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SULPHURIC ACID-SUMNER

ced with the sulphur dioxide into the Glover tower, 2-6 parts sodium nitrate being used to 100 parts of sulphur burned. e acid from the Gay Lussac towers is run into the top of the

over tower with chamber acid and the nitrogen compounds freed by the hot sulphur dioxide, and with the latter and ter of the chamber acid pass into the chambers. The acid hus concentrated in the tower, whose temperature is 300° The tower acid is further concentrated by evaporation in tinum pans or glass retorts, the water passing off leaving

Sulphuric Acid Apparatus.

strongest acid, called oil of vitriol, sp. gr. 1.85. Chamber reaches sp. gr. 1.5 and tower acid 1.65.

ming sulphuric acid, H,S,O,, sp. gr. 1.9, solid at 0° C., es in the air and is very corrosive. It was known in the century. This is made in Bohemia by oxidizing pyrites ained in slate by exposure to moist air to iron persulphate distilling the product in clay flasks, the acid passing off. also made by Winkler's process by passing sulphur die and oxygen over platinized asbestos, where it is oxidized alphur trioxide, which is dissolved in sulphuric acid. This is used for dissolving indigo, and in the manufacture of me and anthracene dyes.

Iphuric Acid, FUMING. See DISULPHURIC ACID.
Iphuric Ether. See ETHYL ETHER.

Iphur Monobromide. S,Br,.
ng to boil at 60° C.; decomposed by water; made by dis-
Deep red liquid, be-
ng the requisite amount of sulphur in bromine. The
er bromides are not known with certainty.

Iphur Monochloride. S,Cl,. Sulphurous chloride;
wish red liquid; sp. gr. 1.70, bpt. 137° C. (uncor.); of char-
istic, disagreeable odor. Its vapor irritates the mucous
brane. It is soluble in carbon bisulphide and benzene.
made by distilling sulphur with stannous chloride, and is
in vulcanizing rubber.

phur Monoiodide. S,I,. Lustrous crystals or gray alline mass; made by fusing sulphur and iodine.

phur Rain. Rain which after evaporation leaves a wish powder, erroneously supposed to be sulphur; really ollen of plants.

phur Tetrachloride. SCI. Light, mobile, yellowishliquid, decomposed by water into sulphur dioxide and chloric acid; made by saturating the monochloride with ne at a temperature of -20° to -22° C. See SULPHUR

LORIDE.

phur Trioxide. SO,. Sulphuric anhydride; white, allized solids; mpt. 14.8° C. The liquid boils at 46° C. It de by passing sulphur dioxide and oxygen over asbestos ed with finely divided platinum, and is used for making I sulphuric acid," which is almost pure H,S,O,. It comwith water with violence to form sulphuric acid. It acts etically as a dehydrating agent.

phuryl Chloride. SO,C,. Liquid, easily decomby water; made by the action of chlorine on sulphur le in direct sunlight.

picia, 1st cent. Roman poet, whose works are lost: re bearing her name is of later origin.-Another, someearlier, is the supposed author of six elegies.

picians. Order founded 1642-45 at Paris to train youths e priesthood.

picius Severus, ab.363-ab.420. French priest, biogr of St. Martin of Tours. His Chronica exten

1469

Sultan. Mohammedan ruler, especially of the Turkish empire. The title was first assumed ab.1000.

ippines; first visited by the Spaniard Figueroa in 1578; in nun ber Sulu (or SOOLOO) Islands. Between Borneo and the Phil162; held by Spain since 1876. Area ab.1,550 sq. m., pop. ab. 100,000, chiefly Malays.

units as are contained in all the numbers added: in algebraic Sum. In arithmetical addition, number containing as many addition, aggregate of the expressions added, like quantities being united and others connected by plus or minus sigus. In algebra the sum of two quantities having unlike signs is a difference, having the sign of the greater.

Sumach. Shrubs and small trees of the genus Rhus, natural order Anacardiaceae, natives

of N. America, Asia and s. Europe.
The bark is used for tanning.
Rhus ver-

Sumach, POISON.
nix. Tall shrub of the Sumach
family, growing wild in swamps
in e. N. America, the foliage poi-
sonous to the touch. The Venetian
Sumach or Smoke-tree is not prop-
erly a sumach. Its leaves and
twigs dye yellow and are used in
tanning. The bark has been used
as a substitute for Peruvian Bark.
Sumarokov, ALEXANDER, 1718-
1777. Russian dramatist, poet, and
critic.

Sumatra. Island in the In-
dian Ocean, separated from the
Malay Peninsula by Malacca Strait
and from Java by the Strait of
Sunda; 1,115 m. long, with a maxi-
mum breadth of 275 m. The in-

terior is mountainous, with ranges Smoke-tree (Rhus cotinus), showrunning n.w. and s.e., parallel to ing leaves, flowers, and fruit. the coast. It contains extensive fertile and highly cultivated plains. The s. part belongs to the Dutch. Its inhabitants are of Malay stock. The island was discovered by the Portuguese Lopez de Figuera 1508. Tobacco is exported to Europe and the U. S. Area ab. 163,000 sq. m., pop. ab. 3,000,000.

Sumbawa. One of the Sunda Isles, e. of Java; desolated 1815 by an eruption of its volcano Tambora. Area 54 sq. m., pop. ab. 150,000, Malays.

Sumerians. Supposed ancient inhabitants of Babylonia, preceding the Semites. The Akkadians were a branch of

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them.

Sumeru. See MERU.

Summary Proceedings. Those which are speedy and generally without a jury; e.g., for evicting a tenant, collecting taxes, or punishment of contempt of court.

Summational Tone. See COMBINATIONAL TONES. Summation of Stimuli. Physiological law of the nervous system; viz., that a stimulus inadequate by itself to bring about a response may, when acting with one or more other stimuli equally inadequate by themselves, produce the reaction.

Summer Eggs. Such as are produced from spring until autumn in many invertebrate animals, and which in many guished from winter eggs, which are generally fertilized, are cases develop parthenogenetically and immediately; distinprotected by special shells, and rest over winter to develop the next spring.

Summerfield, JOHN, 1798–1825. English Methodist preacher, in the U. S. from 1821; noted for eloquence.

Summers, THOMAS OSMOND, D.D., LL.D., 1812-1882. Editor of many publications of M. E. Ch. South; author of commentaries and other books. Refutation of Paine, 1855. Summer's Islands. See BERMUDAS.

Summons.

suit commenced against him; to bring a defendant into court;
Instrument in law, notifying a party of a
generally a citation to appear before a judge or magistrate.
to give a person sued an opportunity to appear and answer;

Summum Bonum. Highest good; ultimate end of rea-
sonable human action.

Sumner, CHARLES, 1811-1874. Lecturer at Harvard Law
School 1835-37 and 1843; in Europe 1837-40; U. S. Senator from
Mass. from 1851. omine

SUMNER-SUNDERLAND

of slavery; assaulted May 22, 1856, by Preston S. I.C. from S. C., receiving injuries which disabled him 1859, and from which he never wholly recovered. career was less useful and illustrious, for his eccenkept him in conflict with his party and with the ad

istration; but the loftiness of his motives and aims was er questioned. He was chairman of the Senate Committee Foreign Relations 1861-71: his last years were given mainly The Civil Rights bill. Works, 15 vols, 1870-83; Memoirs and ters, 4 vols., 1877-92.

umner, CHARLES RICHARD, D.D., 1790-1874. Bp. of LlanT 1826, and of Winchester 1827-69. Ministerial Character Christ, 1824.-His brother, JOHN BIRD, D.D., 1780-1862, Bp. Chester 1828, Abp. of Canterbury 1848, pub. Apostolical eaching and other books.

Sumner, EDWIN VOSE, U.S.A., 1797-1863. Gov. of New exico 1851-53; Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1861, Major-gen. 1862; rominent in the Va. battles.

Sumner, INCREASE, 1746-1799. Judge Mass. Supreme Court 782-97; Gov. from 1797.

m.; volume 1,300,000 times that of the earth; mass 332,000
that of the earth; gravity at surface 27.6 that at earth; den-
sity 1.41 that of water. The constitution is mainly if not en-

Sumner, WILLIAM GRAHAM, LL.D., b. 1840. Prof. Yale since 872. Hist. American Currency, 1874; Andrew Jackson, 1882; Economic Problems, 1884; Protectionism, 1885; Political and Social Science, 1885; Robert Morris, 1892: Hist. Banking, vol. -, 1896.

Sumner's Method OF DETERMINING THE POSITION OF A SHIP AT SEA. In the ordinary method, the place is found by the intersection of a circle of latitude with one of longitude. Sumner substitutes, for these, two circles from every part of the circumference of which the altitude of the sun is the same. His method has some advantages.

Sump. In Mining, extension of a shaft below the lowest working-level of a mine, into which the water of the mine is conducted, and from which it is pumped.

Sumptuary Laws. Laws, now generally obsolete, for the regulation of private habits, prescribing the quality and quantity of food, dress, and amusements, funerals, etc., in the supposed interest of economy and morality.

Sumter, THOMAS, 1734-1832. Officer of the American Revolution, serving with great gallantry in S. C. and N. C.; Brig.gen. S. C. troops 1781; M.C. 1789-93 and 1797-1801; U. S. Senator 1801-9; Minister to Brazil 1809-11.

Sumter, FORT. At entrance to Charleston Harbor, S. C. Gen. Beauregard On the secession of S. C., Dec. 1860, its surrender was demanded, and refused by Major Anderson. opened fire April 12; it surrendered April 14, 1861: this marked the beginning of the Civil War. The fort was held by the Confederates during the war, and was shattered during the siege

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From such data as are available
it is believed that the sun cannot continue to give light and
heat as at present for more than 10,000,000 years.
See RADIATION.

Sun, RADIATING POWER OF.

Sun-Bittern (EURYPYGA). S. American heron-like bird
with long tail, broad wings, plumage mottled and barred with
Allied
white, brown, and blue: the neck is thin and short, the legs
are short, and have all the toes on the same level.
species are found in Madagascar and in New Caledonia. They
are connecting links between Herons and Plovers.

Sun-Crack. Formed at the time when the rock consoli-
dated and due to heat. These cracks are oftentimes filled up
by new material, which is often harder than the rock in which
it occurs.

Sunda, STRAIT OF.

Between Sumatra and Java.

Sunda Islands. E. of Java, including Flores and Timor.
Sumatra and Java are sometimes included.

Sundanese. Malay tribes of w. Java; allied to the Java-
nese proper, but less cultured.

Area ab.7.550 sq. m.,
Sundarbans, or SUNDERBUNDS. Delta of the Ganges, from
the Hoogli to the Megna, ab.165 m.
mainly swamp and jungle.

Sunday. First day of the week; day upon which Christ
rose from the dead, therefore called the Lord's day. At a very
become the Christian Sabbath; Saturday being the Jewish
early date Christians met for worship on this day, and it has
Sabbath. There is no express authority in the New Testa-
ment for this substitution. See SABBATH.

Sunday Laws. For the preservation of the sacred character of the Lord's Day. Constantine, 321, ordered workshops to be closed. Alfred of England issued a similar decree 876. A statute of Charles II., 1676, forbade ordinary labor, trade, and legal processes. In the U. S. likewise Sunday is legally a dies non.

Sunday Letter. See DOMINICAL LETTER.

Sunday Schools. Begun 1780 by Robert Raikes at Glouces-
ter, and in London 1784 by Rowland Hill; in America appar-
ently by Asbury in Va. 1786. They spread rapidly, and soon
became accessories of every place of worship, needing rooms
The American Sunday School
or buildings of their own.
Union was organized 1824. Christendom in 1893 had about
scholars: half of these are in the U. S. This does not include
225,000 schools, with ab.2,240,000 teachers and over 20,000,000
non-Evangelical Protestants or Roman Catholics; the latter
are estimated to have 800,000 scholars in the U. S.
Sunderland. Seaport town of Durham, at the mouth of
the Wear. It has a large shipbuilding interest and much com-
merce, especially in coal. Pop., 1891, 130,921.

Sunderla 1823-45, whos noted as a tem tianity from 18

Sunderlan of State 1679-81 and treacherou 1722, was Sec. o ister 1718-21. the South Sea guilty.

Sundew. natural family sphere.

Sun Dial.

Sun Dogs. upon solar halo motion, as a dog quently seen to through ice cry

Sundrops. herb of the Even Sundt, EILER Sunfish. 1. T

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Short Sunfish (Orth cultivated large-fl tropical America,

seeds are an excel 50 bu. of seeds, a inferior to olive oi Sun-Grebes (F and the middle to having dull pluma tail. Only four spe Africa, and one in s Sunnees, or Su cepting the Sunna, ity with the Koran.

Sunn Hemp. tivated in India for than jute, but infer Sunsets, RED.

in the E. Indies in 1 whence it was carri rents, producing fo sunsets.

Sunshine Rec

of the time, direction Its earliest form w present various form are more generally Curtis.

Sun's Motion I ing toward a point i sion 267°, declination but which may be 16

Sun Spots. Op

caused, according to

cording to another b

mostly confined to zo

SUNDERLAND-SUN WORSHIP

underland, LE ROY, 1802-1885. American M. E. preacher 45, whose sermons produced strange physical effects; d as a temperance and anti-slavery orator; denier of Christy from 1845. Pathetism, 1847-50; The Trance, 1860.

nderland, ROBERT SPENCER, EARL OF, 1640-1702. Sec. ate 1679-81 and 1682-88; Lord Chamberlain 1697: a servile treacherous politician.-His son, CHARLES, 3D EARL, 1675was Sec. of State 1706-10, Privy Seal 1715, and Prime Min1718-21. He was tried for corruption in connection with South Sea scheme, and acquitted, though believed to be

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Sunflower. Coarse yellow-flowered herbs of the genus Helianthus, natural order Compositæ, natives ort Sunfish (Orthagoriscus mola). of America. The commonly vated large-flowered species is H. annuus. Native of cal America, where it attains a height of 20 ft. Its are an excellent food for poultry; an acre yields ab. 1. of seeds, and each bu. 1 gal. of oil, which is little or to olive oil.

n-Grebes (FIN-FOOTS). Rail-like birds with lobed feet the middle toe longest; they differ from true Grebes in g dull plumage and 18 tail feathers in their fan-shaped Only four species are known, one in S. America, two in a, and one in s.e. Asia.

nnees, or SUNNITES. Main body of Mohammedans, acg the Sunna, or orthodox Tradition, as of equal author

ith the Koran. See MOHAMMEDANISM.

an Hemp. Crotalaria juncea. Leguminous plant culd in India for its fiber and as a forage plant. It is better jute, but inferior to true hemp.

nsets, RED. During the volcanic eruption on Krakatoa E. Indies in 1883, volcanic dust rose to a height of 20 m., ce it was carried round the earth by the upper air curproducing for three years twilight glows, called red

ts.

shine Recorder. Apparatus for automatic record time, direction and intensity of sunshine at any locality. rliest form was Campbell's burning lens recorder: at it various forms of photographic or blue-print records ore generally adopted, as those of Stokes, Jordan, and

's Motion IN SPACE. The sun is found to be movward a point in the constellation Hercules, right ascen37°, declination +31°, with a velocity variously estimated, hich may be 16 m. per sec.

Spots. Openings in the photosphere of the sun, , according to one theory, by eruptions from below, acto another by cool matter rushing down from above:

1471

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Sun Spots observed on Sept. 2, 1839.

See PERIOD OF

days, or it may extend to a year or more. SUN SPOTS.

Sun's Temperature. This has been variously estimated; the most reliable investigation seems to be that of Rosetti, who gives for the effective temperature 18,000° F.

Sunstone. Variety of feldspar (oligoclase or orthoclase) exhibiting internal yellowish, reddish, or salmon-colored reflections, from minute disseminated crystals of some accessory mineral. The best specimens come from Norway.

Sunstroke. Condition produced by exposure to excessive heat. There are two forms: (1) Heat exhaustion and (2) Heat stroke. 1. Prolonged exposure to high temperature, especially when combined with physical exertion, is apt to be followed by extreme prostration. collapse, and, in severe cases, delirium. The surface is usually cool, the pulse small, rapid and soft; the breathing easy though hurried; the temperature may be less than normal; while the vital forces fall into a collapse, the senses remain active. The individual need not be exposed to the direct rays of the sun, but the condition may come on when working in close, confined rooms during midsummer, or even be produced by artificial heat, as in the boiler room of an ocean steamship. The treatment includes the use of stimulants, ammonia is frequently valuable, and, whatever stimulant is used, it may be necessary to use it hyperdermically. When the temperature is below normal, a hot bath is indicated. 2. Heat stroke, thermic fever. This chiefly occurs in persons working very hard and exposed to the sun, especially if they have been drinking beer or whisky. There is unconsciousness with high temperature and the indications of a febrile condition. The indications for treatment are to reduce the temperature as rapidly as possible. Place the patient in a bath of the temperature of 70° F., use an ice pack, or rub the body with ice.

Sun Worship. Prominent element in many primitive religions, notably that of old Persia, and in Peru. The sun was

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Temple of the Sun during the later reigns of the Incas. generally regandad

SUPERAXILLARY-SUPREMACY ACT

eraxillary. Above the axil, as the buds of Gymno

ererogation. In R. C. Theology, opinion that by ng the counsels of perfection one may do more than n for his salvation, leaving a surplus for others' shortgs. It is not an article of faith.

perfecundation. Entrance of more than one speroön into an egg, particularly when more than one unites with the female pronucleus. This takes place agmentation of the female nucleus and the consequent tion of as many embryos as there are zygotes. The is monstrous and abortive development.

perfetation. Fertilization of an ovum in a uterus aloccupied by a product of conception from a previous tion. The possibility of superfetation is now pretty gendenied.

perficial Energy. See CAPILLARITY.

perflua. Order of the Linnæan class Syngenesia (natfamily Composite), having the florets of the disk perfect, hose of the rays only pistillate, as in Tansy and Golden

perheated Steam. Steam at a higher sensible temture than that which corresponds to its boiling-point at pressure (see SATURATED STEAM). It is used in engines, mat the heat lost by internal condensation in the cylinder be supplied from the incoming steam without condensaThe water or mist from such condensation would be reporated when the pressure was lowered by expansion of the m after cut-off; for such evaporation additional demand heat is made, which new steam and the hot cylinder walls st supply, and so on at each stroke. Amount which the orSuperintendence, WAGES OF. izer of industrial operations, the entrepreneur, receives er and above the usual rate of interest on the amount of ney invested.

Superior. In Botany, ovary of a flower when it is entirely -e from and above the calyx.

Superior. Capital of Douglas co., Wis.; at w. end of Lake settled 1855, revived 1881. It has flour and lumber mills, onworks, and a large trade. Pop., 1890, 11,983, since greatly creased.

Superior, LAKE. Highest and largest of the chain of reat Lakes of N. America, lying between Mich., Wis., Minn. nd Canada. Its outlet is by the St. Mary's River to Lake

Storm on Lake Superior-View near the "Pictured Rocks." Huron. Area 31,200 sq. m., extreme length 412 m., extreme breadth 167 m., maximum depth 1,008 ft., elevation 602 ft., drainage area 85,000 sq. m.

That toward which Superior Limit OF INTEGRATION. the definite integral is reckoned. When the limits are indicated, it is placed at the upper, the inferior at the lower extremity of the sign of integration.

Quantity larger than the Superior Limit OF ROOTS. largest root. The ordinary limit is found by subjecting the largest negative coefficient to the root indicated by the position of the first negative coefficient from the first term: the result increased by one is the superior limit. The least superior limit is found by Sturm's theorem as a basis for approximating to the incommensurable roots.

Superior Planets. Those whose orbits are outside that of the earth: Mars, the Asteroids, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

detailed for guard duty, to

take the places of those of the regular detail in case any of the
latter are found not fit to march on guard.

Supernumerary Buds. Buds in the axils of leaves in
addition to the principal one.

Superphosphate. Fertilizers in which the phosphate of lime has been made soluble by treatment with sulphuric acid. In general they give the best results on wheat, oats, and barley, on land that does not contain much lime. On some limestone lands their use seems to be practically without result. See CALCIUM PHOSPHATES.

Supersaturation. Some solutions have a higher coefficient of solubility when hot than when cold. If such a hot saturated solution be carefully cooled, the salt does not immediately crystallize, but the liquid remains in a condition of supersaturation, and is in a state of unstable molecular equilibrium. If a crystal of the same salt be dropped in, the excess held in solution immediately crystallizes.

Suphis, or CHEOPS. Second king of 4th Egyptian dynasty. Suppé, FRANZ VON, 1820-1895. Composer of German operettas. Fatinitza, 1876, Boccaccio, 1879, A Trip to Africa, 1883, Bellman, 1887, and Clover, 1888, became popular in English versions in America.

Supper, LORD'S. See EUCHARIST and LORD'S SUPPER. Supple-Jack. 1. Berchemia volubilis. Climbing shrub of the natural family Rhamne, native of the s.e. U. S. 2. Paullinia curassavica. Climbing woody vine of the natural family Sapindaceae, native of tropical America. Its stems are made into walking sticks.

Supplemental Chords. Those drawn from the same point on the curve to the extremities of a diameter. If the ellipse and hyperbola in one of two supplemental chords be parallel to any diameter, the other chord is parallel to the conjugate diameter. Supplemental chords thus determine conjugate diameters.

Supplementary Cost. That portion of the cost of production of any article which consists in its share of the general expenses of the business.

Supplement of an Angle. Remainder obtained by subtracting the given angle from 180°. If the angle exceed 180°, the supplement is negative.

Supply, IN ECONOMICS. Quantity of a given article which can be had at a given price.

Supply and Demand, EQUILIBRIUM OF. Balancing of the desire to acquire new economic goods with the desire to avoid certain efforts, or retain certain immediate enjoyments or other economic goods already possessed.

Supply Price. That required to call forth the exertion necessary for producing any given amount of a commodity. Supported Joints. System of supporting the ends of rails upon cross-ties, as distinguished from that of suspended joints, where they are between the cross-ties.

Supporting Lamella. Thin lamella between the ectoderm and endoderm in Hydroids.

Suppression, IN BOTANY. See ABORTION.

Suppression of Contraction. Destruction of the contraction on one side of a contracted vein, thus increasing the flow of water.

Suppuration. Termination of inflammation when the pus producing bacteria have found lodgment and have developed. The tissues involved are liquefied and changed into pus. One of the fundamental causes for the great success of modern surgery is the exclusion of these bacteria from wound surfaces and the prevention of suppuration. Lister was a pioneer of antiseptic surgery, and a great deal of its popularity, before its value was incontestably demonstrated, was due to his enthusiastic teaching. See PUS.

Supra-axillary. See SUPERAXILLARY.

Supralapsarianism. Severer form of predestinarian
doctrine, ascribing the fall of man and the reprobation of the
purpose and decree of God.
non-elect, as well as the election of the chosen, to the eternal

Supra-œsophageal Ganglion. Cerebral ganglion or
brain of Invertebrates. It lies dorsal to the oesophagus, and is
united to the infra- or sub-oesophageal ganglion and ventral
missures.
nerve chain by nerve fibers, called circum-oesophageal com-

Supra-renal Capsule. Flat triangular body, weighing
from one to two drms., which covers the top of the kidney,
as with a helmet. A cavity in the interior contains a reddish
or yellowish fluid. Their function is extremely obscure, but
Supremacy Act, JAN. 15, 1535. Henry VIII. of England
probably concerned in lymphosis. See ADDISON'S DISEASE.
assumed the style of "Supreme head of the Church of England."

It was repealed followed the de Supreme C State. See Cou Supreme G Supreme R wrong, not with ing to an absolu Surabaya. export trade. P Suraja Dow captured and pl and shut 146 En 23 survived. He cutta, and routed Surakarta. prince, who is co Surat. City mouth; founded

commercially imp Mahrattas; partly held by Gt. Britain Surcouf, ROBE blesome to the Brit

Surd. Indicate power of the degre Surety. One undertaking: any avoids his liability. Surface Cond Surface Tens Surf-Bird (APE of America. Surfusion. C temperature below e.g., will be in this lowed to cool witho the salt be brought solidifies with the e Surgeons, COLL various stages beca in 1800. Its museu Surgery. Orig

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Surgical Instruments term so comprehen Surinam. Nam Surinam Toad

SUPREME COURT-SUSO

is repealed 1554, and re-enacted 1559. Many executions wed the denial of the king's supremacy. preme Court. Usually, the court of last resort in the - See COURT.

preme Good. See SUMMUM BONUM.

preme Rule OF ACTION. Ultimate rule of right and g, not with reference to any particular end, but accord5 an absolute standard.

rabaya._Seaport on n.e. coast of Java, with a large -t trade. Pop., 1890, 107,878.

He

raja Dowlah, d. 1757. Nabob of Bengal 1756. red and plundered the old fort of Calcutta, June 1756, shut 146 English prisoners in the Black Hole, where but vived. He was defeated by Clive, Feb. 4, 1757, near Cal, and routed at Plassy, June 23. See BLACK HOLE. rakarta. Town of central Java; capital of the native e, who is controlled by the Dutch. Pop., 1890, 91,368. rat. City of w. India, on the Tapti, 20 m. from its h; founded ab. 1510; thrice burned by the Portuguese;

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face Tension. See CAPILLARITY. f-Bird (APHRIZA). Plover-like bird of the Pacific coast erica.

fusion. Condition of a substance when liquid at a rature below the fusing point. Sodium thiosulphate, ill be in this condition if melted and then carefully alto cool without disturbance. If, when cold, a crystal of It be brought in contact with the fluid, the mass instantly es with the evolution of heat.

geons, COLLEGE OF. Originated from 1460-61, and after s stages became the Royal Coll. of Surgeons of London 1. Its museum is the finest of its kind in Gt. Britain.

gery. Originally a branch of medicine involving the employment of manual operations. The term has been widened on the one hand to include more than this, and limited by the specialties on the other, making it difficult to draw a sharp dividing line. It may be considered to be that branch of medicine

ical Instruments from Pompeii.

which takes cognizance of

the diseases and accidents of those parts of the body that can be directly inspected, and the operative care of those parts that cannot be. Some writers do not use the

1473

Surplice. White linen vestment worn by clergy during service; modification of the alb; objected to by Continental reformers and English Puritans; now universally used in Anglican and P. E. chancels, and generally by the choir also; used also in R. C. Ch., and in Scandinavia only during the Eucharist.

Surplus Produce OF LAND. Produce in excess of the amount which would have just recompensed the cultivator for his expenditure of labor and capital.

Surprise. In its simplest form, feeling aroused by a sudden, unexpected presentation. It seems to depend on a lack of harmony between the presentation and the expectant attention. This produces apparently a sort of mental shock, in its essence disagreeable. The characteristic facial expression of surprise, viz., intensified attention, is a preservative reaction, whose function is to obtain a clearer presentation of the object causing the feeling. Should the object continue strange and unrecognized, the feeling passes into wonder, which is a state much more intellectual and complex. Surrey, EARL OF. See HOWARD, HENRY.

Surrogate. Originally, substitute of a bishop in his ju dicial capacity; in the U. S., local officer who exercises probate jurisdiction.

Surtees, ROBERT, 1779-1834. English antiquarian. County of Durham, 4 vols., 1816-40. The S. Society, established 1834, publishes similar works.

Survey, BOARD OF. Purely advisory board, comprising generally three military officers, called by the commanding officer of a military post for the purpose of ascertaining and reporting facts, submitting opinions, and making recommendations upon questions of responsibility which may arise through accident, mistake or neglect.

Surveying. See LAND SURVEYING.

Surveyor's Chain. See CHAIN and GUNTER'S CHAIN. Surveyor's Compass. Instrument for measuring the bearings of lines; consisting of a

magnetic needle mounted in a box with sights, the bearings being read off on the graduated circle. TRANSIT.

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Surveys, GEOLOGICAL. The first State to provide for the investigation of its rock formations was N. C. in 1823, followed by Mass. in 1830, and by 1895 nearly all the States. Pa. made a second, more elaborate survey. In Ala., N. J. and Ohio a permanent survey is maintained. The U. S. government instituted geological examinations early in its history, and from 1834 has sent expeditions into the Western country for that purpose. The U. S. Geological Survey was established 1879; the British in 1832, Canada 1842, Austria and Spain 1849, and other countries later.

Surveyor's Compass. Survival of the Fittest. See NATURAL SELECTION. Survivorship. Whether A outlives B is to be established, under English law, by evidence, and not by presumptions based on age, sex, or physical strength. If the survivor is joint-owner or obligor with the deceased, he becomes sole owner or obligor at common law. This doctrine has been largely swept away by equity, commercial usage, and statute.

Surya. God of the Sun, in Vedic pantheon; called Savitar and Aditya. According to the myth, he traverses the world with a sunflower in his hand, in a chariot drawn by seven red horses, and produces light and heat. His charioteer is Aruna, god of the dawn, who has no legs.

Susa. Ancient capital of Elam or Susiana, the Khusistan of modern Persia. Important excavations have been made here by Loftus and by Dieulafoy. To the latter is due the discovery of important friezes in colored tiles, now in the Louvre. One of these is a unique representation of a procession of Per

sian archers.

Susanna. Jewish matron, heroine of a brief apocryphal book, which recounts the attempt against her virtue by two elders, their rebuff, their revengeful impeachment of her chastity, and their detection by the youthful Daniel. The R. C. Ch. gives it as the 13th chapter of Daniel.

Susemihl. FRANZ. h.1896 Prof

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