S.

SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS-SEWAGE

ut the stinging powers or habits of cicadas scientists. They certainly do not sting

la (c) and pupa (a, b); d, position of eggs (e); f larva. The ovipositor is a sort of pointed saw, by na double row of punctures is made in twigs ggs. See HOMOPTERA.

ay Adventists. See ADVENTISTS.

ay Baptists. Denomination founded in EngAmerica 1665-71; called Sabbatarians till 1818. 5, ab. 90 congregations, 8,531 members, a college house at Alfred Center, N. Y., and colleges at and Salem, W. Va.-A German sect of this name 1728 at Ephrata, Pa., by C. BEISSEL (q.v.). A at still exists.

. See ALL FOURS.

Son. In popular superstition, probably derived
The
Still greater powers are
t, thought to possess peculiar powers of divining
nd revealing past events.
the seventh son of a seventh son, and so on.
che notion is constantly illustrated by advertise-
crologers and other charlatans.

Wise Masters. Oriental tales of 10th century or
ting in various forms in Arabic, Hebrew, Persian,
anguages of Europe. The chief is that of Sindbad.
Wise Men. Traditional sages of ancient Greece;
Miletus, Solon of Athens, Chilon of Sparta, Pittacus
e, Bias of Priene, Cleobulus of Lindus, and Periander
Their chief maxims respectively were: Suretyship
ursor of ruin; Know thyself; Consider the end; Know
unity; Most men are bad; Avoid excess; Nothing is
to industry.

Wonders of the World. In Antiquity, PyraEgypt, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Mausoleum at assus, Temple of Diana at Ephesus, Colossus of Statue of Zeus by Phidias, and Pharos of Alexandria. e variously given. In the Middle Ages, the Colosseum Catacombs of Alexandria, Great Wall of China, StoneLeaning Tower of Pisa, Porcelain Tower of Nankin, and of St. Sophia at Constantinople.

ans.

n Years' War. 1756-63; third and final contest for between Maria Theresa of Austria, in alliance with Poland, Saxony, France, and, from 1757, Sweden, and ck the Great, assisted by England. The first campaign, ck having anticipated his enemies and marched on n, ended with the surrender of the Saxons. The camof 1757 and 1758 ended with a slight advantage to the See battles of PRAGUE, KOLIN, ROSSBACH, LEUTHEN, JAGERNDORF, ZORNDORF, HOCHKIRCH. In the campaign Frederick suffered many reverses and the severe defeat nersdorf: the treasury was exhausted. See battles of EN, MINDEN, and KUNERSDORF. In 1760 Frederick, with my reduced, gained the victory of Liegnitz, and drove Russians and Bohemians across the frontier; but Oct. 3 Russians and Austrians took and plundered Berlin; the es came down from the North, and Loudon from the h; Frederick turned upon and routed Daun, and drove out rest; the French were defeated at Einsdorf and Marbourg. campaign of 1761 opened well for Frederick on the Rhine; the Russians and Austrians effected a junction in Silesia. erses in Pomerania and Silesia and the failure of subsidies n Britain made Frederick's prospects almost hopeless, when The campaign of 1762 was death of the Czarina converted Russia into an ally, and oden retired from the contest. for Frederick; France gave up the contest, the peace of HubertsThe

Severinus. Pope May 28-Aug. 1, 640. He condemned the Monothelites.

Severinus, ST., d.482. Patron of Austria and Bavaria; missionary in Pannonia and Noricum.

Severn.

1. River of England, rising in Wales and flowing e., s., and s. w. into Bristol Channel. Length 210 m.; mainly navigable. 2. River rising in n. Manitoba, and flowing n. and n.e. to Hudson's Bay. Length ab. 350 m.

Severn, JOSEPH, 1796-1879. English artist, friend of John Keats; Consul at Rome 1861-72.

Severus, FLAVIUS VALERIUS, d.307. Cæsar 306.

Severus, MARCUS AURELIUS ALEXANDER. See ALEXANDER SEVERUS.

PIVS

Severus, LUCIUS SEPTIMIUS, 146-211. Emperor 193; commander of an army in Pannonia when proclaimed. He defeated his rivals, Pescennius Niger, at Issus 194, and Albinus at Lyons 197; fought the Parthians 197-198; reformed the prætorians, deprived the Senate of power, and went to Britain 208, where he built the famous wall (see WALL OF HADRIAN) and died at York.

bust of Severus.

Pioneer and In- Laurel-crowned Sevier, JOHN, 1745-1815. services during the Revolution and later; chief founder and dian fighter, eminent for military and civil organizer, with James Robertson, of Tenn.; Gov. of the State of Franklin 1785, and of Tenn. 1796-1801 and 1803-9; Brig.-gen. 1786; M.C. 1811-15. His is the greatest name in the early hiswas M.C. from Ark. 1827-36, and U. S. Senator from 1836. tory of that region.-His nephew, AMBROSE HUNDLEY, 1801-1848,

Sevier Lake. In w. Utah; salt; fed by S. River, and without outlet. Area

ab. 200 sq. m.

Sévigné, MARIE RABUTIN CHAN(DE TAL), MARQUISE, 16261696. French writer, famous for her Letters to her daughter, pub. 1726 and later.

Ancient

Seville. the Guadalquivir; important since Roman city of s. Spain, on times; held by Moors 712-1248. It has a celebrated cathedral and some manufactures. Pop. ab.150,000.

Door of Cathedral at Seville.

same as that of the wa
be regarded as water i
pension and in solution
city by sewer pipes an
bor. Sometimes it is c
precipitated, the precip
while the liquid efflue
run into a stream with
arising in sewers from
source of danger if allo
paratively harmless if a
thorough dilution with

Sewall, SAMUEL, 16
Chief-justice of Mass. 1
pub. 1878.-His grandn
was Atty.-gen. of Mass.
Brunswick from 1788.-
Harvard 1764-85, pub. a
Seward, ANNA, 1747
1811-13.

Seward, WILLIAM I
Y. 1837-43; U. S. Senat
leader; prominent candi
Sec. of State 1861-69; wo
statesman of earnest con
5 vols., 1853-84.-His cou
musician, writer, and c
system 1877.-A cousin.
Consul at Shanghai 1861-

Sewell, ELIZABETH M
novels, histories, and dev
Sewell, JONATHAN, LI
Canada 1808-38.

Sewell, WILLIAM, 165
1717-22: resident in Holla
Sewer. Large pipe o
sewage away from a town
Romans; some of these a
built in London until ab.
surplus surface water.
discharge sewage into the
into cesspools; after 1815
into sewers, and in 1847 i
small size are made circul
of circular, oval or sh
quired by the nature of th
of flow in a sewer is usu
and it should be more tha
Sewers are frequently des
the streets as well as the
System. See CLOACA MAX
Sewerage. Plant wi
town, consisting of the n
manholes, basins, tanks, a
tems may be classed under
under gravity, and remova
exhaustion. Water carria
combined and the separate
In the combined system
sewage, but also the storm
provided at the street corn
collect the sand or gravel.
tervals on the sewer line to
sewers are only partially fill
ditions, while during a stor
fushed. In a seacoast city
where the sewage accumula
with automatic gates, which
cities usually have the comb
In the separate system th
ge, while the rain water is
the streets or by another sy
are hence much smaller tha
order to flush them water is
from automatic tanks. This
and towns, particularly whe
storm water can be led aw
Mannoles are built on the
are sometimes put intermedi
can be detected and removed
The pneumatic systems of
and plenum methods. The
in Holland and in France to a
geia street basins; these are

the air is exhausted by pump
intervals the matter in the ba
the pipes and carried+

at of the water supplied to the town. Sewage may I as water holding many foul materials both in susd in solution. It is carried away from the town or er pipes and usually emptied into a stream or hartimes it is collected in tanks, where it is chemically d, the precipitated sludge being used as a fertilizer, Liquid effluent is so pure that it may be allowed to stream without danger of pollution. The foul gases sewers from the decomposition of sewage are a anger if allowed to enter the houses, but are commarmless if allowed to escape into the streets, where ilution with air occurs. See SEWERAGE and SEWER. , SAMUEL, 1662-1730. Judge at Boston 1692-1718; ce of Mass. 1718-28; noted for his Diary, 1673-1729, -His grandnephew, JONATHAN, 1728-1796, Loyalist, gen. of Mass, 1767, and Judge of Admiralty in New from 1788.-A cousin, STEPHEN, 1734-1804, prof. 64-85, pub. a Hebrew Grammar 1763.

1, ANNA, 1747–1809. English poet. Letters, 6 vols.,

1, WILLIAM HENRY, LL.D., 1801-1872. Gov. of N. U. S. Senator 1849; anti-slavery and Republican minent candidate for presidential nomination 1860; te 1861-69; wounded by an assassin April 14, 1865; a of earnest convictions and moderate temper. Works, 3-84.-His cousin, THEODORE FRELINGHAUSEN, b. 1835, writer, and compiler, introduced the Tonic sol fa 7.-A cousin, GEORGE FREDERICK, b. 1840, was U. S. Shanghai 1861-76, and Minister to China 1876-80.

, ELIZABETH MISSING, 1815-1884. English writer of tories, and devotional books. Amy Herbert, 1844. , JONATHAN, LL.D., 1766-1839. Chief-justice of Lower 08-38.

Large pipe or brick tunnel constructed to carry ay from a town. The first sewers built were by the Some of these are still in service. Sewers were not ndon until ab. 1670; these were drains for removing rface water. Till 1815 it was forbidden by law to sewage into them, this being required to be conveyed ols; after 1815 it was permitted to drain the houses 3, and in 1847 it was made compulsory. Sewers of are made circular in section, those of large size are , oval or shape in cross-section, as may be rehe nature of the soil and foundation. The velocity a sewer is usually limited to 5 or 6 ft. per second, ld be more than 2 ft. per second to prevent deposit. frequently designed to carry the storm water of as well as the house sewage; this is the combined ee CLOACA MAXIMA.

ge. Plant whereby sewage is conveyed out of a isting of the main and lateral sewers, with their basins, tanks, and other appurtenances. All sysbe classed under two principles; removal by water ity, and removal by the use of air compression or Water carriage systems are of two kinds, the nd the separate.

mbined system the sewers carry not only the house t also the storm water of the streets. Basins are the street corners to receive the storm water and sand or gravel. Manholes are built at frequent inhe sewer line to allow deposits to be removed. The only partially filled with sewage under ordinary conle during a storm they are fully filled and thorougly a seacoast city collecting tanks are sometimes built ewage accumulates at high tide; these are provided atic gates, which open as the tide goes out. Large ly have the combined system.

parate system the sewers carry only the house sewhe rain water is conveyed away on the surface of or by another system of drains. The sewer pipes uch smaller than in the combined system, and in sh them water is discharged into them at intervals atic tanks. This system is adapted to small cities particularly where the surface is hilly, so that the r can be led away without underground drains. re built on the main sewer lines, and lamp holes les put intermediate to them, so that obstructions cted and removed.

natic systems of sewerage are of two kinds, vacuum methods. The Liernur and Berlier systems, used and in France to a limited extent, collect the sew

1375

away by gravity or by pumping. The Shone system, used in England and in a few American cities, collects the sewage in basins, from which it is forced to a central station by compressed air. The Shone system was used at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago with very satisfactory results; its cost, however, is greater than that of the combined or separate system. From Berlin the sewage is conducted to sewage-farms and the resulting crops partially repay the expense. This plan is also used to some extent in Paris.

Sewing Machine. Invented by Elias Howe 1845. A machine for sewing was first patented in England 1755. Sewing machines have sometimes been classified into two groups, the single thread and the double thread: sometimes into four classes, those which send the needle completely through the cloth as in hand sewing those which hook the thread into a

Elias Howe's Original Sewing Machine. Invented 1845,
patented 1846.

chain-stitch by a sort of crochet needle, those which form a loop by a second thread carried across the first by a shuttle, and those making the lock stitch, the same on both sides. The last is the best. Sewing machines have arrived at that state of perfection that they can do almost every kind of work that can be done with the needle.

Sex. Philosophers have believed that in the universe are two distinct principles, male and female, the co-operation of which was essential to creation of new forms. It was said, "the soul comes from the father, the body from the mother, in the creation of an individual." But modern biology has shown that, taking the living world as a whole, most reproduction takes place non-sexually; and also that when in sexual reproduction the egg is fecundated by a sperm, the essential phenomenon is the union of idioplasm derived from the father with a similar amount of idioplasm derived from the mother. This idioplasm is itself not sexed, but simply capable of assimilation and production of protoplasm of certain characteristics, including those of both sexes, on both the father's and the mother's side. Sexual differentiation is determined by external conditions, and is a special dimorphic case of polymorphic differentiation. Thus among bees, different treatments cause the eggs to develop into females, neuters, or drones, as the case may be. The object of sex is to produce offspring constrains, in order to cause variation, and thus progress. taining protoplasm united from two different sources or form special parts in the work. effect this the two sexes are more or less differentiated to per

Το

Sexagenary. By sixties; applied to the division of the circle into six equal parts (sextants), of which the subdivisions have a scale of sixty.

Sexagesima. 2d Sunday before Lent.

Sexagesimal Arithmetic. See LOGISTIC.
Sexivalent. Elements having a valence of VI.

Sextans. Constellation lying across the celestial equator

s. of Leo. Mean right ascension 10h., declination 0. Sextant. See QUADRANT.

Sextic. Quantic of 6th degree.

Sexton. Subordinate officer of the church, whose duty it is to take care of the sacred vessels and vestments, to keep the church clean, etc. Also called a sacristan.

1

ration. Stage of certain plants in which
s are borne and fecundation accomplished,
se plants another state or Asexual Genera-
re absent. The term is of especial applica-
hyta and Pteridophyta.

roduction. Production of offspring from The eggs are cells more or less loaded with e early nourishing of the embryo; the fertilizhe sperm, a cell consisting of a head of nearly or idioplasm, and a propelling flagellum or on consists in the union of the chromatin of s with that brought by the sperm, to form a hose subsequent divisions produce all the cells ng body. Much speculation has been given to ason for this union, as many organisms hold he much more efficient asexual reproduction. upposed to confer variability, and thus give a ural selection to secure adaptability to a changent. It has also been supposed to be a rejuvenesand females are organisms specialized to proSee t of cell, but in many cases both ova and spermis by each organism, though self-fertilization rarely This in fact would defeat the object of sex. ULES. GEMMULES, HEREDITY, and VARIATION. election. Selection that arises during matinganimals, by which the strongest and best adapted e the females and so transmit these characters to most efficient form of natural selection.

, ADAM, M.D., 1773-1825. M.C. from Pa. 1809-15 9; naturalist. Statistical Annals of U.S., 1818.ENRY, 1802-1883, was a mineralogist.

lles. Group of 30 islets in the Indian Ocean, 600 Madagascar; colonized from France 1742; held by n since 1794. It is a dependency of Mauritius. Mahé

also square or Largest shafts engine crank to Propeller shafts lengths to coupl length nearest th thrust bearing, an of the newest mod center likely to oc iron or of steel. ( solid or are built up upon the pins and s power in shops is (see COLD-ROLLED) of tubes for lightness w ing is supported upo HANGERS and PULLEY shafting, being expose weight of pulleys and than if under torsion a very large one. Shaftesbury, ANT 1683. M.P. 1640 and 16 chequer 1661; Earl 1672; active in opposition: imp brilliant and energetic, b Dryden as Achitophel.1671-1713. M.P. 1695-98 freethinking or "Deist" moral sense. His works w

3 vols., 1711-14.-7TH EA
1851; chairman of the Lu
philanthropy; prominent
Shagreen. Leather
fish, and used for coverin
for shoes, binding of MSS
Shah. Sovereign of H
Shahjahanpur. Ci
Ganges; founded 1647. F

Shah Jehan, d.1666.
queror of neighboring kin
court, and built many not
Shah-Nameh. Persi
Shairp, JOHN CAMPBEL
and port: prof. St. Andre
from 1877. Culture and
of Nature, 1877; Aspects o
Shakers. Communit
riage, private property, w
by Ann Lee 1776: nicknan
vices. Their chief seats a
N. Y. They have fifteen
Shakespeare, WILLI

William Shakespea

tists, and most consummat

glish writers; born at Stra

re or polygonal: modern shafts are always round. hafts are those for marine practice either from ank to propeller wheel or to side paddle-wheel. shafts are forged with flanges on each end of the o couple them together by means of bolts. The arest the wheel has the rings made upon it for the aring, and ends in the taper fit for the wheel. Some vest modern ones are hollow, to avoid the defective ely to occur in large forgings. They are made of steel. Crank-shafts for engines are either forged -e built up by shrinking and keying the crank arms pins and shaft. Smaller shafting for transmission of shops is made either of turned or cold-rolled bars -ROLLED) of solid iron or steel, and recently of hollow lightness with equal torsional stiffness. Such shaftpported upon bangers, and carries the pulleys (see and PULLEY) necessary for the tools in use. Such being exposed both to twisting and bending from the pulleys and strain of belts, will need to be stronger der torsion only. A solid shaft 22 in. in diameter is ge one.

esbury, ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, 1ST EARL, 1621P. 1640 and 1653; Baron and Chancellor of the Ex661; Earl 1672; Lord Chancellor 1672-73; thenceforth Opposition: imprisoned 1677-78 and 1681; in exile 1682; nd energetic, but selfish and changeable; satirized by s Achitophel.-His grandson and namesake, 3D EARL,

M.P. 1695-98, Earl 1699; philosophic writer of the ing or "Deist" school, advocating the doctrine of a se. His works were mostly collected in Characteristics, 11-14.-7TH EARL, D.C.L., 1801-1885. M.P. 1826, Earl irman of the Lunacy Commission from 1828; active in -opy; prominent in the extreme Evangelical school. -een.

Leather made from skins of sharks and other used for covering boxes, etc. In Asia it is employed binding of MSS., and other purposes.

Sovereign of Persia. See NASR-ED-DIN. ahanpur. City of n. India, on a branch of the ounded 1647. Pop., 1891, 78,522.

Jehan, d. 1666. Mogul emperor of Delhi 1627; conneighboring kingdoms; able ruler, who had a splendid 1 built many notable edifices.

Nameh. Persian national epic. See FIRDAUSI. », JOHN CAMPBELL, 1819-1885. Scottish essayist, critic, prof. St. Andrews 1861, principal 1868; prof. Oxford Culture and Religion. 1870; Poetic Interpretation , 1877; Aspects of Poetry, 1881; Burns, 1884. rs. Community of English origin, rejecting marvate property, war, and oaths; organized in America ee 1776: nicknamed from the "dancing" at their sereir chief seats are at New Lebanon and Watervliet, ey have fifteen societies and ab. 1,728 members. speare, WILLIAM, 1564-1616. Greatest of drama

1377

Hathaway 1582; in London as actor and manager from ab. 1586 till ab.1611, when he retired to New Place in his native town. The records of his life are scanty, and in part (as the tale of deer-stealing) legendary and dubious. His magnificent Sonnets, pub. 1609. dedicated and mainly addressed to "Mr. W. H." (probably Wm. Herbert, later Earl of Pembroke), are intensely individual, and show that, while his conduct was not always exemplary, his soul was worthy of his genius. His early poems, Venus and Adonis and Lucrece, are less important. These are supposed to date from 1590-94; most of the sonnets are not much later. The plays, classified as tragedies, comedies, and histories, were not collected till 1623; 20 (out of 37 usually credited to him) were printed in his lifetime. Their respective dates are matters of controversy. Prof. Dowden places them under four periods, thus: - I., 1590-95. Titus Andronicus (if his at all), 1 Henry VI., Love's Labor's Lost, Comedy of Errors, Two Gentlemen of Verona, Midsummer Night's Dream, 2 and 3 Henry VI., Richard III., Romeo and Juliet, Richard II., King John, Merchant of Venice.-II., 15951601. 1 and 2 Henry IV.. Henry V., Taming of the Shrew, Merry Wives of Windsor, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, All's Well that Ends Well, Measure for Measure, Troilus and Cressida.-III., 1601-8. Julius Caesar, Hamlet, Othello, Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Coriolanus, Timon.-IV., 1608-11. Pericles, Cymbeline, Tempest, Winter's Tale. Henry VIII. is Shakespeare's only in part. Other plays are doubtfully ascribed to him.

Shaking Table. Form of ore-dressing apparatus in which the pulp flows slowly over a plane surface, to which a shaking motion is imparted to facilitate the sorting of the material.

Shale. Clay more or less hardened, easily splitting into somewhat even flakes of stratification.

Shale, ALUM. Formed of coal, clay, and iron pyrites; occurring in nature in large quantities. Treated with sulphuric acid, it yields alum.

Shaler, ALEXANDER, b. 1827. Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1863-65; engineer.

Shaler, NATHANIEL SOUTHGATE, b.1841. Assistant in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 1865; Prof. of Paleontology at Harvard 1868; director of Ky. Geological Survey 1873-80; geologist to U. S. survey, Atlantic division, from 1884; Prof. of Geology at Harvard 1887; author of geological reports and popular scientific works.

Shallon. Gaultheria shallon. Evergreen shrub of the natural family Ericaceae, native of n.w. N. America. Its fruit is used as food by Indians.

Shalloon. Worsted cloth made at Chalons-sur-Marne,

France.

Shallot. Allium asalonicum. Biennial, bulbous herb of the Onion family, native of Palestine; cultivated and used as food by eastern nations.

Shalmaneser. King of Assyria 727-722 B.C.; conqueror of Israel; deposed and succeeded by Sargon.

Shamanism. Primitive type of religion still generally existing among Ural-Altaic peoples; also, with the Eskimo and many aboriginal American tribes. The Shaman, or wizard priest, is believed to have the power of controlling the spirits and various powers to which all the occurrences of life are supposed to be due. By the aid of magic he exorcises demons, procures oracles, and harmonizes the relations of the spiritual with the living world. His practices frequently rest upon an elaborate cosmogony.

Shame. Disagreeable feeling accompanying the consciousness of action contrary to the standard of conduct or morality held by the agent. The ordinary feeling which accompanies a violation of decency is a product of social life and cannot be considered as innate.

Shammai, 1st cent. Jewish Pharisee of high degree, whose severity was op

posed to Hillel's gentle

ness. The schools founded by these two doctors lasted 200 yrs. or more.

Shamo. See GOBI. Shamokin. Borough of Northumberland co., Pa.. 19 m. e. of the Susquehanna; important for its anthracite coal mines. Pop., 1890, 14,403.

Shamrock. National emblem of Ireland; plant