STONE CANAL-STORKSBILL he Canal. Tube which leads from the madreporic to the circumoval water-tube of Starfishes. Its walls cified. me Circles. See STANDING STONES. necrop. Herbs of the genus Sedum, natural family Penthorum sedoides. Insignificant of the natural family Crassulaceae, growing in wet places N. America. one Crusher. Portable machine having jaws in which s are crushed for street pavements, for making concrete, One jaw is stationary, while the other is moved by a cam n is driven by machinery. See ROCK CRUSHER. one Fougass. Excavation in front of the covered way e form of a cone frustrum, placed so as to have its greater ing looking toward the probable line of advance of the ny. In it is placed a charge of powder and a collection of es and other missiles, which, when the charge is fired, will amage to the enemy. This is a device of the earlier sieges. one-Fruit. See DRUPE. tonehead. In Mining, point where solid rock is first ck in sinking a shaft. tonehenge. On Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire; rude stone ctures, consisting of 2 circles and 3 ovals with a large censtone, 15 ft. long, supposed to have been used for an altar. e outer ring, ab. 300 ft. in circumference, was formed of 30 w 17) upright stones, some 16 ft. high and nearly 6 in diam Stonehenge. eter, supporting 30 (now 7) others, laid horizontally on their tops. The inner circle had 40 smaller stones, the inner oval 19; a vallum and ditch of 1,100 ft. inclosed all. It was formerly thought to be of Druidical origin; and is of uncertain date. It is now generally considered to have been a burial place of the bronze-age people. Other groups of standing stones exist in various parts of Gt. Britain; one at Carnac, France, has over 1,000 still erect. Stone Implements. See NEOLITHIC CAVES, NEOLI HIC MAN, PALEOLITHIC MAN, and STONE AGE. Stoneman, GEORGE, U.S.A., 1822-1894. Brig.-gen. V S. Vols. 1861, Major-gen. 1862-66; active in Va. and Ga., ch ly with cavalry commands; retired 1871; Gov. of Cal. 1883-87. Stone Mortar. Large caliber bronze mortar for firing baskets of stones upon the besiegers, when near the covered way. Several of these, captured at the castle of Perote in be Mexican war, are among the trophies at West Point. Stone River. See MURFREESBORO. Stone-Root. See HORSE-BALM. Stones, PRECIOUS. See PRECIOUS STONES. It was in use Stone Throwing. Sport among street boys in American and European cities; national sport in e. Asia, especially Corea. In s. China, in the 1st month, the peasants of neighboring villages meet on the plains and attack each other with stones, the encounters being serious affairs, often attended with loss of life. Stoneware. See PORCELAIN and POTTERY. Stoneworts. See CHARACEÆ. Stonington. Town of New London co., Conu., on L. I. Sound; assailed by British vessels 1814. Pop., 1890, 7,184. Stony Point. In Rockland co., N. Y., on the Hudson; British stronghold, stormed by Gen. Wayne on the night of 1000 The British lost ab. 600 men, the Americans 98. front of Stoop and Room. In Scotland, method of coal mining similar to the pillar and stall method. Stoping. In Vein Mining, method of working in which the ore is removed in successive stopes (or steps), in such way that the working-places present the appearance of a flight of steps as seen from above (underhand stoping), or from beneath (overhand). Stoppage in Transit. Exercise of the right of an unpaid vender of goods to stop them while in transit, and regain possession thereof, on the buyer's insolvency. Stop Valve. For preventing water from flowing from one pipe into another. Storage Battery. See ACCUMULATOR. Storage Reservoir. One in which water is stored, either to allow it to settle, or to provide a supply for dry months. Hence it is led into distributing reservoirs, and thence to the street mains. It is built both for purposes of irrigation and for the water supply of towns. San Mateo reservoir for San Francisco holds 31,000 million gallons; the new Croton reservoir for New York will hold 32,000 million gallons. Storax. Shrubs and small trees of the genus Styrax, natural family Styracaceae, natives of the s.e. Ü. S. Storer, BELLAMY, LL.D., 1798-1875. Prof. and judge in Cincinnati; M.C. 1835-37.-His brother, DAVID HUMPHREYS, M.D., LL.D., 1804-1891. pub. Fishes of N. America, 1846, and Fishes of Mass., 1853-67.-His son, HORATIO ROBINSON, M.D., b.1830, pub. Why Not? 1866, Is it I? 1867, and Nurses and Nurs ing, 1868.-His brother, FRANCIS HUMPHREYS. b.1832, prof. Harvard from 1870, pub. Agriculture in its Relations with Chemistry, 1887.-His cousin, GEORGE WASHINGTON, U.S.N., 1789-1864, became captain 1837 and rear-admiral 1862. Stores, MILITARY. Arms, ammunition, clothing, camp and garrison equipage, provisions and all other articles needed for the equipment and support of an army. Storey, WILBUR FISK, 1819-1884. Proprietor Chicago Times from 1861; prominent and influential in Western journalism. Storks. Heron-like Old World birds, with anterior toes united at base, hind toe elevated, imperfect syrinx; hence voiceless except when clattering the mandibles together. They are diurnal and solitary except when migrating, when they travel in wedge-shaped flocks, flying with neck outstretched, unlike herons. 24 species are known, including the Wood-ibis, Storks (Ciconia alba). Storksbill. Herbs of the genus Erodium, natural family mense. Storm, GREA that ever raged In Lond been destroyed, 12 men-of-war i 17.000 trees were was destroyed, v sheep and cattle Storm, JOHAN 1873; writer on N Storm, THEOL and writer of tale Storm Circle the directions of t These are constru originally adapted but are now made. Storm Drum. pean weather bure Storming Par the works or to ass is sometimes the ceptional service. Storm's Eye, of a revolving stor Vortex. Storm Signal. to the ear, intende Guericke in 1659 cc a barometer, which the approach of a winds and rain. agitate the necessi storm signals based Fitzroy began the d signals in England, In 1866 Buys Ballot the Netherlands. I the display of its co a red flag with blac hour; in 1881 specia and in 1883 an additi per hour. Storm si every port of much non discharges of m stances, but are not Storm Track, c the central barometr not that of the storm ures of the weather a the storm track is kno monthly by the U. S Storm Wave. gion of a storm or a hydrostatic pressure by wind alone. Stormy Petrels pelagica. N. Atlanti . se. STORM-STRABISMUS Corm, GREAT. Nov. 26-27, 1703; one of the most terrible orm, JOHAN FREDERIK, b.1836. Prof. Univ. Christiania orm Circle. Diagram used by Reid to assist in determining rm's Eye, or OJO. Calm and fair spot at the center evolving storm, technically called Storm center, Low, or X. rm Signal. Any signal displayed to the eye, or audible e ear, intended to warn of an approaching storm. Otto ke in 1659 constructed a large apparatus equivalent to ometer, which by the rise and fall of an index showed pproach of areas of low pressure with accompanying and rain. In 1857 Buys Ballot began in Holland to e the necessity and feasibility of the display of public signals based on telegraphic reports. In 1860 Admiral y began the display of the cone and cylinder system of Sin England, which was soon adopted in all Europe. 3 Buys Ballot introduced the Aeroklinoscope signal into etherlands. In Oct. 1871 the U. S. Signal Office began splay of its cautionary signal (a red light at night and flag with black center by day) for winds over 25 m. per in 1881 special signals for off-shore winds were added, 1883 an additional signal for winds stronger than 40 m. ur. Storm signals of some sort are now displayed at port of much importance throughout the world. Canscharges of minute guns have been tried in a few ins, but are not so effective as balls and flags. m Track, or CYCLONE PATHS. Path over the earth of tral barometric depression characteristic of large storms, t of the storm wind itself. The rain, wind, and other featthe weather at any place are approximately known when rm track is known. Charts of storm tracks are published y by the U. S. and other government weather bureaus. m Wave. General elevation of water within the rea storm or area of low barometer, due to the greater tatic pressure all around; also, special high wave caused dalone. my Petrels (MOTHER CAREY'S CHICKENS). Procellaria . N. Atlantic Petrels, ranging as far s. as the Banks Stormy Petrels (Thalassidroma pelagica). oundland: ab. size of 1455 gregationalist, 1850-56.-His son and namesake, b.1821, pastor Storrs, RICHARD SALTER. D.D., 1787-1873. Pastor at Braintree. Mass., from 1811: ed. Boston Recorder, 1817-25, and Conin Brooklyn from 1846, has pub. Preaching Without Notes. 1875; Divine Origin of Christianity, 1884; Bernard of Clairvaux, 1892. Storthing. Norwegian parliament, said to have been first held at Bergen by Haco V. in 1223. See NORWAY. Story, JOSEPH, LL.D., 1779-1845. M.C. from Mass. 1809-11: Associate Justice of U. S. Supreme Court from 1811: Prof. of Law at Harvard Coll. from 1829. Bailments, 1832; CommenEquity Jurisprudence, 1835-36; Agency, 1839; Partnership, 1841. taries on the Constitution of U. S., 1833; Conflict of Laws, 1834; Italy from 1848. Roba di Roma, 1862-77. Many of his busts -His Life was written by his son and biographer, WILLIAM WETMORE, D.C.L., 1819-1895, sculptor and poet, who lived in and statues are in U. S. and England. Stosch, ALBRECHT VON, 1818-1896. Prussian general; Commissary 1870, Chief of Admiralty 1872, Admiral 1876-83. Stothard, THOMAS, 1755-1834. English painter and illustrator, R. A. 1794. Some 4,000 of his designs have been engraved. His son, CHARLES ALFRED, 1786-1821, painter, pub. Monumental Effigies, 1811-23. Stoughton, EDWIN WALLACE, 1818-1882. New York lawyer; Minister to Russia 1877-79.-His nephew, EDWIN HENRY, U.S.A., 1838-1868, was Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1862-63. Stoughton, JOHN, D.D., b.1807. Cong. pastor and prof. in London; ed. Evangelical Mag. Hist. Religion in England, 9 vols., 1867-84; Italian Reformers, 1881; Recollections, 1894. Lieut.-gov. from 1692; benefactor of Harvard. Stoughton, WILLIAM, 1632-1701. Mass. Councilor 1671-89; Stourbridge Fair. One of the most prominent fairs of England. See FAIR. Stout. See BEER. Stove. Close fireplace for warming apartments or cooking. The ancients used stoves which concealed the fire, as the German stoves yet do. They lighted the fire also in a large tube in the middle of the room, the roof being open. Benjamin Franklin pointed out the waste of fuel in our open fires. They are of great diversity of forms, of cast iron, sheet iron, and soapstone. Iron stoves for burning coal are lined with fire-brick. In Asia and parts of Europe stoves are made of brick or clay; in Germany of tile. Stoves are made specifically for wood or coal, but they are also heated by coal-oil lamps, charcoal and gas. A cooking stove called the Aladdin, and invented by Edward Atkinson, greatly economizes heat and controls its operation. One pound of oil does the work of from 50 to 70 lbs. of coal in the ordinary stove. Electric stoves are also coming into use. In 1893 the stove manufactures of the U. S. amounted to $30.035,700. Stover. Cured stalks of Indian corn from which the ears have been removed. When cut early and properly cured, it has considerable value as a fodder, in some respects nearly if not quite equal to meadow hay. Stow, BARON, D.D., 1801-1869. Baptist pastor in Boston 1832-67; devotional and historical writer. Stow, JOHN, 1525-1605. English antiquarian. Chronicles, 1561; Annals, 1580; London and Westminster, 1598. Stowe, HARRIET ELIZABETH (BEECHER). 1811-1896, m. 1836. American novelist. Her Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852, exerted wide and deep influence in the North and was widely circulated and tr. in Europe; it was supported by a Key, 1853. Sunny Memories, 1854; Dred, 1859: Minister's Wooing, 1859; Pearl of Orr's Island, 1862; Agnes of Sorrento, 1862; Oldtown Folks, 1869; and many minor juvenile tales, besides a few fine religious lyrics. Her husband, CALVIN ELLIS, D.D., 1802-1886, was prof. at Dartmouth 1830-33, Lane Sem., Cincinnati, 1833-50, Bowdoin 1850-52, and Andover 1852-64. He pub. 2 vols. on the Bible, 1835-67. Stowell, CHARLES HENRY, b.1850. Prof. Univ. Mich. Histology, 1882; Microscopic Diagnosis, 1882; Physiology and Hygiene, 1888. Stowell, HUGH, 1799-1865. English hymnist. Stowell, WILLIAM SCOTT, BARON, 1745-1836. Brother of Lord Eldon; Judge, Privy Councilor, and Knight 1788; Judge of Admiralty 1798-1828; Baron 1820. Stowing. In Mining, filling in of underground excavations with rock or worthless material to prevent the overlying rock from sinking. Strabismus. Visual defect in which there is a lack of harmony in the position of the eves: STRABO-STRANGLES abismus convergens; or outwardly, strabismus diverIt may be due to a paralysis of some of the muscles ove the eye. or to some defect or difficulty in vision. e alone may deviate or the strabismus may alternate. y cases of converging squint, the cause of the trouble onormal dioptric arrangement, and the proper adjustI lenses removes the cause and cures the defect. bo, ab.64 B.C.-after 21. Greek geographer of Pontus. ork, pub. 1516, tr. 1854-57, is in 17 books, largely based The Earth in the Time of Strabo. EQUATOR is own travels, and in parts of much value, but least con- trachan, JOHN, D.D., LL.D., 1778-1867. Bp. of Toronto trachey, WILLIAM, b.ab.1585. Early writer on Bermuda Strack, HERMANN LEBRECHT, D.D., b. 1848. Prof. Berlin Stradivarius, ANTONIUS, 1644-1737. Greatest of all violin Strafford, THOMAS WENTWORTH, EARL OF, 1593-1641. M.P. 314; moderate liberal till 1628, thenceforth royalist; made aron and Viscount 1628, Privy Councilor 1629; Lord Deputy f Ireland 1633, where he ruled with great force and severity; Carl and Lord-lieut. 1640; impeached for subverting the public berties, then attainted; beheaded, the king's consent having een extorted. As the ablest and most determined of Charles .'s Ministers, he has been painted in dark colors by Macaulay. His policy of "Thorough" was the main support of tyranny, and he and Abp. Laud fell with it. Stragglers. Soldiers who lag behind on the march or who seek the rear during a battle. Straight Angle. That formed by two lines in exactly opposite directions; equal to 180 degrees. Straight Line. In Elementary Mathematics, shortest distance between two points. In Analytical Geometry, path traced by a point moving continuously in one direction. It is indefinite in extent, unless limited by arbitrary points or given conditions. It can always be represented by an equation of the first degree between two variables, and every equation of the first degree represents a straight line. Straight Line Gales. See DERECHO. stress; generally the latter in England, the former in the U. S. Strain Ellipsoid. Result when any three mutually rect- Straight University. At New Orleans, La.; chartered 1869 by American Missionary Association for the education of negroes. Both sexes admitted; instruction is given in acaIn 1897 there were demic, normal, collegiate, and theological departments, with manual training throughout the course. 22 teachers and 579 students. As head Strain, ISAAC G., U.S.N., 1821-1857. Lieut. 1850. of an expedition, 1854, to survey the Isthmus of Darien, he endured great perils and privations, and won much repute. stross brought upon a Straining Beam. Horizontal beam connecting the tops of the struts of a queen-post truss, and acting as a compression member. Strains on Guns. Stresses, arising from the explosion of the charge, produce deformations called the radial, tangential and longitudinal strains. In modern gun construction these are reduced by the method of initial compression; that is, by shrinking one or more jackets on the interior tube in building up a gun. The computation of the proper stresses each tube ought to bear, the thickness of each jacket and the radial dimensions at each point of the gun are problems in practical mechanics which have so far been satisfactorily deduced from the theory employed in gun construction. Straits Settlements. British colony, including Singa- Austrian pianist and Stralsund. Town of Pomerania, on the Baltic, near Rugen Stramineous. Straw-colored organs or organisms. Stramonium. Datura stramonium. Annual plant with smooth leaves and stem, white flowers and erect prickly cap Stramonium. sules. It is a native of the E. Indies, and is one of the most associated suppu is communicable. Strangle W Strangury. of the bladder or tine or cantharid accompanied by Strapazola, author and compil ner. His Tredeci 1560-73 and reprin Strap-Shaped posite family. Strasburg. C w. of the Rhine; a tory over the Aller fied by Vauban 10 Sept. 1870 after a varied manufactures with an astronomical founded 1621, suspen teachers, 980 studen Pop., 1890, 123,566. Strass. Glass of artificial gems. It is age of lead. Strassburg, GOT poet, author of one v Stratagem. An troops undertaken to cessful application, p Strategy. That which a general ma character of a battle, result in the least inju Stratford. Town don. Pop., 1891, 42,98 40,378. Stratford de Re 1786-1880. Minister t 1820-23; M.P. 1828-41 1842-58, where he wa diplomatic victory ove Stratford-on-Av London: famous as S Pop.. 1891, 8,318. Strathclyde. Ki Strathmore. Pla by 5 to 10 wide. It in Strathnairn, HUG mander in Central Ind Sepoy mutiny; Lieut.1863, and in Ireland 1 Strandberg, KARL VILHELM AUGUST, 1818-1877. Swedish Engraver, b. in the Ork- Strangford, PERCY CLINTON SIDNEY SMYTHE, 6TH (Irish) of Bucharest 1812; En STRANGLE WEED-STRAW -ciated suppuration of the lymphatic glands. The disease ommunicable. Crangle Weed. See ROOT PARASITES. rangury, Symptom of certain inflammatory conditions he bladder or prostate gland, or of the poisoning by turpenor cantharides, where the urine is voided drop by drop mpanied by pain. rapazola, GIOVAN FRANCESCO, ab. 1490-ab.1560. Italian or and compiler of novelle or tales in the Decameron manHis Tredeci piacevoli notti, 1550-54, was tr. into French -73 and reprinted 1882. rap-Shaped. Ray flowers in many plants of the Come family. rasburg. Capital of Alsace-Lorraine; on the Ill, 2 m. - the Rhine; ancient Roman colony; scene of Julian's vicover the Allemanni 357; seized by Louis XIV. 1681; fortiby Vauban 1682-84; surrendered to the German forces 1870 after a siege of 7 weeks. It has a large trade, 1457 Strathspey. Scottish popular dance, resembling the reel, but slower and less regular; known since ab.1750. Stratification. Arrangement of rock material in successive layers; generally the result of sedimentation. American dwarf, exhibited by P. T. Barnum from 1842; in Stratton Hill. In Cornwall; scene of a royalist victory, Stratus. See CLOUDS. Straus, OSCAR SOLOMON, b. 1850 in Bavaria. U. S. Minister to Turkey 1887-89. Strauss, DAVID FRIEDRICH, 1808-1874. Strasburg Cathedral. manufactures, a famous cathedral, rebuilt 1015-1439, astronomical clock partly made 1571, and a university, d 1621, suspended 1793, reorganized 1872, with over 100 rs, 980 students (1895), and a library of 600,000 vols. 890, 123,566. ass. Glass of high refractive index, used for making al gems. It is a lead-glass, containing a large percentlead. German epic assburg, GOTTFRIED VON, 12th cent. uthor of one version of Tristan and Isolde. tagem. Any military maneuver undertaken to deceive the enemy, which, by its sucor disposition of application, promises to yield a military advantage. tegy. That branch of the art of war by means of a general may decide upon the best time, place and er of a battle, that will confer the greatest benefit or n the least injury. tford. Town of Essex, on the Lea, 4 m. e.n.e. of LonPop., 1891, 42,982; of Stratford-le-Bow, or Bow, opposite, ford de Redcliffe, STRATFORD CANNING, VISCOUNT, 30. Minister to Turkey 1810; negotiator of the treaty arest 1812; Envoy to Switzerland 1814-19, and to U. S. M.P. 1828-41; Ambassador to Turkey 1825-28 and where he was trusted by the Sultan, and gained a tic victory over Russia 1853. ford-on-Avon. In Warwickshire, 110 m. n.w. of famous as Shakespeare's birthplace and residence. 91, 8,318. helyde. Kingdom of s. w. Scotland ab.750-1124. hmore. Plain in Kincardineshire, ab.100 m. long 10 wide. It includes Perth. Chnairn, HUGH HENRY ROSE, LORD, 1803-1885. Comin Central India 1857-58; prominent in repressing the utiny; Lieut.-gen. 1860; Commander-in-chief in India d in Ireland 1865-70; Baron 1866; Field-marshal 1877, David Friedrich Strauss. Christliche Glaubenslehre, 1840-41, a history of doctrine, received much less attention. Ulrich von Hutten, 1857, tr. 1874; New Life of Jesus, 1864, tr. 1865; Voltaire, 1870; The Old Faith and the New, 1872, tr. 1873. Works, 12 vols., 1876-78. Strauss, JOHANN, b. 1825 in Vienna. Composer of dance music, popularly termed "the Waltz King." The best known of his waltzes, On the Beautiful Blue Danube, was written for men's voices. He is equally successful as a composer of operettas: Indigo, 1871; Carnival in Rome, 1873; The Bat, 1874; Cagliostro, 1875; Prince Methusalem, 1877; Blind Man's Buff, 1878; Queen's Lace Handkerchief, 1880; Merry War, 1881; A Night in Venice, 1883; Gypsy Baron, 1885; Simplicius, 1887; Ritter Pasman. 1892; Goddess of Reason, 1897.-His brother, EDWARD, b.1835, composer of dances and conductor of Austrian court balls, made a tour in the U. S. with his orchestra 1890.-Their brother, JOSEF, 1827-1870, and their father, JoHANN, 1804-1849, were also composers of dances. Strauss, RICHARD, b.1864 in Munich. Extremist in the tendency encouraged by Berlioz, Wagner, and Liszt, Court Chapelmaster at Munich since 1895. Lyric drama: Guntram; Symphonic poems: Aus Italien, Don Juan, Tod und Verklärung, Till Eulenspiegel, Also sprach Zarathustra. Straw. Ripened and dried stalks of the cereal grains after the seeds have been removed. It takes the name of the grain which grew upon it, as oat straw, wheat straw. etc. Most large amount of easily decaying vegetable matter to the soil, straws are of small value as fodder, but are of value as absorbents for the liquid part of animal excrements and for adding a with some mineral fertilizing materials. Straw. The stalks of wheat, rye, oats and barley have been wrought into a variety of articles from ancient times and by many races of people; such as hate STRAWBERRY-STRIGIDE aking, rye-straw being best suited for this purpose. g hats and bonnets wheat-straw is used, sometimes with the Leghorn plaits, but generally split. It is on the grass to bleach and is then plaited. Straw mported into the U. S., for the manufacture of hats ets, from England, Italy, France, Switzerland, Belrmany, China and Japan. See PAPER. wberry. Herbs of the genus Fragaria, natural family Rosacea, bearing white flowers and edible fruits. The species are of wide distribution and universally cultivated. Strawberry Hill. See TWICK Strawberry Shrub. Butneria. Genus of purple-flowered shrubs of the s. Alleganies, much planted for their fragrant flowers. Strawberry Tomato. Physalis alkekengi. Yellow-flowered herb of the natural family Solanaceae, native of Europe, cultivated for its esculent red fruit; introduced as a weed into America. Thick paperStrawboard. board made principally of wheat wberry (leaf, flower, fruit). or rye straw, after boiling in lime da to soften it; used in making boxes. reak. In Mineralogy, color of the powder of a mineral; lled because it can usually be obtained by making a mark the mineral on a hard rough surface, like that of uned porcelain. tream Tin. See TIN, METALLURGY OF. treator. City of La Salle co., Ill., on the Vermilion, 94 s.w. of Chicago; founded 1868, chartered 1882. Its induss deal chiefly with coal, clay, and glass. Pop., 1890, 11,414. treet, ALFRED BILLINGS, 1811-1881. Poet; State Librarian N. Y. from 1848. Street, GEORGE EDMUND, 1824-1881. English architect, 65. Street Railways. The first street railway was operated In 1845 cars, similar y horses in Fourth Avenue, New York, 1831-35, by John tevenson, without commercial success. O those now in use, were introduced. In 1852 several of the ong lines were commenced there, followed by Boston 1856, Philadelphia 1857, New Orleans 1861. In Paris a line was pened 1853, and in Birkenhead and London in 1860, the latter being soon suspended; the first permanent line was opened here 1870. The first cable line was operated in San Francisco 1873. Electricity was first used near Berlin 1881, and in Cleveland 1884. The first trolley car was run in Kansas City 1886. Compressed air was first applied at Nantes, France, 1881. The first underground railway was built in London 1863; it was operated by locomotives: an electric underground road was In Berlin an elevated railroad was operopened there 1890. ated 1882. In New York an elevated cable road was opened 1869, without success; in 1871 locomotives were used upon one successfully. See ELECTRIC RAILWAYS. Street Sweeper. Wagon provided with scrapers and brushes for gathering up street-dust and mud. A sweeper side of the street. Streitberg, WILHELM, b. 1864. Prof. Freiburg 1889; philo- Streltzi. Russian militia guard, originated by Ivan the Terrible. It became unruly and turbulent, was decimated 1698, and nearly exterminated 1705 by Peter the Great. Strength of Materials. Resistance of materials to rupture under forces of tension, compression, and shear, as also under flexure and torsion. It is properly concerned with the phenomena of ultimate strength rather than with those of elasticity. Galileo in 1638 experimented on the flexure of beams, but little precise knowledge was obtained until near 1800, and even now many things are not well understood (see RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS). The following table gives the mean values, in lbs. per sq. in., of the ultimate strengths of the principal materials: Material. Tensile Compressive Shearing Strength. Strength. 10,000 8,000 3,000 Brick 500 3,000 1,000 Stone 5,000 2,000 Cast Iron 20,000 90,000 25,000 Wrought Iron 50,000 50,000 45,000 100,000 150,000 75,000 Strepsiptera. Order of Insecta having rudimentary an- Strepsirhine. See PROSIMII. Division of Gastropods, including the Lepidosauria, referring to the loose Stress. In Engineering, tensile or compressive force act- Stretcher. Light, but strong frame, covered with stout Strickland, AGNES, 1806-1874. English author, pensioned Strickland, WILLIAM, 1787-1854. American architect. Strickland, WILLIAM PETER, D.D., 1809-1884. American writer on Methodism. Strict. In Botany, upright organs, especially erect stems and branches. Stricture. In Surgery, the narrowing of a tube-like organ, preventing or making difficult the performance of its function. Thus a stricture of the oesophagus interferes with swallowing. Strictures may be produced by accident (as frequently seen in the accidental swallowing of an irritating substance, such as carbolic acid, producing inflammation), by disease in the struc ture of the organ itself, or by the pressure of some growth on the outside of the organ. Stridulantia. See HOMOPTERA. Striges. See STRIGIDÆ. Strigidæ. Family of Raptatorial birds, including the right angles to ti and BEARING (q. v. Strike. Conc employees in any tain conditions of Strikes and ployés to work un A lockout is the r ployés to work exc cott is preventing employés. From 14.390 strikes, affe employment 3.614. ments where strik wages to employés outs $26,685,516; th was $82,590,386, fro ARBITRATION BOAR BINATION OF LABOR Striking a Cen works upon which Striking Dista points across which electric spark will p of the gas and up difference of potenti the curve indicatin ences of potential be Strindberg, Au and satirist. His N and Married Life, 1885; Tschandala, 18 Stringcourse. of molding; exterio buttresses. Stringer. Beam beams and serving t times made of timbe Stringhalt. Va of a sudden picking Stringham, SIL 1841; active at Vera 1861, Rear-admiral 18 Strobila. Stage fishes in which the la period of budding, be which are successive Strobilaceous. taining to cones. Strobilation. F sively set free as inde cophorous Jelly-fishes Strobile. See Co Stroboscopic D a disk of card or meta of which is a row of ed of water at a short dis it issues be viewed thi through each opening tain position. If the adjusted, each success falling drop into whic place of its predecess Suspended in the air. vised a similar toy, cal another arrangement devised. See THAUMAT |