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SHARP'S RIFLE-SHEBEEN

Rifle. One of the earliest breech loaders, used in a war and during the civil war. The breech-block o the trigger guard and when the latter is pushed e block slides vertically downward and opens the the paper cartridge, its end being cut off by the r edge of the block when the guard is pulled s fired by a percussion cap on the nipple of the gas check is an undercut hollow in the front block.

Dod, GEORGE, LL.D., 1810-1883. Pres. Phila. Dis1848-67; law prof. Univ. Pa. 1850-67; Justice Pa. urt 1867: Chief-justice 1878-82. Professional Ethics, res on Common Law, 1856. His edition of Blackis much used.

MT. Extinct volcanic peak in n. Cal. Elevation

s, or SHASTERS. Commentaries on the Vedas, reartaking of their sacredness and authority.

1379

Shear. Tool for shaping plate metal, and cutting off bar-metal by the action of a plane of metal. The shearing edge may be plane or curved, as for ship - plate work; it may be short, when the single driving mechanism used in punches will suffice (see PUNCH), or it may be long, when the holder must be driven at several points by such motions. The punch and shear are often combined in one machine, the driving mechanism as far as the last shaft being in common; the last shaft has the punch at one end and the shear at the other. Shears for angle iron and other special shapes re

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na, ab.1775-1859. Ottawa chief, lieutenant to Te- quire complementary shapes 7-13; opposed to Black Hawk 1832. Grass. See SCOURING-RUSHES.

5. See BEARD.

ALBERT, b.1857. Ed. Minneapolis Tribune 1884-91. 4; Co-operation, 1886; Revenues, 1888; Municipal in Europe, 1895-96.

ALBERT DUANE, b. 1841. U. S. Consul at Toronto dat Manchester 1878-85.

GEORGE, M.D., 1751-1813. Keeper in British Museum Naturalist's Library, 24 vols., 1790-1813; Zoology, 00-19; Lectures, 1809.

HENRY, b. 1800. Anglo-American, founder of the St. nic Garden 1870.

HENRY WHEELER ("JOSH BILLINGS"), 1818-1885. humorist. Works, 1877.

EMUEL, LL.D., 1781-1861. Chief-justice of Mass.

OBERT GOULD, 1837-1863. Col. 54th Mass., a colored tilled at Fort Wagner, S. C.-His father, FRANCIS 09-1882, was active in philanthropy.

THOMAS, b.1843. Prof. of Husbandry in Ontario inn. 1893. Agriculture, 1890; Weeds, 1893.

Article of fine wool, silk, or wool and silk, manuthe fashion of a large handkerchief, used in feThe principal varieties are: those of Cashmere (see GOAT): Crape shawls woven of hard-spun silk yarn or natural condition; Grenadines, made of silk; with the warp printed before weaving; Barege, bric made at Bareges, France; and woolen shawls inds. During the last thirty years the fashion for quite passed away.

es (SHAWANOES). Algonquin tribe of Indians of en before the invading Iroquois ab.1590. Some joined the Creeks (Tecumseh was half Shawnee, some moved w. into Wis.; some joined the Delawere concerned in Penn's treaty. The Western oved e. and were driven into Tenn. by the Iroquois. n Shawnees also emigrated n. and were driven s.w. They sided with the English in the Revolution. imber ab. 1,600, prosperous and civilized, but much ong other tribes.

it. Indian village on site of Boston.

Rebellion. Outbreak in Mass. 1786-87, led by s (1747-1825); occasioned by the hard times after on. An attempt was made to seize the Springfield the militia put down the insurrection. Several of ts were captured and sentenced to death, but aftered.

IN DAWSON GILMARY, LL.D., 1824-1892. American y on R. C. history in the New World. Figure composed of lines or planes all passing same point, its center.

SIR ROGER HALE, 1763-1851. B. in Boston; British 1778; Major-gen. 1811; victorious at Queenstown r of York (Toronto), and Baronet 1813; Lieut.neral 1828.

Stress caused by two parallel forces acting in opions and very near together, as that exerted by a pair of shears. Shearing stresses are of freence in all engineering constructions; the shearof materials is usually much less than the tensile

for the two shear planes. Rotary shears are used for thin metal, like zinc, and consist of two disks with beveled allel planes, and slightly overedges which revolve in par

lap each other. Such shears will cut to varying or compound curved lines, which reciprocating shears will not do even with curved blades, but they are applicable to thin work only. Where curves are to be sheared in heavy work, it has to be done by punching round holes on the perimeter, and cutting out the serrations afterward.

Shearman, THOMAS GASKELL, b. 1824 in England. Legal and political writer in New York. Free Trade, 1881; Single Tax, 1887; Taxation, 1890-91.

Shears. 1. Bed of a machine tool, upon which the tool carriages slide, guided by the beveled edges or by the tracks on it. 2. Plural of shear, for shearing metal by power, and for the ordinary hand-implements. 3. Pair of long spars, framed together by iron bracing so as to resemble a very slender capital A, by which heavy weights of boiler and en

Shears.

gine are put into vessels, and the masts of such vessels are stepped. The upper end of the frame carries a purchase block, and the lower end is pinned to the ground. The spars have a slight slant forward from the bottom, and, by means of the sible. Such temporary frames are used for erecting vertical guy ropes, a slight horizontal adjustment of the load is pospoles or stacks; often called gin poles in this case.

Shearwater. 'See SKIMMER, FULMAR, and RAZOR-BILL. Sheath. In Agrostology, basal portion of the leaf of grasses, which clasps the stem above the node from which the leaf is developed.

Sheathbill. Antarctic Ralline bird, with pigeon-like appearance, white color, and a sheath on the base of the upper mandible. It feeds on sea-weeds, crustaceans, and eggs.

Sheathing. Material used for protecting ships' bottoms from the attacks of the teredo and other marine animals. Lead was first used, then sheet copper, but now sheet yellow metal, composed of copper 60, zinc 40 parts. It also prevents fouling by sea-weeds. See MUNTZ METAL.

Sheba. Kingdom of s. Arabia, whose queen visited Solomon (I. Kings x.).

Shebeen. Houses in Ireland and Coatlans

SHEBOYGAN-SHEEP

Capital of S. co., Wis., on Lake Michigan, akee; incorporated 1853. Its manufactures iture. Pop., 1890, 16,359.

ity of Samaria, in a fruitful valley between erizim; now Nablous. Here Christ met the n (John iv.). In its most flourishing age, it

Nablous-Ancient Shechem.

Nablous nd had a greater population than the present Nabby are various Scriptural localities, including Jaand the holy place of the Samaritans. 000.

nah. Divine Indwelling or Presence in a visible rael, as in the cloud and fire in the wilderness, or ication of Solomon's temple; absent in the second

Wool and mutton, the two products of sheep, have given rise to the types of the different breeds, though there has been an effort, attended with some success, to produce both profitably in one animal. The different breeds are treated under their An adult male is properly a ram, and when respective names. castrated a wether; the female is a ewe. the young a lamb. In England various terms are used to denote various ages and sexes, but they are unknown in the U. S.

I, JOHN LINNAEUS, M.D., 1770-1836. Physician at
nsis, 1806.

, S. C.; writer on medicine and electricity. Flora

1, JOEL HERBERT, b. 1834. Civil and hydraulic engi-
igner of the water-works at Providence, R. I.

, WILLIAM GREENOUGH THAYER, D.D., LL.D., 1820rof. Univ. Vt. 1845-52, Auburn 1852, Andover 1853, and Cheol. Sem., New York, 1863-90. Hist. Christian Doc63; Homiletics and Pastoral Theology, 1867; Dogmatic y, 1889-94.

, SIR MARTIN ARCHER, R.A., 1770-1850. Irish portrait, pres. Royal Academy from 1830; knighted 1830. eahs. See SHIITES.

ep. The Himalaya Mts. appear to be the center from sheep of all species have originally spread. In N. AmerOvis montana, the Big Horn and the Musk-Ox. They to have come from Siberia. A few stragglers occupy the tains of Europe and n. Africa. All the other wild species siatic, and confined to elevated peaks. Both male and

Big Horn (Ovis montana).

CHEVIOT.-Breed of long-wooled English mutton sheep, with

Leicester Ram.

white faces. They come from the border between England and Scotland, and are active, hardy, and vigorous.

COTSWOLD.-Breed of long-wooled, white-faced English mutton sheep, much resembling the Leicesters. The wool grows more on the top of the head, and they are coarser-limbed and In U. S. they are generally preferred to the more robust. Leicester.

DORSET.-English breed of mutton sheep. The wool is medium in length and rather coarse. The face and legs are white, and both males and females have horns. Their bodies are long and well-formed, and they take on flesh readily and rapidly. They are chiefly valued for their prolificacy and heavy milking qualities, usually bearing two and often three lambs at a birth,

and breeding twice a year.

DOWN SHEEP.-Class of English mutton sheep. Several different breeds are recognized, differing in size and intensity of black markings. In general they bear wool of medium length and fineness. They are short-legged and squarely built, and the legs and faces are brown, gray-brown or black. The lambs are often dark-colored at birth. The best-known breeds are the Southdown, Shropshire Down, Hampshire Down and Oxford Down.

The

LEICESTER.-Breed of long-wooled, white-faced English mutTheir characteristics were greatly improved by ton sheep. Robert Bakewell, largely by means of close inbreeding. They are still one of the largest breeds, but somewhat lacking in vigor, though they have been used to improve most of the long-wooled breeds.

female of wild forms have horns, but these are larger in the male. The coat of wild forms has more hair than wool. Big Horn attains a wt. of 350 lbs. They rut in December; the in March. The Maned Sheep of the Atlas Mts. hair pendent from the

boon was

MERINO.-Breed of sheep chiefly valued for wool. They originated in Spain, but have been carefully bred and improved in U. S. nearly 100 years. The wool is very fine and

Merino Sheep (Ovis aries hispanica). in folds about the neck and shoulder, so that the animal has a wrinkled appearance. The rams usually have horns. MERINO-MUTTON.-Branch of the Merino produced by careful abundantly supplied with oily secretions. The skin is thrown 1 in which, while the superior weight and fineness of

the wool have been la
creased in size and the
Several families of this
acter, are known by se
and Delaine Merinos.
U. S. valued at $65,167,
Sheep-Berry. Vi
natural family Caprif
as Sweet Viburnum an
cates a related species,
Sheep Rot. Dister
flukes, Distoma hepatic
lowed with the food.
also promote it. See Dr
Sheepshanks, JOH
collection of the paintin
sented them to the Engl
8. Kensington.

Sheepshead (DIPLO
family Sparida. It has
eral rows of grinders li
to salt water in the Nor
ascend rivers. Oyster an
grounds. It bites off ba
tached to rocks and timb
with strong tackle. It
spawns at the mouths of
in the spring.

Sheep Stealing. F
able with death.

Sheep-Tick. See H Shecraz. See SHIRA Sheerness. Seaport by the Dutch 1657; scene bor and dockyard. Pop..

Sheet. Rope fastened a sail for extending and r Sheet Piling. Plank to form a coffer dam; to re

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SHEEP-BERRY-SHELL GLANDS

have been largely retained, the carcass has been ina size and the folds of the skin have been obliterated. amilies of this breed, differing but slightly in charknown by separate names, as Blacktop. Dickinson, ine Merinos. In 1896 there were 38.298,783 sheep in ued at $65,167,755. See OVIDE and WOOL. -Berry. Viburnum lentago. amily Caprifoliaceae, native of the e. U. S.; known Small tree of the Viburnum and Nanny-berry. The latter also indilated species, V. prunifolium.

Rot. Distemper caused by the presence of liverstoma hepaticum, in the liver. The germs are swalch the food. Humid soil, herbage, and atmosphere ote it. See DISTOMUM.

shanks, JOHN, 1787-1863. Art-patron who made a
of the paintings of modern English artists and pre-
em to the English nation in 1856.
gton.
They are stored at
shead (DIPLODUS). Acanthopterygian fish of the
arida. It has broad cutting teeth in front and sev-
of grinders like the Porgy. It is strictly confined
ter in the North, but in Florida has been known to

ers.

Oyster and clam beds form its favorite feeding It bites off barnacles and young oysters when atrocks and timber. It is a game fish, and is caught g tackle. the mouths of rivers (probably in the South) early It averages 6 or 8 pounds in weight, and

ng.

1381

and in S. C. 1780-82; prominent at King's Mountain Oct. 7,
1780; Gov. of Ky. 1792-96 and 1812-16; in arms with Gen.
Harrison in Canada 1813.
named from him.-His father, EVAN, 1720-1794, pioneer and
A college and nine counties are
Indian fighter, won the battle of Point Pleasant 1774.-His
descendant, JOSEPH ORVILLE, 1831-1897, was a Confederate
general.

Sheldon, EDWARD L., 1849-1892. American writer and financier, in London from 1876. His Pocket Encyclopedia circulated widely.-His wife, MAY FRENCH, m. 1876, is an African traveler.

1884; philological writer.
Sheldon, EDWARD STEVENS, b. 1851. Prof. Harvard since

Sheldon, GILBERT, D.D., 1598-1677. Bp. of London 1660, Abp. of Canterbury 1663; founder of the Sheldonian theater at Oxford 1669.

Sheldon, HENRY CLAY, D.D., b. 1845. Prof. Boston Univ. since 1875. Hist. Doctrine, 1886; Hist. Ch., 5 vols., 1894.

Sheldrake. 1. Tadorna. Large European marine duck, with head and neck green-black, white collar around lower neck, and broad chestnut-brown one at shoulders; primaries of wing green, the middle of under parts black, rest of plusix, of each nest, and after the nest is abandoned remove the mage white. In Jutland the Danes protect this duck, providing holes for it to breed in; they remove the eggs, beyond fine down which lines it. 2. Lophodytes. Hooded or crested merganser of America. It has a black bill, white crest in male, reddish in female, and upper parts black or grayish

Stealing. Felony in Gt. Britain, formerly punish-brown respectively. See ANATINÆ. death.

-Tick, See HIPPOBOSCIDE.

z. See SHIRAZ.

ess. Seaport in Kent, 52 m. e. of London; taken tch 1657; scene of a mutiny 1798; noted for its harckyard. Pop., 1891, 13,841.

Rope fastened to one or both the lower corners of xtending and retaining it in a particular position. Piling. Planks or timbers driven in close contact -offer dam; to retain the sides of a trench in position,

Shell. Hollow projectile with a bursting charge to be ignited by a fuse at or before striking. Shell-proof applies to magazines, covers for men and material, which will prevent shells from penetrating; more particularly applied to spherical shells, now practically obsolete, and specifically called bomb-proof.

Shellac. See LAC.

Sheller, ALEXANDER, b. 1838. Russian novelist, poet, and historian of Communism.

Shelley, HARRY ROWE, b. 1858. American organist, composer of many secular and sacred songs, a cantata, Vexilla regis prodeunt, two symphonies, and many smaller pieces.

Shelley, PERCY BYSSHE, 1792-1822. English poet of delicate genius and lofty purposes, but erratic in opinions and conduct; expelled from Oxford 1811: resident in Italy from 1817; drowned in the Bay of Spezia. His chief works are Queen Mab, 1813; Alastor, 1816; Revolt of Islam, 1818; Frometheus Unbound, 1820;

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Coffer Dam of Wakefield Sheet Piling.

in a filling in of earth, masonry, or other material. are usually tongued and grooved and driven beprincipal piles.

, DANIEL, d. 1830. M.C. from Va. 1809-17; noted for

d. City of w. Yorkshire, on the Don, at the mouth af, Eng.; celebrated for its manufactures of cutlery Its importance is chiefly recent. Pop., 1891,

are.

d, JOHN, DUKE OF BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, 1649-1721.
hree reigns; author of plays and poems.

d, JOSEPH EARLE, 1793-1882.
ific school, named from him 1860.

Benefactor of the

d Scientific School. See YALE UNIVERSITY. -Chief of an Arab tribe; also Mohammedan scholar, ad of an order.

ICHARD LALOR, 1791-1851. Irish M.P. 1829-38; emiorator, and, in early life, as an agitator; author of cessful plays. Sketches of the Irish Bar, 1822, re

Hebrew weight, ab.220 grains; later, ab.150 B.C., in, usual value ab. 50c.; struck also in gold and rne, WILLIAM PETTY FITZ-MAURICE, EARL OF, 1737net Minister 1763, 1766-68, and 1782; Premion 17700 00

Lonede

Percy Bysshe Shelley.

The Cenci, 1820: Adonais, on Keats, and Hellas. Some of his
The history of his first marriage with Harriet Westbrook (1795-
lyrics, as The Cloud and To a Skylark, are of exceeding beauty.
1816), 1811, deserted 1814, is a lamentable tragedy.-His second
famous Frankenstein, 1818, and other nowola
wife, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (GODWIN), 1797-1851, wrote the

SHELL-HEAPS-SHERIF

Heaps of shells occupying an area of 10 to to 100 ft. deep are found on the Atlantic n hemisphere, and are the deposits of the Dorigines; the KITCHEN-MIDDENS (q.v.) of -ples. Upon decomposition they yield a The shells are also calcined very fertile.

zer.

Made by calcining oyster shells; used like making mortar and purifying illuminating See SAND PUMP.

Sand consisting of shell fragments and conanic matter, found on the British coast. It re, for soils deficient in lime and on reclaimed me neutralizing the organic acids in the peat at food.

Hot dry wind in s. Arabia, not essentially differ

оссо.

ers.

ELRU. Secret jargon spoken by Irish beggars, ny cover to protect troops while in active serIso, irregularities of the ground by which troops rom the direct fire of the enemy.

Thermometer. One inclosed in any sort of rotects it from the direct radiation of sun, sky, et allows free access of air or wind and the atection of heat.

sland.

Summer resort w. of Gardiner's Bay, d, 14 m. long by 4 m. wide. Pop., 1890, 920. FREDERICK WILLIAM, 1814-1881. American author sketches.

Eldest of the three sons of Noah, and ancestor of and their related tribes.

Hoah. River of Va., w. of Blue Ridge, flowing Potomac at Harper's Ferry. Length 170 m. much fought over 1862-64.

Its

doah. Borough of Schuylkill co., Pa., in one of eite coal fields. Pop., 1890, 15,944.

doah. Confederate cruiser, which sailed from the Sea King, Oct. 8, 1864, destroyed a number of hant ships, and did much damage to the whaling Bering Sea; a total of 38 ships were captured.

in, AFANASY, b. 1820. Russian poet and translator. one, WILLIAM, 1714-1763. English descriptive poet. lmistress, 1742.

- Place of departed spirits, alike good and bad. See

ard, CHARLES UPHAM, M.D., LL.D., 1804-1886. Asgeological survey of Conn. 1835; Prof. of Chemistry erst 1845-52, and in S.C. Medical Coll. 1854-61; student y of meteorites; discoverer of phosphatic deposits in ineralogy, 1832-55.-His son and namesake, b. 1842, was f. at Charleston 1867-83, and continued his work. pard, ELLIOT FITCH, 1833-1893. Ed. New York Mail press from 1888.

pard, THOMAS, 1605-1649. Pastor at Cambridge, Mass., 336. His writings were collected 1853.

pardson College. See DENISON UNIVERSITY. pherd Dog. Dark-colored, shaggy dog ab. 15 in. high, semi-erect ears, and recurved bushy tail. It is very intel

to sheep without the aid of man. They have a good deal of the wolf nature, and will kill sheep in a stranger's flock.

Shepherd Kings, or HYKSOS. From the East, according to Manetho; conquered Egypt without a battle, destroyed the temples, enslaved the people, and ruled 511 years. Eusebius assigns to them one dynasty and 103 years. R. S. Poole says dynasties XV. and XVI. were probably theirs. Rawlinson thinks they were Hittites. The last of them was Apepi or rule began, some say, 2200, some 1720 B.C. Apophis, under whom Joseph may have ruled Egypt. Their

Shepherd of Hermas. See HERMAS.

Shepherd's-Purse. Bursa-bursa pastoris. Weed of the natural family Cruciferæ, bearing white flowers and triangular Shepley, ETHER, LL.D., 1789-1877. U. S. Senator 1833-36; pods; native of Europe, but now found almost everywhere. Judge Me. Supreme Court 1836; Chief-justice 1848-55.-His son, GEORGE FOSTER, LL.D., 1819-1878, was U. S. Dist.-atty. for Me. 1853-61; Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1862: military gov. of New Orleans 1862, La. 1862-64, and Richmond 1865; Judge Me. Sheppard, ELIZABETH ("E. BERGER"), 1830-1862. English Supreme Court 1865, and U. S. circuit judge from 1869. English robber and jailnovelist. Charles Auchester, 1853; Counterparts, 1854. Sheppard, JACK, 1702-1724. breaker, hero of many legends; celebrated by H. Ainsworth

1839.

At the mouth of the Medway, Kent; Sheppey, ISLE OF. noted for its fossils and the gradual encroachment of the sea. Extent 9 m. by 4 m.

Sherbet. Sweetened fruit juices, diluted with water and cooled or frozen; in the latter case called Ices.

Sherbrooke, ROBERT LOWE, VISCOUNT, LL.D., D.C.L., 1811-1892. M.P. 1852; Chancellor of the Exchequer 1868-73; Home Sec. 1873-74; Viscount 1880.

Sheridan, PHILIP HENRY, U.S.A., 1831-1888. Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1862, Major-gen. 1863; serving in the West till 1864; distinguished at Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, and Missionary Ridge, Tenn.; commander of cavalry in Va. 1864, and next of the Army of the Shenandoah, with which he thrice

In Chief ex

Sheriff.
peace of a county.
and often possesses ju
judge in Scotland; in
lar suffrage, and rarely
Sheriffmuir. Ne
an indecisive engagem
troops under the Duke
der the Earl of Mar.

Sherlock, WILLIA
London, 1691; prolific w
1689, was niuch admin
Bp. of Bangor 1728. of
clined the primacy 17
controversialist. Prop
Resurrection of Jesus,
Sherman, FRANK
Madrigals. 1887; Lyrics
Sherman, JOHN, b.1
Ohio 1855-61; U. S. Se
1885-87; Sec. Treasury
1879; Recollections of F

Sherman, ROGER, 1
1766-89: assistant 1766-
Declaration of Indepen
that document, of the
the Constitution, 1787;
Senator from 1791.

Sherman, THOMAS
U. S. Vols. 1861, servin
U.S.A. 1870.

Sherman, WILLIAM
gen. U. S. Vols. 1861; M
Shiloh, Tenn.; prominer
tanooga; commander of

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General Sheridan.

defeated Gen. Early, turning the rout at Winchester, Oct. 19, into victory; Brig.-gen. U.S.A. Sept. 20. Major-gen. Nov. 8; prominent in the last actions of the war, Feb.-April 1865, especially at Five Forks; Lieut.-gen. 1869; Commander U.S.A. 1883; General 1888.

Sheridan, RICHARD BRINSLEY BUTLER, 1751-1816. Irish dramatist, orator, and wit. M.P. 1780-1812; owner of half Drury Lane Theater, London, from 1776, and later of the whole. His chief plays, The Rivals, 1775, School for Scandal, 1777, and The Critic, 1779, are notable for brilliant dialogue and characterization, but loose in plot. His habits were easy, and his later life was clouded by debts and poverty. Speeches, 5 vols., 1816. His grandfather, THOMAS, D.D., 1684-1738, was a friend of Swift; his father, THOMAS, 1721-1788, actor and elocutionist, pub. a Life of Swift and an English Dictionary, 1780; his mother, FRANCES (CHAMBERLAINE), 1724-1766, wrote several novels and plays.

The

Sherif, or SHEREEF. Descendant of Fatima, Mohammed's daughter.

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none

up to 18 grs. of suga grs. per oz. of tartaric ac by the addition of brandy. 2,135,969 gals. being sent t

SHERIFF-SHIMEALL

if. Chief executive officer and conservator of the a county. In Gt. Britain he is appointed by the Crown, en possesses judicial functions, being the chief county - Scotland; in the U. S. he is generally elected by popuage, and rarely has judicial powers.

iffmuir. Near Dumblane, Perthshire, Scot.; scene of isive engagement, Nov. 13, 1715, between the royalist ander the Duke of Argyll and 8,400 Scottish rebels unEarl of Mar.

lock, WILLIAM, D.D., 1641-1707. Dean of St. Paul's, 1691; prolific writer. His Discourse concerning Death, s much admired.-His son. THOMAS. D.D., 1678-1761, angor 1728, of Salisbury 1734, and of London 1748, dehe primacy 1747, and was an eminent preacher and ersialist. Prophecy, 1725; Trial of the Witnesses of the -tion of Jesus, 1729.

nan, FRANK DEMPSTER, b. 1860. ls, 1887; Lyrics, 1890.

American poet.

man, JOHN, b.1823. Brother of the general; M.C. from 5-61; U. S. Senator 1861-77 and 1881-97; pres. Senate Sec. Treasury 1877-81; Sec. of State 1897. Speeches, collections of Forty Years, 1895.

man, ROGER, 1721-1793. Judge Conn. Superior Court assistant 1766-85; in Congress 1774-91; signer of the ion of Independence; one of the (official) framers of ument, of the Articles of Confederation, 1777, and of titution, 1787; Mayor of New Haven from 1784; U. S. rom 1791.

nan, THOMAS WEST, U.S.A., 1813-1879. Brig.-gen. s. 1861, serving in S. C., Tenn., and La.; Major-gen. 370.

nan, WILLIAM TECUMSEH, U.S.A., 1820-1891. Brig.. Vols. 1861; Major-gen. May 1862, after the battle of enn.; prominent under Grant at Vicksburg and Chatcommander of the Southwest 1864; famous for his

General Sherman.

-ough Ga. and to the sea; captor of Atlanta Sept. 1, of Savannah Dec. 21; Major-gen. 1864, Lieut.-gen. eral 1869; in Europe 1872; retired 1874. Memoirs,

. Wine grown in Spain in the neighborhood of is originally white, made from white grapes, Pedro Ximenes. It becomes dark with age or by On of arrope, made by boiling down grape juice. The main on the vines until they begin to dry, then are with gypsum, pressed, and the juice left in the ferubs till March. For Amontillado wines the grapes -ed three weeks earlier, therefore the wine is drier. wines have more flavor and are used in the soleras ks. Manzanilla wines are so called from the resemheir flavor to chamomile; they are generally lighter erries have from 15 to 25 per cent of alcohol, from 18 grs. of sugar per oz., and acidity equal to 3.5 to oz. of tartaric acid. For export it is un

litio

1383

English

Sherwood, MARY MARTHA (BUTT), 1775-1851. author, mainly of religious tales for the young. Lady of the Manor.

Sherwood, SIDNEY, b. 1860. Prof. of Political Economy at
Johns Hopkins Univ. 1892.

hunting-ground; scene of Robin Hood's legendary deeds. Ex-
Sherwood Forest. In w. Nottinghamshire; once a royal
tent 8 m.
by 25 m.

Shetland. See HORSE.

Shetland Islands. N.e. of Scotland; over 100, 23 inhabited; originally occupied by Picts; visited by Christian missionaries ab.800; rendezvous for northern vikings. They were under the rule of Norway in 876; and were annexed to Scotland 1471, and again in 1615. The Norse language had not died out ab.1775. Area 551 sq. m.; pop., 1891, 28,711. quite See ORKNEY ISLANDS.

Shevchenko, TARAS GRIGOROVICH, 1814-1861.
lyric and epic poet, in youth a serf, and under government
Russian
censure 1847-57.

weekly in the Jewish tabernacle and temple.
Shewbread. Twelve unleavened cakes, renewed daily or

Shibboleth. Watch word or test of a party; first used by the Gileadites after routing the Ephraimites, who, being unable to pronounce the sh, were slain.

Shield. Piece of defensive armor, held on the left arm, from earliest times till firearms came into use, to protect the body in war; of various materials and sizes; still used by savages, and in heraldry.-Also steel plates to protect men serving machine-guns from small-arm projectiles; and rope mantlets, metal plates and similar devices to cover the embrasure throat in siege batteries.

Shield, WILLIAM, 1748-1829. English composer of songs, anthems, and operas.

Shield-Fern. Ferns of the genus Dryopteris (Aspidium), growing in nearly all parts of the world; distinguished by the shield-shaped indusia which cover the sporangia when young; known also as Wood-fern.

Shields, CHARLES WOODRUFF, D.D., LL.D., b.1825. Prof. Princeton since 1865; writer on liturgics, 1864, and Ch. unity, 1891-94. Philosophia Ultima, 1877-89; United Ch. of the U. S., 1896. His father, PATRICK HENRY, 1773-1848, was a pioneer and judge in Indiana.

Shields, JAMES, 1810-1879. B. in Ireland; Judge Ill. Supreme Court 1843; Brig.-gen. 1846-48, in war with Mexico; U.S. Senator from Ill. 1849-55, and from Minn. 1858-59; Brig.gen. U. S. Vols. 1861-63, serving in Va.

Shields, NORTH. Town of Northumberland, on the Tyne, hear its mouth; old, but of recent commercial importance; part of TYNEMOUTH (q.v.).

Shields, SOUTH. Seaport of Durham, dating from Roman times; on s. bank of the Tyne, opposite N. Shields. It has a pier a mile long, and large shipping interests. Pop., 1891, 78,431.

Shiites, or SHEAHS. Adherents of the great Mohammedan heresy, principally represented by Persia, which maintains Ali, Mohammed's cousin and son-in-law, to have been his true successor, rejecting the three intermediate caliphs. See Mo

[graphic]

HAMMEDANISM.

American

Shillaber, BENJAMIN PENHALLOW, 1814-1890.
humorist. Life and Sayings of Mrs. Partington, 1854.
Shillelagh. Irish cudgel, named from a forest in s.w.
Wicklow.

Shilleto, RICHARD, 1810-1876. English editor of Thucyd-
ides and Demosthenes.

Shilling. English silver coin, since 1504 pound or 12 pence; equal to 24.3 cents U. S.

Shiloh. Ancient city of Ephraim and sanctuary of Israel; site of the tabernacle and ark ab.1444-1116 B.C.; 20 m. n. of Jerusalem; ruined before 600 B.C.

Shiloh, BATTLE OF. In Hardin co., Tenn., near Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee, April 6-7, 1862. Gen. Grant, with ab. 33,000 men, was attacked and driven back by over 40,000 being heavily re-enforced, was victorious, with a loss of 1,754 Confederates under Gen. A. S. Johnston, who was killed and succeeded by Gen. Beauregard. On the 7th the Union army, killed and ab. 13,000 in all. The Southern losses were nearly equal.

Shim. Thin block of wood placed upon a cross tie under a railroad rail, to keep it in line and grade temporarily, Shim are mostly used in the wint

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