algae, as in th

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