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d explained the nature of reproduction and of aggi alle duc Sicilie, 6 vols., 1792.

Process of breaking and sorting ore with the hammers; intermediate between coarse ragging

ng.

me inches; distance between tips of thumb and

-hen the hand is stretched.

ength of a bridge between two piers, either from ter or in the clear. The longest span is that of dge in Scotland, 1,700 ft. That of the East River w York is 1,595 ft. That of the projected bridge

son at New York is 3,100 ft.

1. Prussian town, on the Spree, 8 m. w. by n. of n by Swedes 1634; held by the French 1806-13. ong citadel, government foundries and factories a good trade. Pop., 1890, 44,611.

el. Space between the extrados of an arch and

y.

berg, AUGUST GOTTLIEB. 1704-1792. Prof. Halle -ravian missionary from 1733, bishop 1744; in Amerand 1744-62. Life of Zinzendorf, 1772-74, tr. 1838; of Doctrine, 1777, tr. 1784. im, EZEKIEL, 1629-1710.

ne Palatinate in England and France. Orbis Rom-His brother, FRIEDRICH, 1632-1701, and father, 1600-1648, were professors of theology at Leyden

intelligent of dogs, with superior sense of smell and
eable as a water dog and as a setter for the hunt.
nish. See ROMANCE LANGUAGES.

nish Ballads. Earliest form of Spanish poetry, and the national spirit. They deal with chivalry, history, sh themes, and national manners.

anish Bayonet. See BEAR-GRASS.

anish Blister-Beetle. See HETEROMERA.

anish Chronicles. 2d form of Spanish literature; of different authors from the 13th century or earlier. are historical, some romantic.

anish Flies. See CANTHARIDES and HETEROMERA. anish Literature. The first period extends ab.1200To this belong the poem of the Cid, the old ballads, nicles and romances of chivalry, the early drama, a Proal literature, and the courtly school of writers. Most of e works are marked by a strong flavor of nationality. second period, 1500-1700, is the age of Cervantes, Lope Vega, and Calderon; it is rich in lyric poetry, romantic fic, and history. This is the golden age of Spanish letters. en follows a period of decadence, 1700-1800. The writing, inly dramatic, falls far below the drama of the preceding . The 19th century has produced distinguished historians, velists, and dramatists. The new school of writers have ened a brilliant era, and Spanish literature seems entering on a new lease of life.

Sparrows. Small plain-colored birds of family FrinS and Central America skirting gillidae, with narrow palates, small conical bills, and streaked plumage. The English House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) TTS 1853, and has since spread to a re

рис

markable extent, has throat, lores, They are not strea

Stone (Passer petronius tanus) and general chestnut-brow of which 24 is tail. E year in ab. 5 broods. They make excellent Sparta, or LACEDA rotas; ab. 6 m. in circ ab. 825 B.C. It had held the supremacy in nesian war, 405, to 376 by the Thebans at Le ander's Asiatic expedi menes, 236-221 B.C., b Achæan league. The Romans."

Spartacus, d.71 B oner and trained for away from the school i army of runaway slave but was defeated and s eral plays.

Spartianus, ÆLIU emperors to Septimius the series of Augustan Spasm. Convulsive general or confined to the manifestation of an or smith's spasm, where muscles so reacts upon t Spasmodic Schoo played an overstrained and expression. Amon and A. Smith. Burlesq Spatangoidea (SPA heart-shaped Sea-urchin position. They have no leaved, with four genita urchins. Spathe. Modified le flower cluster (usually a the-pulpit. Spathic Iron. See Spathilla. Small sp Spatter-Dock. See Spatulate. Leaves semble a spatula. Spaulding, ELBRIDG 1849-51 and 1850 s

SPARTA-SPECIFIC GRAVITY BOTTLE

ble extent, in cities, driving off other birds. The male roat, lores, and chin black; the female is without black. re not streaked below, have white bands in wing and a

Passer petronius), Neckband (P. hispaniolensis), Field (P. montanus) and House Sparrows (P. domesticus).

Chestnut-brown color, much streaked. Length 6 in., 2 is tail. Each pair raises ab. 12 pairs of young per b. 5 broods. Their destruction should be encouraged. ke excellent pot-pie.

a, or LACEDEMON. Capital of Laconia, on the Eu. 6 m. in circuit. Its greatness dates from Lycurgus, .C. It had chief command in the Persian war, and supremacy in Greece from the end of the Peloponar, 405, to 376; but never recovered from its defeat ebans at Leuctra, 371, and refused to share in Alexsiatic expedition. It revived somewhat under Clo6-221 B.C., but was soon after compelled to join the league. The Spartans have been styled "stunted acus, d.71 B.C. Thracian bandit-chief, taken pristrained for a gladiator. With 70 others he broke n the school in Capua 73 B.C. and at the head of an -unaway slaves for two years defied the Roman arms, efeated and slain by Crassus. He is the hero of sev

anus, ELIUS, 2d cent.
to Septimius Severus. Five of his lives remain in
Latin biographer of the
of Augustan histories.

Convulsive contraction of muscle. It may be confined to a part of the body. It is frequently estation of an occupation disease, as drivers, sewing spasm, where the continuous use of a single set of reacts upon the nerves as to produce the convulsion. odic School. Group of English poets, who disoverstrained and unnatural method of sentiment ssion. Among them were P. J. Bailey, S. Dobell ith. Burlesqued by Aytoun in Firmilian, 1854. goidea (SPATANGIDEA, PETALOSTICHA). Irregular ed Sea-urchins, with mouth and anus eccentric in They have no teeth; the ambulacral rosette is fourch four genital plates. They are known as Heart

-. Modified leaf or bract which partially incloses a ster (usually a spadix), as in the calla and Jack-in

Iron. See SIDERITE.

la. Small spathe, especially of palms. r-Dock. See WATER-LILY, YELLOW.

ate. Leaves or other organs which in outline repatula.

ing, ELBRIDGE GERRY, b.1809. M.C. from N. Y. d 1859-63; author of important financial measures; Greenbacks." Hist. Legal-tender Paper Money, 1869.

1425

Spaulding, LEVI, 1791-1873. American missionary in Cey-lon from 1820; translator of books, etc., into Tamil. Tamil Dictionary, 1844.

Spaulding, NATHAN WESTON, b. 1829. Inventor of an ad-justable saw-tooth for mills, ab. 1860; U. S. Treasurer at San Francisco 1881-85.

Spaulding, SOLOMON, 1761-1816. Author of a MS. novel alleged to have been procured by S. Rigdon, 1814, and made the basis of the Book of Mormon. The original, discovered 1840, supplies small foundation for this legend.

Spavin. Disease affecting the hock joint in horses.

Spawn. Mycelium of the mushroom, Agaricus campestris. Speaker. Presiding officer of a British or American legislature. In the lower house of Congress he has great power.

Speaking-Trumpet. Instrument invented ab.1670 to carry the voice far; truncated cone; much needed and used on ships.

Spear. Wooden shaft, furnished with a sharp point, commonly of metal; of various length and weight, as lance, javelin, pike; used in war from earliest times till firearms were introduced, and still by savages, as the S. African assegai. Spear-Grass. See MEADOW-GRASS.

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Spearmint. See MINT.

Spearwort. Yellow-flowered species of the genus Ranunculus of the Buttercup family, natives of wet places in the n. temperate zone.

Specialized Ability. Manual dexterity and acquaintance with practical materials, processes and conditions, required for the special purposes of individual trades.

Specialized Capital. Capital in such a form that it is available for use in the trade for which it was designed, but cannot easily be diverted to another.

Specie Payments. Exchange, on demand, by the government or by a bank, of any amount of paper money for coin of the same face value.

larger class, the genus, by some peculiar quality called the differentia.-In Natural History, once a fixed type but now a Species. In Logic, a smaller class differentiated from a consisting of individuals closely alike and congenitally related. variable type under the influence of environment, heredity According to the creationist, a species has descended from anand natural selection.-In Biology, subdivision of a genus, cestors originally created in conformity to a plan or type which was definitely related to the types of the genus, order, and species (e.g., variety, race) are not aboriginal type ideas, but other higher divisions of the system of classification, being the only modifications of an idea due to the action of environfinal analysis of such systematic plan. The subdivisions of a individuals, differentiated in a definite way, from ancestors ment. According to the evolutionist, a species is a group of from which other species have also descended, by the action of forces at work breaking species into varieties, which are incipient species, species being incipient genera, and a genus an incipient family. In practice the line which divides nearly related species is drawn with a difficulty which increases with the number of specimens which the classifier has under consideration. If we could get a bird's-eye view of every being that ever lived, they would stand continuously related like the evidently different species are interfertile, while certain memparts of a tree. The physiological species (viz., that including all animals that are interfertile) exists only in idea, for some bers of the same species are intersterile. See CLASSIFICATION, DARWINISM, NATURAL SELECTION, and VARIATION.

Specifications. Rules for conducting work, embracing
all matters relating to quality of materials and details of con-
struction, which cannot be given on the drawings.

equipotential surface, at which the electric force has unit
Specific Conductivity. Measured by the quantity of
electricity transmitted per second across a unit of area of an

value.

Specific Duties. Rates of import or export tax calculated
according to the quantity, not value, of the article taxed.
Specific Gravity. See DENSITY.
Specific Gravity Bottle.
fitted with a ground stopper, and used to determine the spe-
Small flask of thin glass
cific gravity of a liquid or of small pieces of a solid. If the
weight of the solid be w, that of the bottle when full of
and that of the bottle with the solid in it and then
filled up with water w2, pw,—(w+w1)'
the weight of the empty bottle, w, its weight when filled with
For a liquid, if w be
perature correction must be made for
the liquid, and w, when filled with water, p=
A tem-

water w19

W

SPECIFIC HEAT-SPECULUM METAL

Heat. Amount of heat, expressed in THERMAL equired to raise one unit of weight of a solid subhone thermometric degree. The English standnd raised 1° F.; the French is one kilo raised 1° C. ed capacity for heat. The specific heat of gases values, one for the gas when heated at a con, another for the same gas when allowed to exme. The former is less than the latter by the eat necessary to do the internal work of enlarging of the gas. The dynamical specific heat of a subamount of heat expressed in units of work, which to one degree of absolute temperature. This is The following table shows all temperatures. lues for specific heats:

.0.1770 Hydrogen..

..0.1090

..0.0949

Marsh Gas. Ammonia.

..0.0927 Nitrogen.

.0.0557

Carbonic Oxide.....0.2479

ony. m. y.

.3.4046 .0.5929 .0.5080 .0.2440 ..0.2377

.0.2182

.0.0507 Air. ..0.0355 Carbon Dioxide.....0.2164

.0.0330 Oxygen.

.1.0000 Sulphuric Acid.....0.1553

c heats for the gases are at constant pressure. e Inductive Capacity. Capacity of a dielectric it inductive influence. It is equal to the ratio of the f a condenser in which this dielectric is used to that condenser of the same dimensions; or it is the coy which the inductive power of air must be multigive the inductive power of any dielectric. IC CONSTANT.

See

fic Performance. Equitable remedy by which y to a contract forces the other to perform it in ot generally available if the complainant can obtain relief by a common law action; nor if such performmpossible or would be unjust.

ific Resistance. See RESISTANCE.

ific Rotatory Power. In 1811 Arago observed men plane polarized light is transmitted through a quartz in the direction of its optic axis, the plane of tion is rotated through a certain angle depending on kness of the plate and color of the light. Other sub, liquids and vapors, as well as solids, were found to this property of rotation. The real specific rotatory a, of a substance is the rotation, for a given wave cy, of a layer of the substance 1mm. thick. The appower [a] is the rotation of the substance when in If e represent the amount of substance in one grain tion, I the length of the column, usually given in decimand p its density, [a]-a/elp. The molecular rotatory is the product of the specific rotatory power by the ular mass. ecimen.

n.

Entire plant or animal, or portion of one, ed or preserved for study.

eckbacher, JOSEPH, 1764-1820. Tyrolese revolutionist 09, who, in concert with Hofer, raised the lower valley of Inn, took Hall, and attacked Innsbruck. He afterward ged the fortress of Kufstein, and defeated the Bavarians ofer and Unken.

pectacles. Mechanical device whereby lenses may be in position in front of the eyes to correct focal or other cts in seeing. It is usually restricted to that form of deresting on the nose and kept in place by temple pieces ending back over the ears. They are said to have been ented in the 13th century.

pectator. English periodical, 1711-12 and 1714, to which Hison and Steele were the chief contributors. Instrument designed particularly for -pectrometer.

trometer.

troscope, but has in addition several graduated circles, in
order that the positions of the telescope, collimator, and
Spectroscope. See SPECTRUM ANALYSIS.
dispersing apparatus may be accurately ascertained.

Spectrum. See SPECTRUM ANALYSIS.

Spectrum Analysis. Method of studying the composition of substances by an examination of the light they emit when their vapors are rendered luminous. The light is passed through a prism which separates it into its components, aris a band of color which may be received on a screen or upon ranging them in the order of their refrangibilities. The result the retina. This band of color is a spectrum: if the luminous source be the sun, it is the solar spectrum. The instrument employed in spectrum analysis is a spectroscope, and consists of two telescopes and a prism. One of the telescopes, the COLLIMATOR (q.v.), is used to bring into a parallel beam the rays of light which are to pass through the prism. It has no eyepiece, but in its place is a narrow adjustable slit, placed in the principal focus of the object glass. The other telescope is used to view the spectrum formed by the prism. The spectrum consists of as many images of the slit as there are rays of different refrangibility in the given light. The light emitted by every elementary substance when its vapor becomes incandescent has its characteristic spectrum; hence the presence or absence of any element in a compound may be readily determined. Bunsen and Kirchhoff first used the prism for this purpose 1860.

Spectra may be classified as follows: 1. The spectrum of the sun, whether received directly or by reflection from the moon or planets, or of the fixed stars, consists of a band of color beginning with red and ending with violet, but crossed by a large number of dark lines. The number, position, and character of these lines varies with the source of the light. They are called absorption lines because they are due to the of the sun or similar envelopes of the fixed stars. The dark sifting out or absorbing of certain rays by the chromosphere lines in the solar spectrum were first observed by Wollaston 1802, but Fraunhofer was the first to map out and describe them 1814. Certain lines in the spectrum, due to the absorption of the earth's atmosphere, are called telluric lines.

2. Incandescent solids and liquids furnish spectra which are completely continuous, containing rays of all refrangibilities from extreme red to extreme violet, depending on the temperature.

3. Incandescent gases and vapors give discontinuous spectra, consisting of a definite number of bright lines, their position and character depending on the substance employed, thus furnishing a delicate qualitative test. By noting the coincidence of many of these bright lines with the dark lines of the solar best evidence for supposspectrum, we have the ing that many of the elements with which we are familiar on the earth are present in the sun.

4. All transparent media have the power of absorbing certain colors of a continuous spectrum more or less completely, thus forming dark bands. Such are called absorption spectra; and the dark spaces are ABSORPTION BANDS (q.v.).

Spectroscope.

In astronomical work, the spectroscope is usually fitted to a telescope taking the place of the the plane of its slit in the principal focus of the object glass. eyepiece and placed with Thus the light from various parts of the luminous source can be examined separately. A combination of this sort is called a telespectroscope. If the dispersing prism be formed of several pieces of two kinds of glass, placed in such a way that the deviation is destroyed but the dispersion not, the instrument is known as a direct vision spectroscope.

Specular Iron. See HEMATITE.

Specular Reflection. That which takes place from: polished surfaces; regular, as distinguished from irregular reflection, by means of which bodies are visible.

Speculum. Reflector of polished metal.-In Medicine, an instrument for examining inward parts.

Speculum Metal, Alloy of 1 part of tin, 2 of copper, and a small quantity of arsenic, used for making the mirrors £ reflecting telescopes. Glass having a film of silver over it

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Spelman, SIR
knighted ab. 1612.
and Concilia Decreta
hands.-His son, SIR
of King Alfred, 1678.
Spelt. Triticum
World, cultivated to
resembles wheat and

Spelter. Zinc in b
Spence, JOSEPH, 1
of History 1737; prebe
Anecdotes, pub. 1820.

Spence, ROBERT T
distinguished in the w
His son, CARROLL, 181

Spencer, AMBROSI
1802-4; Justice N. Y.
23: M.C. 1829-31. Ch
CANFIELD, LL.D., 178
1841-43, and of the Tre

Spencer, HERBERT
Synthetic Philosophy,
tific precision and cohe
1855-72; First Principl
85; Ethics, 1879-93.
exhibit the results of
Hi
influence.

Spencer, ICHABOD ter in Brooklyn from 1 a large circulation. Spencer, JESSE A 1869-79; editor of class Spencer, JOHN, D. Legibus Hebræorum ri

Spencer, JOHN CH 1845. M.P. 1804; in op chequer and leader of ing the Reform Bill 18 1834.

Spencer, JOHN PO
lieutenant of Ireland
and 1886.

Spencer, JOSEPH
Windsor, N. S., 1880;
State Geologist of Ga.
ficial geology of the G
Spencer, PLATTE

SPEDDING-SPERMATIST

edding, JAMES, 1808-1881. Editor and biographer of
, 1857-78. Publishers and Authors, 1867; Reviews, 1879.
ech. Form of language; means of expression of thought,
eterized by the articulate utterance of audible sounds.
ed. Rate of change of place along any path, without
to the direction or its changes.
ty, while velocity, which involves direction, is a vector
Speed is a scalar
ty.

1427

colleges. and teacher of a system of penmanship; founder of business

ed, JAMES, 1812-1887. Ky. loyalist, law prof. Univ. pushed forward toward the barrel by a spiral spring. The ille 1855-58, 1875-79; U. S. Atty.-gen. 1864-66.

ed, JOHN, 1542-1629. English antiquarian and cartogHist. Britain, 1611.

ed of Locomotive. See LOCOMOTIVE.

edwell. Herbs of the genus Veronica, natural family Scrophulariaceae, of wide geographical distribution, including several common weeds.

eedwell (Veronica officinalis). ling. See PHILOLOGY.

Speiss. Product first obtained when arsenical ores are smelted; an arsenide of the metal.

Speke, JOHN HANNING, 1827-1864. English explorer, in Africa with Burton 1854 and 1857-59, and with J. A. Grant 1860-63; discoverer of the Victoria Nyanza. Source of the Nile, 1863-64.

man, SIR HENRY, 1562-1641. English antiquarian, ed ab. 1612. His Glossarium Archeologicum, 1626-64, ncilia Decreta, etc., 1639-64, were completed by other -His son, SIR JOHN, d. 1643, knighted 1641, wrote a life Alfred, 1678.

t. Triticum spelta. Tall grass, native of the Old cultivated to a limited extent for its grain, which les wheat and barley.

ter. Zinc in blocks or pigs. See ZINC, METALLURGY OF. ce, JOSEPH, 1699-1768. Prof. of Poetry at Oxford 1727; ory 1737; prebendary of Durham 1754. Polymetis, 1747; es, pub. 1820.

ce, ROBERT TRAILL, U.S.N., 1785-1827. Captain 1815; ished in the war with Tripoli 1804 and that of 1812., CARROLL, 1816-1896, was Minister to Turkey 1853-57. cer, AMBROSE, LL.D., 1765-1848. Atty.-gen. of N. Y. Justice N. Y. Supreme Court 1804; Chief-justice 1819. 1829-31. Chancery Reports, 1814-23.-His son, JOHN LD, LL.D., 1788-1855, was M.C. 1817-19, Sec. of War and of the Treasury 1843-44.

cer, HERBERT. b.1820. English author of a System of ic Philosophy, based on evolution and aiming at sciencision and coherence. Social Statics, 1850; Psychology, First Principles, 1862; Biology, 1864-67; Sociology, 1876cs, 1879-93. His writings cover a wide range of thought, the results of vast industry, and are exciting no little

e.

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Spencer, SARA (ANDREWS), b.1837, m.1864. American advocate of woman suffrage and other reforms. Problems, 1871. Spencer, WILLIAM ROBERT, 1770-1834. English lyric poet. Spencer Rifle. First magazine gun used during the rebellion, having been introduced into the army in 1860. The magazine carries seven metallic rim-fire cartridges, which are breech-block is curved on one face and flat on the other, which closes the breech, and is hinged to the trigger guard. When the latter is pushed forward the block is drawn, opening the breech and allowing a cartridge from the magazine to releasing the hammer, which strikes a slide in the block and slip over it. Pulling the trigger guard back, the block rotates to the front and pushes the cartridge home. It is fired by drives it against the rim of the cartridge. See MAGAZINE GUN. Spence's Metal. Made by melting together a metallic sulphide and sulphur. grayish-black substance is formed which takes a good polish When sulphide of iron is used, a and can be colored to imitate bronze. It is used like lead in pipe joints and for making busts and medallions. It was first used 1879.

Spener, PHILIPP JAKOB. 1635-1705. fort 1666, Dresden 1686, and Berlin 1691; founder of the pietistic Preacher at Frankschool, exerting great influence and encountering vehement opposition. Pia Desideria, 1675; Theologische Bedenken, 1700-2.

Spengel, LEONHARD, 1803-1880. Prof. Heidelberg 1842 and Munich 1847; writer on Aristotle, 1844-68, and Greek rhetoric. Spenser, EDMUND, 1552-1599. English poet, whose Faerie Queene, 1590-96, is the greatest of allegorical poems. of his minor poems are of rare excellence: his Epithalamion, Some

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Edmund Spenser.

1595, is the finest wedding-hymn in the language. He marks the resurrection of English poetry after long collapse. He was in Ireland 1580-98, and was ruined by an insurrection. State of Ireland, 1633.

Speratus, PAULUS, 1484-1551. hymnist.

German reformer and

Spermaceti. CHO,.CH.s. Palmitate of cetyl; solid fat, found in head and blubber of sperm whale and others, and Delphinus edentulus; sp. gr. 0.94, mpt. 38°-47° C. See CETYL ALCOHOL and SPERM WHALE.

Spermarium. See TESTIS.

Spermatheca. Sac in Tapeworm, in first abdominal segment of Cyclops, etc., for receiving and storing the spermatozoa to be used as needed when the eggs are mature and are passed down the oviducts one by one.

Spermatist. One who believes that the

sented

SPERMATIUM-SPHARGIDÆ

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ocyst. Cell containing a spermatozoid. ocytes. See SPERMOSPHERE. Logemme. See SPERMOSPHERE.

togonia. See SPERMOSPORES.

tophores. Sac-like sheaths surrounding the a in Cyclops, Cuttlefish, and other animals, to prouring transference from the male to the female. tophyta. Sub-kingdom of plants, including all h produce seed. See PHANEROGAMIA and ANTHO

atozoid.

Coiled protoplasmic body, the male I fecundation in certain plants, in function similar matozoön in animals.

atozoön. Microgamete, destined for conjugation acrogamete (or ovum) to produce an oösperm (or om which a new individual will develop. This is clusive biological definition. In popular terms, one imalcules of the male-fluid, essential to fruitful imn of the female. When semen fails to contain these, is sterile.

noderm. See EPISPERM and TESTA.

mogone (SPERMOGONIUM). Sac containing reproducres (spermatia) in certain Fungi and Alga.

m Oil. Found with SPERMACETI (q.v.) in the headand blubber of the SPERM WHALES (q.v.). It remains t 18° C., is saponified by potash, and yields the same cids as spermaceti. It is used as a lubricant for ma

mosphere (SPERM-MORULA, SPERMATOGEMME). Ball = (spermatocytes), which, after completing multiplicae known as spermatoblasts and are transformed into sperpa. They surround a central blastophore, consisting of a nich plays no part in the multiplication, but probably ons in the nutrition of the other cells of the sperm ball. ermospores, or SPERMATOGONIA. Mother-cells of speroa. They develop first into spermospheres.

erm Whales (PHYSETERIDE). Family of toothed Cens, with united cervical vertebræ, and teeth in the lower -nly. The blow-holes are on the end of the snout. On

The fore-limbs are 6 ft. long.
The color is black above and gray on breast. The females and
large enough to admit a man.
young can stay under water half an hour, the old males more
than an hour. They have 5 respirations per minute. They
swim in schools in the temperate and warm parts of all oceans,
When enraged they have sunk boats,
but prefer the s. Pacific.
and even ships. The period of gestation is 10 months. Am-
bergris is found in the intestines of some specimens, result-
ing from a peculiar decomposition of the cuttlefish food. See
CATODONTIDE.

Sperrylite. PtAs,.

Natural mineral combination of platinum and arsenic, found in very small quantity near Sudbury, Ontario.

Speusippus, ab.394-339 B.C. Nephew of Plato, and his successor as head of the Academy at Athens.

Spey. River of Scotland, the most rapid in Britain. It rises in the hills between Badenoch and Lochaber and empties into Moray Firth. It affords valuable salmon fisheries. Length 110 m.

Speyer. See SPIRES.

Spezia. Principal naval station of Italy; 56 m. s.e. of
Genoa. Pop. ab. 20,000.

Sphacelariaceæ. Order of minute marine Algo, mainly
parasitic on other plants of the same class.

Sphæraphides. Clusters of crystals of globular form, found in the parenchyma of a great number of plants. Sphæridia. Small, transparent bodies on stalks, situated on the ambulacral and peristomial plates of Sea-urchins. Sphærococcaceæ. Order of Algae, of sub-class Rhodo

phyceae.

Sphærogastra. See ARANEIDA.

Sphæro-Siderite. Impure varieties of carbonite of

iron.

Sphærozoida. Group of Polycyttaria, including Radiolaria, which have no skeleton, or scattered spicules, outside of the central capsule. Examples are Sphærozoum and Collozoum.

Sphagnaceae. Order of Bryophyta, comprising the Bog Mosses. All are of the genus Sphagnum. They grow in bogs or swamps, principally in regions of low annual temperature but high humidity, where, by their growth and accumulation, they form Peat. Such conditions are well afforded by Ireland, Scotland, and Scandinavia.

Sphalerite. ZnS. Mineral zinc sulphide, widely distributed in nature, and occurring in deposits of widely varying form and origin; important ore of zinc; also called Zinc-blende. See BLENDE.

Sphargidæ. Family of marine Chelonia, including the Leatherback. This is the largest of tortoises, attaining a

The anterior legs a 100 eggs palatable Sphene. CaTi called on account o Titanite.

Spheniscomor Sphenodon. S Sphenoid Bon a part of its base wh a wedge. In shape

Sphenotic. An the vertebrate skull, Spheraster. F Tethya, spherical in

a center.

Sphere. Solid g its diameter. Every the center of the gen ter of the sphere. R-4-R3, and its volu Spherical Aber Spherical Angle on the surface of a s gents to those arcs at the dihedral angle for Spherical Polys bounded by three or n Spherical Pyra polygon and the pla of the polygon.

Spherical Trian bounded by three arcs triangle restricts the a is unrestricted. The a angular triangle multi

Spherical Trigo between the elements three angles. It is bas dral, whose vertex is th of the trihedral are me the spherical triangle, measure as the angles

Spheroid. Solid g ellipse about one of it about the transverse a axis.

Spheroidal. Geor the spheroid. Spheroidal State

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Sperm Whale (Catodon macrocephalus).

Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea).

is cavity containing weight of 1,000 lbs. and a length of over 6 ft. Its carapace
developed, and a tough leathery skin protects the body.

is

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