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SOULE-SOUTH AUSTRALIA

ed signification, sometimes meaning in Hebrew merely and in Greek opposed either to reasoning mind or to -, thus indicating, though not uniformly, the lower Ises and passions. This vagueness, for which Aristotle part responsible, remains. See PSYCHOLOGY.

ule, JOSHUA, D.D., 1781-1867. M.E. bp. from 1824; leader E. Ch. South from 1844, residing at Nashville.

ulé, PIERRE, 1802-1870. French journalist, at New Orfrom 1827; U. S. Senator 1847-53; U. S. Minister to Spain 55; imprisoned 1862; noted for eloquence.

le, RICHARD, 1812-1877. Associate ed. Worcester's onary, 1859. Synonyms, 1871.

ulié, MELCHIOR FRÉDÉRIC, 1800-1847. French dramatist ovelist.

ulouque, FAUSTIN ÉLIC, 1785-1867.

1793; insurrectionist; General 1844; Pres. 1847; EmHaytian slave, as Faustin I., 1849-59; defeated by Geffrard 1859, and He unsuccessfully invaded Dominica 1849 and 1855. ult, NICOLAS JEAN DE DIEU, 1769-1851. French general Marshal 1804, Duke of Dalmatia 1807; prominent at erlitz and Jena, 1805-6, and in Spain as Commander-in1809-12; in exile 1815-19; Peer 1827; Marshal-gen. 1847. und. 1. Physically, wave motion propagated through astic medium by the longitudinal vibrations of its par2. Physiological sensation in the ear by such wave Sounds may differ in intensity, pitch, and quality. und. Strait or passage connecting two portions of the especially that between the Baltic and the Cattegat. under. Small electromagnet, in front of the poles of is a soft iron armature attached to a lever controlled by ing; employed very generally on telegraph lines for reg the signals by sound. When the current is made to

-n.

1419

South, SIR JAMES, 1785-1867. English astronomer, knighted 1830.

South, ROBERT, D.D., 1633-1716. minster 1663, chaplain to Charles II. 1678; famous as Prebendary of Westpreacher. His works have frequently been reprinted.

South African Republic. See TRANSVAAL.

a

South America. S. grand division of the w. continent; connected with N. America by Isthmus of Panama. In shape it is rudely triangular, with a long narrow angle pointing s. Along the w. coast, from Panama to Cape Horn, runs a high, continuous, and rugged mountain system, the Andes. Between it and the Pacific there is but a narrow ribbon of land. E. of it the level of the country drops immediately to nearly sea level and there succeeds a great plain, treeless in the n. in Venezuela, where it is known as llanos, heavily forested in the basin of the Amazon, near the equator (selvas), and again treeless further s. in the Argentine Republic (pampas). In the e. part of Brazil the land rises into a second system of mountains, broader than the Andes, but of much less height and length. The area is 6,861,400 sq. m. The mean elevation is 2,078 ft. The coast is simple, with few harbors or islands. The temperature varies with latitude, being very high in the Amazon valley, while in the extreme s. it is severely cold. The rainfall is excessive near the equator, diminishing n. and s., becoming very light in the s. parts of the Argentine Republic. The principal rivers are the Amazon, the greatest on the globe, and the Rio de la Plata. The population is estimated at 28,380,000. These consist almost entirely of the aborigines and the descendants of the Spanish and Portuguese. The principal countries are Brazil, Guiana, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentine Republic, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chili, Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia; except Guiana, these are republics.

South American Indians. See INDIANS, PAMPAS INDIANS, PATAGONIANS, PERUVIANS, TUPI-GUARANI, CARIBS, and FUEGIANS. Among these tribes civilization increases northward, and also with altitude. Of the Amazon tribes, some are cannibals, and some are dangerous enemies of travelers. A few of the coast tribes have been slightly improved by the efforts of R. C. missionaries. They live by hunting, fishing, and the cultivation of cassava. poisoned by curari. Some practice the couvade, some apply The majority of the tribes use arrows torture of a severe kind to girls and boys on attaining their majority, which occurs about the time of puberty. Dissipation abounds.

Southampton. Seaport of Hampshire, Eng., at the junction of the Itchin and Test; settled ab.500; birthplace of Dr. Watts. It has an important commerce. The remains of its

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unding Line. Used on shipboard to measure depth of -. The greatest depth so far sounded is 4,655 fathoms e. pan. With a ship in motion, there is now used fine steel suspending a brass tube, with an inner glass tube, open lower end only, and coated internally with a paint soluwater, which shows the hydrostatic pressure.

up. Decoction of flesh for food, seasoned more or less gly; strong broth.

upé, MARIE JOSEPH, 1738-1794. French physician, writer olera, which he studied in Peru 1784; guillotined.

ur-Grass. See SORREL.

ur-Gum. See PEPPERIDGE.

The Walls of Southampton.

town walls, with a fine arcade on the w. shore, with 4 out of 7 gates, Norman house, etc., show its ancient importance. The Town Quay is 6,072 ft. long. Pop., 1891, 65,325.

Southampton, HENRY WRIOTHESLEY, EARL OF, 1573-1624. Sentenced to death 1600 as partaker in Essex's insurrection; interested in the colonization of Va.: imprisoned 1621 for efforts against tyranny; officer in the Dutch war with Spain 1623; patron of Shakespeare, whose early poems, 1593-94, were dedicated to him.

Southard, SAMUEL LEWIS, LL.D., 1787-1842. Justice N.J. Navy 1823-29; Atty.-gen. of N. J. 1829, Gov. 1832; pres. Senate Supreme Court 1815; U.S. Senator 1821-23 and 1833-42; Sec. 1841. Reports N. J. Supreme Court, 1819-20. His father, HENRY, 1749-1842, was M.C. from N. J. 1801-11 and 1815-21. South Australia. British colony

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growth has been si of the Bethlehem on the Lehigh, opp South Bethle

1890, 21,819.
manufactures are d
chartered 1835 and
seph River, 85 m.
South Bend.

ern Territory, ann
914,000 sq. m.; pop

va

fifths colored. Columbia. Area 30,5 since. It is sometim during the war, and of Fort Sumter in C secede 1860. The Ci cation movement, 18 fought in S. C. durin made on the site of Charles III.; Port R until 1670, by a part Protestant colony in obtained permission attempt to settle the the single colony, C product, in 1889, at $ 1890 farms were consisting in large dered by Quaternar that by Neocene for plain. In the centr Archæan formation Fall line. Geologic into the Atlantic, a Blue Ridge, where i ceeded on the w. b part is low and leve South Carolin

South Dakota, 1

See DAKOTA. (See Ma on the Missouri. itable. The State w producing $4,266,897 which are located val the Black Hills, whi Missouri the country fertile soil, but is som low plateau, known a well watered, and is s part consists of the v South Dakota. Ar

xii., and expected to g alleged revelations. sect 1792, of which ar Southcott, JOANN

of Centauri.
The two bright stars at
Southern Cross, a, and th
Pole to the fortieth degre
Quadrant of the Southern Hea

ber of ballads and mino Curse of Kehama. 1810, poet laureate 1813. Hi associated with Colerids Southey, ROBERT, D.

SOUTH BEND-SOUZA

sq. m.; pop., 1891, 320,431, including 4,895 in the Northritory, annexed 1863.

th Bend. Capital of St. Joseph co., Ind., on St. Joiver, 85 m. e. of Chicago; settled 1820 by Frenchmen; -ed 1835 and 1865; seat of Univ. Notre Dame. Its chief ctures are of wagons and farming implements. Pop.,

,819.

th Bethlehem. Borough of Northampton co., Pa.,
Lehigh, opposite Bethlehem; seat of Lehigh Univ. and
Bethlehem Iron Co., employing ab. 4,000 men.
has been since 1865. Pop., 1890, 10,302.
Its

h Carolina. One of the s. Atlantic States. The e.
ow and level, and near the coast marshy. This is suc-
on the w. by a gentle slope rising to the foot of the
dge, where it reaches 1,000 ft. All its streams flow s.e.
Atlantic, and the larger of them are navigable to the
e. Geologically the State is extremely simple. The
n formation covers the upper part of the Atlantic
In the central part this is succeeded by Eocene, and
Neocene formations, while the immediate coast is bor-
y Quaternary beds. Its industries are agricultural,
ng in large measure of the cultivation of cotton. In
ms were valued at $99,104,600; and the agricultural
in 1889, at $51,337,985. It was originally a portion of
le colony, Carolina, which was divided 1729. A vain
to settle the region was made in 1562, when Coligny
permission from Charles IX. of France to establish a
nt colony in Florida. It was not permanently settled
70, by a party of English colonists with grants from
III.; Port Royal was founded, and a settlement was
the site of Charleston 1680. Important battles were
n S. C. during the Revolution. It led in the Nullifi-
movement, 1833, and was one of the first States to
860. The Civil War began with the bombardment
Sumter in Charleston harbor. S. C. suffered heavily
he war, and has been slow to regain its prosperity
t is sometimes called the Palmetto State. Capital,
1. Area 30,570 sq. m.; pop., 1890, 1,151,149, three-
ored.

cott, JOANNA, 1750-1814. Prophetess of an English of which a remnant survived 1887; author of many evelations. She professed to be the woman of Rev. expected to give birth to a new Messiah.

Dakota. One of the n. central States. The e. ists of the valley of the James, which is fertile and red, and is separated from the Missouri by a broad, au, known as the Coteau du Missouri, which has a il, but is somewhat deficient in rainfall. W. of the the country is arid. The s. w. part is occupied by k Hills, which are covered with forests, and in e located valuable mines of gold and tin; the former = $4,266.897 in 1895, those of tin not being profThe State was formed 1889. The capital is Pierre Missouri. Area 76.700 sq. m.; pop., 1890, 328,808. TA. (See Map, page 1422.) Dakota, UNIVERSITY OF.

the Southern Heavens from the

Opened 1883 at Vermillion as Univ. of Dakota; name changed 1891. It has 16 instructors and ab. 280 students.

Southern Confederacy. See CONFEDERACY, SOUTHERN.

Southern Cross. Constellation first noted 1679 by Royer. ascension 12 h., declinaRight

tion 60° S.

Southerne, THOMAS, ab. 1660-1746. English dramatist. Oroonoko, 1696.

Southernwood.

Artemisia abrotanum. Shrub of the Composite fortieth degree, showing the family, with bitter aroCross, a, and the Triangle, b. matic foliage, native of right stars at c are a and 8 s. Europe; much cultivated in gardens.

i.

y, ROBERT, D.C.L., 1774-1843. English author, long with Coleridge and Wordsworth; pensioned 1807; ate 1813. His epics, Thalaba, 1801, Madoc. 1805 Tehama, 1810 and Rod.

1421

prose works, which include histories of Brazil, 1810-19, and the Peninsular War, 1823-32; lives of Nelson, 1813, J. Wesley, 1820, and Bunyan, 1830; Book of the Ch., 1824; Naval History,

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Robert Southey.

1833-40. and The Doctor. 1834-37.-His second wife, CAROLINE ANNE (BOWLES), 1787-1854, m. 1839, pub. much verse.

Southgate, HORATIO, D.D., 1812-1894. Missionary bp. of Constantinople 1844-50; rector in Boston 1852-58, and New York 1859-72. Armenia, etc., 1840; Cross above Crescent, 1877.

South Georgia. Group of islands in the s. Atlantic, belonging to Gt. Britain; lat. 54° 30' S., long. 36°-38° W.; area ab.1,000 sq. m.; discovered 1675; uninhabited.

South Mountain. In Md.; scene of a Confederate defeat Sept. 14, 1862.

South Park. Broad elevated valley in Colorado. Elevation 8,000 to 10,000 ft.

Southport. Watering-place in Lancashire, at the Ribble's mouth, 18 m. n. of Liverpool. Pop., 1891, 43,026.

South Sea. See PACIFIC..

South Sea Bubble. English speculation, initiated 1711. A company assumed the public debt, on which government was to pay 6 per cent after 5 years, with a grant of the monopoly of the South Sea trade; to secure this monopoly £7,500,000 were paid. The stock rose from £100 to £1,000: similar companies sprang up, supported by public infatuation. All collapsed 1720, entailing enormous loss.

South Shetland Islands. In the Antarctic Ocean, extending n.e. and s. w. between lat. 61°-63° 30′ S., and long. 53°-63° W. They are mountainous, covered with ice and snow, and surrounded by deep water. Area ab.850 sq. m.

South Shields. See SHIELDS, SOUTH.

Southwell, ROBERT, 1560-1595. English Jesuit, poet, and
philosophical, and poetical merit.
Tyburn.
martyr, imprisoned 1592, repeatedly tortured, and hanged at
Some of his poems possess eminent devotional,

Southwest Territory. Organized 1790 from lands ceded
by N. C. and S. C. Tenn was taken from it 1796, and it ceased
to exist on the organization of Miss. Territory 1798.

Southworth, EMMA DOROTHY ELIZA (NEVITTE), b. 1819, m. 1840. American novelist.

Soutzo, ALEXANDER, 1803-1863. matic poet.

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Greek satiric and dra

Souvestre, ÉMILE, 1806-1854. French novelist. Les Der-
niers Bretons, 4 vols., 1835-37; Riche et Pauvre, 2 vols., 1836;
Foyer Breton, 2 vols., 1844; Un Philosophe sous les Toits, 1854.
His plays have less merit.

Souza, MME. ADELAIDE MARIE ÉMILIE (En

1836

French

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Sow-Thistle (Sonch Spa. Belgian res waters, known since become generic. Po

Space. Indefinit thing a definite por rial body as a conditi Harris, "the mind us instrument in thinkin Space-Percepti ceives things as exter of psychology. Perh that every sensation, known as extensity With this element as Dess is a product of

The earliest space c largely the result of creasing years is supp experience of the sens Spadiceous. Re Spadiciflora. in a spadix. F

Spadix. 1. Flesh cially in the natural logue in Nautilus of th Spaeth, ADOLPH, Phila. since 1867; P author or compiler of

Spagna, Lo (GIO painter of the Umbri affiliated with Pinturi with Raphael. Spagnoletto. Se Spaight, RICHARD 1753, and to the Const 1792; M.C. 1798 198 MO

SOUTH DAKOTA

and colonizer of B India 1534-45.-H sisted in these ac was first Gov.-gen

1

Sovereign. sarily, a single per lings; minted since Sovereignty. In the U. S. it is d cerned, between th ing sovereign with U. S. Constitution Government is the Sower, or Saur in Germantown, Pi first pub. in Amer 1721-1784, reprinted the Revolution.

Sowerby, JAME
36 vols., 1792-1807; F
1804-17; and Miner
JAMES DE CARLE, 17
last of these.-His
wrote much on natu

Sowing. See D
Sow-Thistle.

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SOVEREIGN-SPALLANZANI

onizer of Brazil 1530-32; Admiral or Gov. of Portuguese 534-45.-His brother, PEDRO LOPES, ab.1500-1539, asIn these activities.-Their relative, THORNE, d. ab.1560, t Gov.-gen. of Brazil, 1549-53, and founder of Bahia. ereign. 1. Ruler of a state; usually, but not necesa single person. 2. British gold coin, pound or 20 shilninted since 1817.

ereignty. Power to make and enforce law in a state.
U. S. it is divided, so far as domestic affairs are con-
between the State and Federal Governments, each be-
ereign with respect to subjects committed to it by the
Constitution. In international relations the Federal
ment is the sovereign power.

er, or Saur, CHRISTOPHER, 1693-1758. German printer,
mantown, Phila., from 1738.
b. in America after Eliot's.-His son, CHRISTOPHER,
His Bible, 1743, was the
4, reprinted this 1763 and 1776, and was a sufferer in
olution.

erby, JAMES, 1757-1822. Illustrator of English Botany,
1792-1807; Fungi, 3 vols., 1797-1803; Mineralogy, 7 vols.,
and Mineral Conchology, 4 vols., 1812-20.-His son,
E CARLE, 1787-1871, pub. supplements to the first and
these.-His nephew, GEORGE BRETTINGHAM, 1812-1884,
uch on natural history.
ng. See DRILL, GRAIN.

Thistle. Coarse, spiny-toothed, yellow-flowered

-Thistle (Sonchus arvensis).

herbs of the genus Sonchus,
natural family Composite,
natives of the Old World,
extensively naturalized as
weeds in America.

Soy. Glycine soja. Herb
of the natural family Legu-
minosae, native of India;
cultivated for its seeds.

Soyer, ALEXIS, 1809-
1858. French chef, in Lon-
don 1830-55; writer on
cookery.

Sozobranchia. See
PERENNIBRANCHIATA.

Sozomen, HERMIAS,
ab.400-443. Of a Palestine
family. Historian of the
Ch. 323-439.

Sozura. See URODELA. Belgian resort, 20 m. s.e. of Liege. Its chalybeate known since ab.1370, are widely used; its name has generic. Pop. ab.7,500.

e. Indefinite extension in all directions, and somedefinite portion of which is occupied by every mate- as a condition of its existence. the mind uses the idea of space as an indispensable According to W. T. -nt in thinking the idea of a body." e-Perception. The process by which the mind perings as extended is one of the most disputed questions ology. Perhaps the most widely accepted theory is y sensation, at least of touch and sight, has an aspect s extensity or bigness, which is original and innate. s element as a basis, our developed spatial consciousproduct of tactual, motor, and visual experience. iest space consciousness of the child is evidently he result of touch and movement, which with inyears is supplemented and largely supplanted by the Ce of the sense of sight.

ceous. Resembling or pertaining to a spadix. ciflora. Families of plants which bear their flowers

ix.

x. 1. Fleshy, elongated flower-cluster, found espe-
the natural families Araceae and Palmaceæ. 2. Ana-
Nautilus of the hectocotylized arm of Cuttlefishes.
h, ADOLPH, D.D., b.1839 in Germany.
nce 1867; Prof. Lutheran Theol. Sem. since 1874;
Pastor in
compiler of sundry religious books.

a, Lo (GIOVANNI DI PIETRO), d. ab. 1530.

-f the Umbrian School: of supposed Spanish birth; Italian with Pinturicchio and Perugino, and a fellow-student hael.

oletto. See RIBERA.

ht, RICHARD DOBBS, 1758-1802. Delegate to Congress to the Constitutional Convention 1707

1423

Spain. Monarchy of s. w. Europe, occupying with Portugal the Iberian peninsula, separated from France by the Pyrenees. Area 197,670 sq. m. teau, having a mean elevation of 2,600 to 2,700 ft., capped Its surface is mainly a plaby mountain ranges 8,000 to 11,000 ft. high. Its rivers are of little value for navigation. The climate as regards temperature varies with the altitude, being tropical in the low country along the seacoast, and temperate, with extremes of heat and cold, over the plateau. The rainfall is scanty. The forest area is very small. Agriculture is the most important industry, cereals and the grape being largely cultivated. Its mineral resources are considerable, consisting mainly of iron, lead, copper, mercury, and coal. Its manufactures are of little importance. It has a large foreign commerce, and in 1893 had 6,708 m. of railway in operation. Its principal colonial possessions are Cuba and the Philippine Islands, both now (1898) in revolt. The capital is Madrid.

province of Rome, was overrun ab.409 by the Vandals, whom S. was originally inhabited by Celtic and Iberian tribes. It was partly conquered by Carthaginians, became a flourishing the Visigoths expelled ab.414, and was won by the Arabs 711714, who established a flourishing empire. The Christians, shut up in the n. mountains, gradually, during 8 centuries, reconquered the territory. Leon, Castile, Aragon, rose into separate Christian kingdoms: these were united under Ferdinand and Isabella. Granada was taken from the Moors 1492; Navarre was absorbed 1575. Under Ximenes the church became the unifying principle. The discovery of America raised

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Spalacotherium. Ancient Jurassic Marsupial, whose
dentition somewhat resembled that of the Insectivores.
Spalato, or SPALATRO.
Adriatic; noted for the remains of an immense palace built
Town of Dalmatia, near the
by Diocletian and occupied on his abdication 305. Pop., 1890,
15,697.

R. C. Bp. of
Evidences of

Spalding, MARTIN JOHN, D.D., 1810-1872.
Louisville, Ky., 1850; Abp. of Baltimore 1864.
Catholicity, 1847; Hist. Reformation. 1860.-His nephew and
biographer, JOHN LANCASTER h 1940 p

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