SOISSONS-SOLFERINO wn of France, 65 m. n.e. of Paris; scene of 861-862, 866, 1092, 1121 (which condemned 01; repeatedly taken in war, as by the Arby Charles V. 1544, thrice 1814, and by the , 1870. Pop., 1891, 11,352. Truth, ab. 1775-1883. Illiterate negress of ured in the interest of reforms 1851-ab.1863. frican kingdom, e. of the Niger. Area ab.200,ab.12,000,000. . Natural family of flowering plants, of the mæ, sub-class Dicotyledons, and series Gamosing ab. 75 genera and ab. 1,800 species, widely oughout the warmer portions of the globe; -htshade family. Ose. See GANNET. C2H3NO18(?). Colorless needles, almost insol, prepared from potato sprouts and from the It is very poisonous, paradeadly nightshade. ver extremities, as is shown in cattle which have by eating the green shoots of potatoes. Warm land wind, in certain valleys in the intebelonging to the type of Föhn winds. imate. Hypothetical climate that would prevail eat were the only consideration. nstant. The approximately constant quantity eat received by the outer layer of atmosphere of rom the sun: its value has been variously deterouillet, 1.76; Violle, 2.5; Crova, 1.90 to 2.32; Langd 3.0 calorics per minute per square centimeter. t of heat received by a square meter of surface on sun's rays fall perpendicularly is 25 calorics per equals the amount required to raise 25 kilograms centigrade per min., or 6,886 ft. lbs. of energy per min. Solar System. See PLANETS and SUN. Engine. Form of motor, devised by John Ericsson ilize the heat of the sun for power. The rays fall ge reflecting cone or parabola of flat angle, and are upon a cylindrical surface, which in the caloric dehot end of such a hot-air engine. Behind the reflector Solder. Made of equal parts Soldier. One who engages for Ericsson's Solar Engine. The cooling cylinder and the crank mechanism (see CALORIC INE). It has been calculated that the heat radiated from to 9 horse sun during a day of nine hours upon a surface of 100 sq. would give a power of 270.000 ft. lbs., or from er for latitudes between the equator and the 45th parallel. olar Eyepiece. See HELIOSCOPE. olario, ANDREA DA, 1458-1530. Milanese painter of the ool of Leonardo da Vinci. olar Parallax. See PARALLAX, SOLAR. Solar Transit. Soldo. Former copper coin of some Italian States; equal Solecism. Grammatical error; so named from Soli in Cili- Solemn League and Covenant. See NATIONAL COVE NANT. Solar Radiation. Influence that emanates from the in straight lines, and whose effect at the earth is to proce the phenomena of light, heat, chemical or molecular or tinic change, and electric or magnetic or electro-magnetic ects. It is of the nature of a vibration, rotation, or other iodic motion or change of motion of the molecules of the of such motion in the molecules of as the RADIA Solenoconcha. See SCAPHOPODA. Solenoglypha. Sub-order of Ophidia,including venomous Solera. The foundation, or old stock wine, to which later Soley, JAMES RUSSELL, b.1850. Prof. U. S. Naval Academy Solfatara. Escape of steam from the ground, accom- Solfeggio. See SOLMIZATION. Solferino. Variety of FUCHSINE (q.v.). Solferino. Village of Lombardy, 19 m. n.w. of Mantau; site of a decisive battle, lasting 15 hours, June 24, 1859, between the allied armies of France and Sardinia under Louis under Gen. Hess, who were defeated with loss of 19,300 men Napoleon and Victor Emmanuel, and ab. 170,000 Austrians con officers: allies lost 17,300 killed and wounded, 936 History freed most of n. Italy. S rigid solid is one whi the ratio of strain to haps approaches as though even in steel t one in which the rati very small force appli is a good example. Solidungula. Solidus. 1. Rom aureus; wt. lb.; us silver coin, wt. 1 lb. Solifidians. Ext ing Justification by Fa Solifugæ. Hairy. divided, much as in I The cheliceræ and ped ration by trachea is a in warm desert region family included. 20 Soliman. See So Solingen. Town since ab. 1200 for its ir Solinus, CAIUS JUI popular. Polyhistor, t Solipeds. Animal Solis, JUAN DIAZ DE while exploring the La Solis y Rivaden dramatist, historian of Solitaire. Game f exist; played with mar and with dominoes. games are found in th with dominoes, the obj of the most popular Co ally counting divination games participated in b Solitaria. See As Sollar. Small plat ladder in a mine shaft. Solmization. Me cal scales by associatin invention is credited to syllables of the lines of was sung. Thus arose sol, la. In Italy Do too Solms Laubach, botanist. Tentamen Br provincia, 1868. Solo. Tune, air or ment or sung by a singl Solomon, ab.1033-9 King of Israel from a author of three O.T. boo his death, to the revolt of the nation SOLICITOR-SOLSTICES citor. Formerly, legal practitioner in a court of now, in British Supreme Court of judicature. He below a barrister or counsel; his examination and adn to the bar, as well as his duties, liabilities, and rights ing his clients, are largely regulated by statutes. d. Geometric object of three dimensions, length, , and thickness; generated by consecutive position of ce moving under some fixed law; of revolution, when face rotates on some axis; laminate, when the surface s parallel in all consecutive positions.-In Physics, hich possesses in any degree elasticity of shape. A JAA Geometrical Solids. a lid is one which offers infinite resistance to strain; or o of strain to stress is always 0. Hardened steel perpproaches as nearly as anything to this ideal state, even in steel the rigidity is not perfect. A soft solid is hich the ratio of strain to stress is very large; i.e., a all force applied will cause a large deformation. Jelly A example. lungula. See EQUIDE. us. 1. Roman gold coin after 295, succeeding the wt. lb.; used for a time by the Franks. 2. Mediæval in, wt. lb. dians. Extreme Protestants, charged with so refinfication by Faith alone as to divorce Faith from Works. nga. Hairy, spider-like Arachnids, with the body much as in Insects, into head, thorax, and abdomen. iceræ and pedipalps are much as in Scorpions. Respitrachea is as in Insects. They are principally found desert regions of the Old World. Solpugida is the ncluded. an. See SOLYMAN. gen. Town of Prussia, 13 m. e. of Düsseldorf; noted 1200 for its iron and steel wares. Pop., 1890, 36,540. us, CAIUS JULIUS. 3d cent. Latin historian, formerly Polyhistor, tr. 1587. eds. Animals walking on a single toe, e.g., the Horse. JUAN DIAZ DE, ab. 1470-1516. Spanish seaman; killed ploring the La Plata. y Rivadeneyra, ANTONIO DE, 1610-1686. Spanish t, historian of the conquest of Mexico, 1684. ire. Game for one person, of which many varieties ayed with marbles or pins upon a board, with cards, dominoes. The prototypes of these modern card -e found in the Chinese and Corean solitaire games inoes, the object of which was once divinatory. One ost popular Corean domino games is called "personting divination," to distinguish it from the divinatory rticipated in by several players. ria. See ASCIDIANS. . Small platform or resting place at the foot of a a mine shaft. zation. Method of learning the intervals of musis by associating each interval with a syllable. Its is credited to Guido d'Arezzo, who applied the first of the lines of a Latin hymn to the tone to which it . Thus arose the familiar syllables, Ut, re, nii, fa, In Italy Do took the place of Ut. German Laubach, HERMANN GRAFZU, b. 1842. Tentamen Bryogeographice Algarvice regni Lusitani e. 1868. Tune, air or strain to be played by a single instrusung by a single voice. on, ab.1033-975 B.C. Son of David and Bathsheba; Israel from ab. 1015; famed for wisdom; reputed three O.T. books. The burdens of his reign led, on to the revolt of the northern tribes, and the division tion into the two kingdoms of In reconstructed with great splendor by Herod ab.20 B.C.; finally destroyed by Titus 70. Solomon, SONG OF. See SONG OF SOLOMON. Solomon, WISDOM OF. See WISDOM. Solomon ben Gabirol, d. ab. 1041. Spanish Jew, author of poems and philosophic writings. Solomon ben Isaac. See RASHI. held by Germany and Gt. Britain. Area 17,065 sq. m., pop. Ab.500 to 1,000 m. e. of New Guinea; ab.175,000. The people are sturdy, well-formed Melanesians, with some admixture of Polynesian blood; in height they average 5 ft.: their skulls are mesocephalic. They are darkskinned, with curly hair, polygamous, fond of dancing, cunning and deceitful; they practice a simple agriculture, make graceful pottery and weapons, and use shell money; their canoes are the finest in the Pacific. They are fond of human flesh. Christianity has made but slight progress among them. Their dead are exposed on platforms. Solomon's Seal. Plants of the genus Polygonatum, herbs of the natural family Liliaceae, natives of the n. temperate zone, the root-stock bearing seal-shaped leaf-scars. Solomon's Seal, FALSE. Plants of the genus Vagnera (Smilacina), herbs of the natural family Liliaceae, natives of the n. hemisphere. Solon, ab.638-ab.559 B.C. Athenian legislator; commander of the expedition which drove the Megarians out of Salamis; archon 594 with unlimited power. He repealed the laws of Draco, except such as concerned bloodshed, enlarged the functions of the popular assembly, instituted a senate of 400, took measures for relief of debtors, and rectified the calendar. He lived to see his constitution overthrown by Pisiscratus. Some fragments of his poems remain. Solor. Island of Malay Archipelago off the e. extremity of Flores; s. point in lat. 8° 47' S., long. 123° 8' E. Length e. to w. 30 m., breadth 15 m. Pop. ab.30,000. Soloviev, SERGEI MIKHAILOVICH, 1820-1879. Rector Univ. Moscow 1871-77. His History of Russia fills 29 vols. and extends to 1774. Solpugidæ. See SOLIFUGE. Solstices. Points in the sun's apparent orbit where his greatest and least altitude are reached; also time when the SOLUBLE BLUE-SONNTAG ue. See NICHOLSON'S BLUE and COTTON BLUE. 1. Thick solution in water of the sodium salt noleic acid, prepared by the action of caustic upon castor oil. Also ALIZARINE ASSISTANT 1. Result of mixing two substances, one usua gas, which have a mutual action such as to hesion of one of the substances and produce a luid mixture. 2. In Botany, separation of organs mally more or less united or approximate. 3. In the solution of a problem gives a law of general upon the given conditions and meeting the rethe problem. That of an equation gives: (1) a unknown quantity in known terms: (2) an exof a variable from an implicit function. The used, unfortunately, as synonymous with "root n." S, CHEMICAL. Regarded as fluid, unstable, deficompounds in a state of dissociation. Process. See SODIUM CARBONATE. Firth. Inlet of Irish Sea, between Scotland and length 35 m., breadth 2 to 22 m.; noted for the s tides. Moss. In n. Cumberland; scene of a rout of ders, Nov. 25, 1542, and of a destructive flood, 1. or HIEROSOLYMA. See JERUSALEM. n (or SULEIMAN) I., 1496-1566. Sultan of the Ottoe at its height; able ruler and lawgiver; conqueror 522, Hungary 1526, and much of Persia and n. Africa esieged Vienna 1529 and Malta 1565, unsuccessfully eavy losses.-II., 1642-1691. Sultan 1687. Plant growing in n. India, and its juice. In Vedic ap was held to infuse immortal life and energy into quaffed it, and was offered in sacrifices. Hence, ipal deity of the Vedic pantheon, identified with the the moon plant; god of sacrifice; creator, with the i, of the heaven and earth, the sun and stars. is. Mixed race along e. African coast, from equator Aden; allied to the Abyssinians; wild, independent, Somali Types. friendly to foreigners: Mohammedans. The region is efinite extent, and partly under British (n. part) and ■protectorates. natic. Pertaining to the body; in Botany, cells which matocyst. Cavity in the cœnosare of certain Siphono- mbrero. Felt hat with a wide brim, common in N. and merby, HORATIO GATES, 1805-1872. Genealogist of Mass.. ngland from 1845 omers, SIR GEORGE, 1554-1611. as 1611. 1689; Baron 1697; Lord Chancellor 1697-1700; impeached 1701: Lieut. 1799, com- Somerset, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF, 1500-1552. Brother Somerset, FITZROY. See RAGLAN. Somerset, ROBERT CARR. See OVERBURY, SIR THOMAS. Scottish Somerville, MRS. MARY (FAIRFAX), 1780-1872. Somerville, WILLIAM, 1677–1742. English poet. The Chase, 1735. Somite. Segment or joint of the body of a segmented animal. Somme. River of n. France, rising e. of St. Quentin, and flowing 150 m. w. and n. w. to the English Channel. Somnambulism. Peculiar abnormality of sleep, charac- Sonata. Literally, sounded piece; antithesis of cantata, a Songkoi, or SONGKA. Largest river of e. Indo-China, rising Song of Birds. The notes of birds are produced in the Song of Solomon, or CANTICLES. 22d O. T. book; an Songs. 1. Brief poems, adapted to be sung; an important Sonnet. Poem of 14 ten-syllable lines, variously rhymed; Colonizer of the Ber Whic leader. M.P. Sonntag, WILLIAM LOUIS, b.1822. painter. N.A. 1861. SONOMETER-SOROSIS -nometer. Instrument for studying the transverse vions of strings. It consists of a long box of thin light having lateral apertures. Near either end of the box is age or upright piece of wood over which pass strings, or Sonometer. metal wires. The wires are fixed at one end, while the passes over a pulley and is attached to a weight, or s round a tuning peg and is stretched by a tuning-key. the instrument has but one string, it is sometimes a Monochord. norescence. That property of hard rubber in virtue ich when a beam of light, intermittent or variable in its ity or composition, is made to fall upon it, the rubber a sound which reproduces in its pitch or quality the arities of the incident light. tag, HENRIETTE GERTRUDE WALPENGIS, 1804-1854. Sosinger, in both Italian and German opera. Her husband ount Rossi, Sec. of Legation in Berlin, Sardinian envoy Hague, and Ambassador at St. Petersburg. t. Deposit of carbonaceous matter in a chimney or It contains sulphate of ammonia, and hence is valus a manure for cereals and grasses. See LAMPBLACK MOKE PREVENTION. -hia. See SOFIA. Youngest hia, ELECTRESS OF HANOVER, 1630-1714. hia, ST. Church at Constantinople; built 532-566 by hists. Body of ethical and rhetorical teachers at -, from ab.450 B.C., whose failure to distinguish infrom duty subjected them to the criticism and oppoof Socrates; ridiculed by Aristophanes; defended by in his Hist. of Greece in the 67th and 68th chapters. Ost eminent were Protagoras and Gorgias. hocles, 495-406 B.C. Second of the three great Attic tragedians. Seven tragedies. Antigone, Electra, Trachini, Edipus Ty, rannus. Ajax, Philoctetesand Edipus at Colonus, survive out of 120. He won the first prize over Eschylus and others 468, and was the chief figure in dramatic composition until Euripides came to the front 441. Critics regard him as approaching nearest to the ideal of tragic writing. He partakes of the lofty spirit of Eschylus, and adds more of the human side, as did Euripides, while his characters by their self- restraint and nobility of soul show a higher level of conception. Sophocles, EVAN GELINUS APOSTOLIDES, LL.D., 1807-1883. Greek teacher, in America from Sophocles. 1829; prof. Harvard from 1849; author of several ext-books. Lexicon of Roman and Buzanting Ro 1417 Sophron, 5th cent. B.C. Greek writer of Syracuse, noted as the inventor of Mimes, a variety of Dorian comedy. Soprano. In most of the music of to-day, highest part written for women's voices; also the voice itself. In choirs of boys and men the voice belongs to boys; in the 17th and 18th centuries it was frequently produced by sexual mutilation, the quality of the immature boy's voice being retained and coupled with the lung-power of the developed man. Choir boys' voices were used until the intricacy of the music In the Sistine compelled the employment of men. Resort was then had to mature soprano falsettists, most of whom came from Spain, and artificial sopranos, products of accident. Soracte. Mountain 26 m. n. of Rome, site of a temple of Apollo, and since 746 of a monastery. Sorata. Peak of the Andes, in Bolivia. Altitude 21,470 ft. Sorbian Language. Language of the Sorbs or Lusatian Wends. It belongs to the western branch of the Slavic family. It is also called Lusatian-Servian. See SLAVIC LANGUAGES. Sorbonne. Theological faculty of old Univ. of Paris; founded 1252-56; long of high authority; opposed to the Ultramontanists and Jesuits; suppressed 1790; partially revived 1808 and later. The name is now applied to the Academie of Paris which occupies the buildings, rebuilt since 1884. Sorby, HENRY CLIFTON, b. 1826. English author of many papers on the microscopical structure of rocks and on new methods of studying the optical character of minerals. Sorcery. See MAGIC, WITCHCRAFT, etc. Sordello, 13th cent. Italian troubadour; subject of Browning's poem, 1840. sisting of one or more alga-cells to which are attached some Soredia. Minute portions of the thallus of Lichens, conof the thread-like cells or hyphæ. They break away from the lichen and become propagative bodies. Sorel, AGNES, 1409-1450. Mistress of Charles VII. of France. Her influence is thought to have been beneficial. Sorel's Cements. Invented by a French chemist: depending on the principle that an insoluble, solid oxychloride is formed when a concentrated solution of a metallic chloride and the oxide of the same metal are mixed. A solution of magnesium chloride and magnesia mixed to form a pasty mass solidifies to a white mass resembling marble. cately on the torus of a flower, as in Magnolia. painter. Sorghum. S. vulgare, or Andropogon sorghum. Tall Asiprofitable molasses-producing plant. In more northern localatic grass. A variety, Sorghum saccharatum, in all portions of the U. S. where it will mature, has been proven to be a ities it makes an excellent forage plant. Culture of sorghum is like that of Indian corn, except that, the seed being slow to start, the seed bed must be better prepared and the ground somewhat warmer before it is planted. In 1890 upward of 24,000,000 gals. of molasses were produced. In 1893 ab. 1,000,000 lbs. of sugar were made from it. Sorghum Sugar. See SUGAR. Soricidæ (SHREW-MICE). Family of Insectivora, distinguished by having feet adapted for running rather than for digging, with external ears and well developed eyes. The tail is scaly, the appearance mouse-like. They are very widely distributed. Some are the smallest of Mammals. The Muskrat or Desman of the Pyrenees stands between the Shrews and Moles: it has a flexible elongated snout, webbed feet, and a musk gland at the root of the rudder-like tail. An allied form exists in Japan, but is burrowing rather than aquatic. Sorin, EDWARD, b.1814 in France. R.C. missionary in Indiana 1841; founder Univ. Notre Dame, Ind., chartered 1844, and of many other schools; Superior-gen. of order of Holy Cross 1868. Soris, or SNEFRU. First king of 4th Egyptian dynasty. Sorophora. Order of Mycetozoa, in which the plasmo- apple. Sorosis. Club of SORREL-SOUL n herbs of the genus Rumex, natural family Polygonacea, with acid foliage and Sorrel, MOUNTAIN. Oxyria digyna. Sorrel, WOOD. Oxalis acetosella. Low, pink-flowered herb of the natural family Oxalidaceae, native of the cooler portions of the n. hemisphere. Sorrel-Tree. Oxydendrum arboreum. Small tree of the natural family Ericaceae, native of the s.e. U. S. our, whence the name, Sour-wood. 1). Ancient Greek and Roman town, on s. side of famous for beauty of situation and salubrity of sited by many tourists; birthplace of Tasso. In of Augustus it was noted for its fine buildings, the of which are few. Its wine was also held in high reop. ab.6,100. s Virgilianæ. See SORTILEGE. lege. Divination with lots; probably practiced origith arrows, as indicated by many survivals. Throughsia it is one of the universal methods of fortune telling. e or cylindrical box, originally a bamboo quiver, connumbered lots, is found in most Chinese temples, and Buddhist and Shinto temples in Japan. The lots constrips of bamboo, in China having an arrow-like tip, red, the name of which is homophonous with arrow. rshipers pay a small fee, and, after sacrificing, shake more of the lots from the box before the shrine. The r on the lot or lots is then referred to a book, in which, Another nding number, the answer is found. The lots little tablets. first line on which the eye fell as an indication: Virgil was a Sorus. Group of sporanges or spore-cases, as the fruit Sosigenes, 1st cent. B.C. Egyptian astronomer, employed by Cæsar in reforming the calendar. Soter. Bp. of Rome 168-176. Soteriology. Department of theology dealing with re- English actor, Sothic Period. Ab. 1,500 years, required for the begin- Sothic Year. Egyptian year of 365 days 6 hrs., the be- Soto, BERNARDO, b.1853. Pres. of Costa Rica 1885-90. Soto, MARCO AURELIO, b.1846. Pres. of Honduras 1877-83. Souari Nut. See BUTTERNUT. Soubeyran, JEAN MARIE GEORGES DE, BARON, 1829-1897. Soubise, CHARLES DE ROHAN, PRINCE DE. 1715-1787. Mar- Soublette, CARLOS. 1790-1870. Venezuelan soldier, associated with Bolivar in the war of liberation; Sec. of War 183034 and 1839-42; Pres. 1836-39 and 1843-47; in exile 1848-58. Soudan, or SUDAN. Part of Africa s. of the Sahara and Lower Egypt and n. of the Congo basin, not including Abyssinia. The area is indefinite, but not far from 2.000,000 sq. m. It is drained by the Niger, the tributaries to Lake Tchad and the Nile. The climate is tropical, with a wet and a dry season. Central and w. Soudan are inhabited by native tribes, under their own governments. The e. part was under the control of Egypt till 1884-85, when the Mahdist revolt led to the fall of Khartoum and death of Gordon. Soudanese. People of Central Africa, comprising more or less pure negro tribes in the s. portion, mixed tribes in the central, and foreign elements n., along the Sabara. Berbers have invaded (prehistorically) the w. and central region, other unfixed significa life, and in Gre spirit, thus ind impulses and pa is in part respons Soule, JOSHUA in M. E. Ch. South Soulé, PIERRE leans from 1827; 1853-55; imprison Soule, RICHA Dictionary, 1859. Soulié, MELCH and novelist. Soulouque, freed 1793; insur peror, as Faustin He unsuc exiled. Soult, NICOLAS 1794. Marshal 180 Austerlitz and Je chief 1809-12; in e 1. Ph an elastic mediun ticles. 2. Physiol motion. Sounds n Sound. Sound. Strait sea; especially tha Sounder. Sm which is a soft iron a spring; employe ceiving the signals pass, the armature rent is interrupted clicks which accon in sound and the do readily distinguishe Sounding App for ascertaining t ground. The lead lead has a cavity the ground adhere 7-11 lbs. See BAT ING LINE. Sounding Lin water. The greate of Japan. With a wire, suspending a at the lower end on ble in water, which Soup. Decoctio strongly; strong br Soupé, MARIE J on cholera, which b Sour-Grass. S Sour-Gum. S Sour-Sop. See |