SPHENE-SPICULE SYSTEMS

terior legs are modified into large flippers. It lays over gs palatable to the taste, as is also the coarse flesh.

ene. CaTiSiO. Mineral calcium titano-silicate, so on account of the wedge form of its crystals; also called

ce.

eniscomorphæ. See IMPENNES.

enodon. See RHYNCHOCEPHALIA.

enoid Bone. One of the bones of the skull forming of its base which, by articulating with them all, acts as e. In shape it suggests the form of a bat.

enotic. Anterior dorsal element of the ear capsule of tebrate skull, distinct as a postfrontal in some fishes. eraster. Form of sponge spicule found in the genus spherical in form yet consisting of numerous rays from

r.

ere. Solid generated by revolving a semicircle about heter. Every point of its surface is equidistant from ter of the generating semicircle, which is also the cenhe sphere. The surface of a sphere whose radius is 2, and its volume=R3.

erical Aberration. See ABERRATION,

SPHERICAL.

erical Angle. That between two arcs of great circles urface of a sphere. It is the angle between the tanthose arcs at their point of intersection, and measures dral angle formed by the planes of the two great circles. rical Polygon. Portion of the surface of a sphere by three or more arcs of great circles.

rical Pyramid. Solid bounded by a spherical and the planes of the circles whose arcs are sides olygon.

rical Triangle. Portion of the surface of a sphere by three arcs of great circles. The ordinary spherical restricts the arcs to less than 180°: the general triangle ricted. The area of a spherical triangle is the trirecttriangle multiplied by the spherical excess. rical Trigonometry. Discussion of the relations the elements of the spherical triangle; three sides and gles. It is based upon the trigonometry of the trihese vertex is the center of the sphere. The face angles hedral are measured on a unit sphere by the arcs of -ical triangle, and its dihedral angles have the same as the angles of the spherical triangle.

roid. Solid generated by the revolution of a semipout one of its axes; prolate when the revolution is e transverse axis, oblate when about the conjugate

-oidal. Geometric forms and concepts based upon roid. oidal State. Condition of a small quantity of volatile liquid when placed upon a very hot metal surface. The liquid does not come into contact with the metal because of the rapid evaporation from the under surface of the drop, which forms a Crookes' layer.

The

surface tension

n between Globule and Plate. changes rapidly at differ, and thus the drop oscillates symmetrically about spheroidal form.

ometer. Instrument designed for measuring the curvature of curved surfaces. In its simplest form it consists of a nut in the shape of a tripod, supported by three feet, through which passes a screw terminating below in a sharp point and above in a graduated head. The adjustments are such that when the point of the tripod and that of the screw are in the same plane the reading is zero. When placed upon a curved surface the screw point must be turned backward until the apparatus is again in exact equilibrium on the surface. The reading of the screw cin

1429

radii of lenses. With it the focal length of the lens is determined.

Sphincter. Circular muscle surrounding an orifice which closes it by its contraction, as the sphincter ani.

Sphingina. Tribe of Lepidoptera, including moths, having elongated bodies, pointed posteriorly. The proboscis is long and coiled. The anterior wings are long, the posterior short; they lie horizontally when at rest, and are united by a retinaculum. The caterpillars are flat, with sixteen legs and anal horns. The pupa-stage is passed in the earth. The moths are usually crepuscular; some are known as Hawkmoths and Humming-birds.

Sphinx. Fabulous monster, represented by the Greeks with a woman's head and a body displaying attributes of the serpent, lion, vulture, and eagle. The Egyptians gave their Sphinx proper the head of a man and the body of a lion. It guarded their temples and tombs, to ward off evil influences.

Great Sphinx at Gizeh.

temple. Its date is unknown. The Sphinx of mythology set The Great Sphinx at Gizeh is 150 feet long and incloses a small a riddle to the Thebans, and slew all who could not guess it; when Edipus solved it, she slew herself. The Egyptian Sphinx is beneficent, a personification of the fruit-bearing earth, a deity of wisdom.

Sphygmoscope. Apparatus devised by Marey, which, in connection with a registering apparatus, may be used to measure the pressure of liquids. A small tube filled with the liquid and communicating with the point at which the pressure is desired is closed with an elastic capsule, which projects into the cavity of a short and wider tube. As this capsule distends or contracts from the variation in the pressure behind it, it causes compression or dilatation of the air in the larger tube, and this affects the registering apparatus. Variable pressures, as those produced in the blood by the beating of the heart, may be studied in this way.

Spicate. Flowers or other organs arranged in a spike; also
other flower-clusters resembling a spike.

flavoring food and condiments, such as mace, nutmeg, pepper
Spice. Pleasant or pungent vegetable substances, used for
and pimento. They owe their pungency and aroma chiefly to
the essential oils they contain.

Spice Bush. See BENJAMIN BUSH.
Spice Islands. See MOLUCCAS.

Spicer, WILLIAM FRANCIS, U.S.N., 1820-1878. Captain 1870,
Commodore 1877; lyric poet.

Spicheren. Village of Rhenish Russia, s. of Saarbruck;
scene of a French defeat Aug. 6, 1870.

Spicula. Chitinous needle-shaped organs in the cloaca of nematode worms, that serve generative purposes; spiculum amoris.

Spicule. Small soft pointed appendages; also needle-like crystals in the cells of certain plants.

Spicules. Inorganic (sometimes organic) crystal-like bodies of usually regular shapes. secreted by the protoplasm of the cells of the lower Invert

SPIDER MONKEY-SPINNING

ording as growth is in one or two directions, or axes, triradiate and sexaradiate, or four axes O, or finally be polyaxonal. The ends of the arms y be sharp (oxeate), round (strongylate), knobbed spined, or branched (cladose), with two, three, four, ranches (dicladose to polycladose); the branching peated (dichocladose, etc.). Each system has also

of modified forms due to excessive or lessened rvature, etc., of one or more rays. The principal re: stylus, rhabdus, triod, hexactine, calthrops, æne, spire, aster, cymba, trichite, rosette, dagger, amphidisk, anchor, uncinaria, scopularia, clavula,

us.

- Monkey (ATELES). S. American monkey, with ong, prehensile tail and long slender limbs, with ary thumbs. It is greatly relished as food by the

rs (ARANEIDA). To the Tetrapneumones belong the - spiders, which do not build a web but hide in tubes th, from which they spring upon their prey. To the ones belong the Saltigrade, which construct sacs in ey live by night and place their eggs; also the Citiith strong, long legs: these run about for their prey,

8

Cross Spider (Epeira diadema), male, a, and female, b.
Single pin-organ: 2, Spin-warts; 3, Lower jaw, claws, and eyes;
4, Left lower jaw cut open to show entrance to poison
sac; 5, Outside point of a foot.

de under stones and boards; also the Laterigrada, which
nly isolated threads: they run backward and sidewise
pursuing game. The Tubitela make tubes in connection
heir webs. The Inæquitela spin irregular webs, in which
ive. The Orbitela spin a regular, wheel-shaped web in
nter of which they wait for prey. Spiders stand at the
of the Arachnids in point of intelligence.

derwort. Plants of the genus Tradescantia, showy-
red herbs of the natural family Commelinaceae, natives
rm and temperate regions.

iegel, FRIEDRICH, b.1820. Prof. Erlangen 1849; writer
ersian linguistics and antiquities. Eran, 1863.
iegeleisen. See MANGANESE, METALLURGY OF.
ielhagen, FRIEDRICH, b.1829. German novelist, well
n in English translations. Problematic Characters, 1860;
mer and Anvil, 1869; Quisisana, 1880; Angela, 1881; Auto-
aphy, 1889-90.

piera, FRANCESCO, ab. 1498-1548. Italian reformer, who
forced to recant and died of remorse for his apostasy.
piers, ALEXANDER, 1807-1869. English teacher in France;
hor of a dictionary of French and English, 1846-49, and sev-
grammars.

pike. Elongated flower-cluster with the individual flowers ile, as in the PLANTAIN (q.v.).

pikelet. Flower-cluster of grasses and sedges. pikenard. Aralia racemosa. Large perennial woodland b of the natural family Araliacea, with aromatic roots, Live of e. N. America; also, in India, Nardostachys jatansi, herb of the Valerian family, its roots yielding a hair -fume.

Spiking. Disabling of a muzzle-loading gun by driving an
iron spike into the vent. In breech-loading guns, a part of
the breech mechanism is removed.

Spilling. In sinking mine shafts or driving levels, method
of holding back loose or running ground by means of pointed
in advance of the face of the workings.
poles or planks, called spills or spiles, forced into the ground

Spinach. Spinacia oleracea. Esculent herb of the natu-
ral family Chenopodiacea, supposed
to be native of Asia; long cultivated
as a garden vegetable.

Spinal Caries.
DISEASE.

See POTT'S

nacia oleracea.

Spinal Column. Bony axis
of support of the body of verte-
brates. In man it consists of 24
true vertebræ (7 cervical, the first,
called the atlis, articulates with
the occipital bone of the skull; 12
dorsal, articulating with the ribs,
and 5 lumbar); the sacrum, which Common Garden Spinach (Spi-
is inserted between the hip bones;
Each ver-
and the coccyx. These last two are made up of co-ossified
segments, sometimes designated false vertebræ.
tebra consists of a disk-like body and a spine extending
posteriorly, the attachment to the body being forked, thus
making an opening which, in the jointed bone, forms the
The spinal column is also known as the
spinal canal.
backbone.

Spinal Cord. Prolongation of the brain into the spinal
canal. The spinal nerves emerge from the cord and are dis-
tributed to the trunk and both extremities. The spinal cord
is the great conductor of nervous impulse to and from the
brain, besides being the great organ of reflex action. Like
the brain, it is made up of red and white matter.

Spinal Curvature. Deviation of the spinal column from
It results in
its normal shape, more particularly the lateral deviations.
since the normal column has no sidewise curves.
a deformity of the trunk, and is frequently caused by faulty
position in sitting at tables or desks during childhood. This
faulty method of sitting is often due to the size or shape of
desk and chair.

Spinal Fluid, CEREBRO-. Serous liquid occupying the ven-
tricles of the brain, and spaces between the arachnoid and pia-
mater membranes of brain and cord; ab. 2 oz. Fluid of ventri-
cles can pass through foramina in roof of fourth ventricle, and
perineural lymph spaces also communicate with sub-arachnoid
space. Brain is cushioned against the skull by this liquid, and
when circulation increases in it some fluid passes into the
fluid is abnormally increased during development, the bones
spinal canal, owing to inelasticity of the cranial walls; but if
abnormal increase causes coma; a sudden subtraction causes
yield and hydrocephalus results. After bones are knit, an
convulsions.

Spindle. Solid generated by a curve revolving about a chord perpendicular to the curve axis; classified according to the generating curve, parabolic, etc.

Spindler, KARL, 1796-1855. German novelist. 1827; The Invalid, 1831. Works, 1831-54.

The Jew,

Spindle-Tree. Shrubs of the genus Euonymus, natural family Celastraceae, with showy red fruits, natives of the n. temperature zone; much cultivated for ornament.

Spine, or THORN. Leafless branch, or portion of one, greatly hardened and attenuated, serving as an organ for defense.

Spinel. MgAl,O,. Mineral compound of alumina and magnesia, frequently occurring in bluish black opaque octahedrons, harder than quartz. The transparent and brilliantly colored varieties are much used as gems, especially under the name of ruby, or spinel ruby.

Spinelli, SPINELLO. ab.1332-1410. Italian painter of the 14th century of the Florentine School. He has a fresco in the Campo Santo of Pisa.

Spinet. See PIANOFORTE.

Spinner, FRANCIS ELIAS. 1802-1890. M.C. from N. Y. 1855Woodland herb 61; U. S. Treas. 1861-75. His well-known signature on bills was elaborated to render counterfeiting difficult.

Spikenard, FALSE. Vagnera racemosa.
the Lily family, native of N. America.
Snike-Rush. Grass-like plants of the genus Eleocharis,
wide geographical distribu-

Spinning. Twisting of minute filaments into a thread or yarn for weaving, sewing or rope making. It is of ancient as shown by the pictures on Egyptian monuments.

Spinning Gla Spinning-Jer turned by one whe

ab.1764; Arkwright was followed by th by Samuel Crompto

Spinola, AMBROS of condottieri in the erlands 1603-9 and 1 He took Ostend 1604 by non-payment of

Spinola, FRANCI 1862-65; active in N.

Spinoza, BARUC excommunicated 165 He asserted the ex called God, and ascr

and extension: all in of the Absolute. Ch tatus Theologico-Polit ascetic. He was the pantheists.

Spinule. Diminut Spiracles. 1. Bre sides of many or all t sects). 2. Relic of the hyoid arch in the low clest.

Spiral. Polar cur recurrent function of t

are the Archimed

SPINNING GLANDS-SPIRIT LEVEL

nning Glands. See SERICTERIA.

nning-Jenny. Machine with a number of spindles 1 by one wheel or cylinder; invented by Jas. Hargreaves

; Arkwright invented the spinning-frame 1767, which lowed by the mule-jenny, superseding both, invented uel Crompton 1774-79; all of England."

ola, AMBROSIO, MARQUIS DE, 1571-1630. Italian leader ottieri in the Spanish service; commander in the Neth1603-9 and 1621-25; pitted against Maurice of Nassau. Ostend 1604. Aix 1622, and Breda 1625, but was ruined -payment of his claims.

ola, FRANCIS B., 1821-1891. Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. active in N. Y. politics; M.C. 1887.

oza, BARUCH, or BENEDICT, 1632-1677. Dutch Jew, municated 1656; philosopher of the Cartesian school. erted the existence of a single substance which he God, and ascribed to it the two properties of thought

1431

long sheet by riveting the edges together, so that the joints form a helical spiral.

Spiral Zooids. Tentacle-shaped polyps in the Hydractinia colony.

Spiraster. Form of sponge spicule found in the genus Thenea. It consists of a short spiral axis covered with spines.

Spire. Arc of a spiral traced in one revolution of the radius vector.

Spire. Form of sponge spicule which is of spiral shape. It may be simple, or may carry spines and branches. The spiral may be close or open; the varieties thus arising have distinct names.

Spire. Pointed termination of towers and turrets. In the Norman style, where they were first introduced, they were low; in the Early English they were somewhat higher; in the Decorated style they were very acute.

Spire. Tube made of some vegetable material, as straw, which, when filled with powder, can be used as a means of carrying fire to the charge in a hole drilled for blasting rock.

Spire. Turns above the body-whorl of a snail's shell.

Rhine; free imperial city 1294; many diets met here. That Spires, or SPEYER. Capital of Rhenish Bavaria; on the of 1529 revoked the permission given, 1526, to the princes to

ension; all individual things and beings were modes Absolute. Chief works Ethica, 1665, tr. 1876; Tracheologico-Politicus, 1670. His life was secluded and He was the greatest and most famous of so-called

ale. Diminutive of spine.

cles. 1. Breathing pores or holes as found in the many or all the joints of the body of Tracheates (in2. Relic of the cleft between the mandibular and the ch in the lower fishes, often known as the spiracular

regulate religious affairs. Against this act the reformers presented a protest; whence the term Protestant. Pop., 1890, 17,585.

Spirifer. Brachiopod having internal, spiral, calcareous framework for the support of its arms; Palæozoic, with one species surviving to the Lias. See TESTICARDINES.

Spirillum. Genus of corkscrew-shaped rigid bacteria that swim by rotatory movement.

Spirillum Choleræ Asiaticæ. See COMMA BACILLUS.
Spirit, HOLY. See HOLY GHOST.

Spirit, or SPIRITS. See ALCOHOL.

Spirit Blue. Mixture of salts of triphenylrosaniline and
triphenylpararosaniline; green powders, insoluble in water,
other colors. See NICHOLSON'S BLUE.
but soluble in alcohol; dyeing silk and wool blue; source for

Spirit Colors. Artificial coal tar colors, soluble in alcohol,
but insoluble or very slightly soluble in water.

t function of the polar angle. The most noted spirals tality of a surface or line. It consists of a glass tube slightly Archimedean, hyperbolic, and logarithmic.

Spirit Level. Instrument for determining the horizon

I Joint. Method of making a metallic pipe from a

curved and filled with alcohol, leaving a small bubble of air.
This bubble always seeks the highest point

placed in

SPIRIT OF WINE-SPOHR

en the base is perfectly horizontal the bubble n midway between two fiducial marks. Wine. See ALCOHOL.

Hartshorn. See AMMONIA.

Consanguinity. In R. C. theology, such resulting among sponsors and administrators of oids intermarriages between them, without dis

ism. Theory that consciousness has a subject
che physical organism, and hence is the proper
materialism. It takes three radically distinct
hat the soul can materialize itself in physical
gh the agency of mediums, a conception based
n and frauds; (2) that though materialization is
there may be sporadic communications by tele-
ought transference from a discarnate to an incar-
Dusness; (3) that there is an immortal soul, but no
munication with the living. The last is the prev-
. The doctrine that a new revelation of truth
as come to mankind through spirits was first dis-
med near Rochester, N. Y., 1848, by a family named
Fox.

s Fumans Libavii. See STANNIC CHLORIDE.
æte. Genus of spiral, flexible bacteria, swimming
Ory motion.

ompe. Spiral proboscis formed of the antliæ in

3.

Cephalopod allied to Argonauta, having a ke coiled and chambered shell which is entire-1, being lodged in the posterior part of the squid

An active desire to depress, mortify, or injure some cad. Part of English Channel between Portsmouth of Wight. It is so secure from all winds except the have been termed by sailors the "king's bedcham

Spitzbergen.

Group of islands in the Arctic Ocean,
n. of Norway; area ab. 27,000 sq. m.; discovered 1596 by
They belong to Russia, and are unin-
Willem Barentz.
habited.

Spitzka, EDWARD CHARLES. M.D., b.1852. Prof. New York
1880-83. Insanity, 1883.

Splanchnology. Branch of Anatomy which treats of the digestive viscera. Comparative splanchnology treats of the homologous parts of the digestive system of different animals. Splanchno-Skeleton. Hard structure developed in connection with the viscera.

Spleen. Ductless gland situated in the abdominal cavity
to the left of the stomach. Its function is not certainly
known, but it probably is concerned in the making of blood.
Spleenwort. Ferns of the genus Asplenium, bearing
sporangia in elongated sori; of wide geographical distribution,
most plenty in tropical regions.

Splenic Fever. Synonym for ANTHRAX (q.v.).
Splicing. See KNOTS AND SPLICES.

Spline. Rectangular groove cut in a shaft, into which fits
a key on the hub of the driving or driven wheel. Both hub
and key are a sliding fit on the shaft, and rotation of wheel
the shaft the wheel may be slid. See KEY.
and shaft must occur together, no matter to what point of

Splint. Piece of some rigid material, as wood, felt or
metal, to be adjusted to a part to keep it in a fixed position
by means of a bandage; e.g., the keeping in position the
fragments of a broken bone during the healing process.

Splint Coal. Hard variety of bituminous coal, that breaks up readily in the process of mining into large rectangular blocks or slabs.

Split. One of two or more parts into which a ventilating
air current is divided in a mine.

Split Switch. One having the movable rails tapered so
as to fit in close contact against the main rails.
Splügen. Alpine pass 6,946 ft. high, through which,
in Dec. 1800, Macdonald led 15,000 men into Italy, with heavy

and is the principal rendezvous of the British navy. are circular forts on Horse, Norman and Sturbridge 1s. Portsmouth and Ryde are on its opposite sides. gth, n.w. and s.e., 2 m.; average breadth, 1 m. Ditta, KARL JOHANN PHILIPP, D.D., 1801-1859. German nist. Psalter und Harfe, 1833-43, tr. 1860-64. pitting. The ancients considered spittle a charm against kinds of fascination; the Romans believed that contagion Id be repelled by spitting. Mungo Park tells of negroes ting upon a stone as a charm at the beginning of a journey. general, spitting has ever been regarded as a potent means Survivals of primitive notions regarding it are still

orcery.

Spofford, AINSWORTH RAND, LL.D., b. 1825. Librarian of
Congress 1864, Assistant Librarian 1897, and editor of several
was a judge of La. Supreme Court 1854-58.
collections.-His brother, HENRY MARTYN, LL.D., 1821-1880,

Spofford, MRS. HARRIET ELIZABETH (PRESCOTT), b.1835, m.
1865. American author, chiefly of short stories. Amber Gods,
1863; Azarian, 1864; Ballads, 1888.

Spohr, LUDWIG, 1784-1859. German violinist, composer, and conductor. Court chapelmaster at Cassel from 1822; previously traveling virtuoso of great renown throughout Europe, and still a living influence. Of his ten operas, Faust and Lessonda are still occasionally performed, as also one of his Dinge and one of his nine sym

Spontini, GASPARO LUIGI PACIFICO, 1774-1851. opera composer and conductor, pupil of the conservatory at Naples and of Piccini. His operas were composed 17961829. From 1803-20, with a few interruptions, he was a power in the operatic affairs of Paris, and in Berlin 1820-40. He was Court Composer in France and Russia, and General Music Director in Prussia. His masterpieces are La Vestale, Cortez, and Olympie.

Spoonbills. panded at the end.

Spoonbill (Platalea leucerodia).

in trees or among reeds. Ajaja is the Rosest

warmer ponte