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1364

SEED-COATS-SEINE

Seed-Coats. Integuments of a seed, Testa and Tegmen.
Seedling. Young plant produced from a seed.
Seed-Vessel. Ripened wall of the ovary in plants; peri-

carp.

Seekers. English Puritan sect ab. 1650.

Seeland, or ZEALAND. Largest island of Denmark, opposite s. extremity of Sweden. Area 2,713 sq. m., pop. ab. 750,000.

Prof. Univ. Coll., Seeley, SIR JOHN ROBERT, 1834-1895. London, 1863, and Cambridge 1869; knighted 1894. His Ecce Homo, 1865, a book of great power and brilliancy, was anonymous, as was Natural Religion, 1882. Roman Imperialism, 1869; Life of Stein, 1879; Goethe, 1893; Growth of British Policy, 1896.

Prof.

Seelye, JULIUS HAWLEY, D.D., LL.D., 1824-1895. Amherst Coll. 1858, and its pres. 1877-90; M.C. from Mass. 1875-77. Christian Missions, 1875; Duty, 1891.-His brother, LAURENS CLARK, D.D., b. 1837, was prof. Amherst 1865-74; organizer and pres. of Smith Coll. 1874.

German-English traveler Seeman, BERTHOLD, 1825-1871. and botanist. Die Volksnamen der Amerikanischen Pflanzen, 1851; Botany of the Voyage H.M.S. Herald, 1852-57; Palms and their Allies, 1856; Die Palmen, 1857.

Seer. Earlier name of prophets in Israel. I. Sam. ix. 9. See-Saw. Children's sport, known to the Greeks; also called teeter. It consists of a reciprocal motion up and down of a balanced board on a support so placed that the ends may be occupied and swayed up and down. It is a common sport in Corea, where it is especially practiced by girls, and is known as "board jumping," the players standing erect on the ends of the board. It is also played in China and Japan.

See, the Conquering Hero Comes. Song composed by Handel for his oratorio Joshua, 1748, and afterward introduced in his Judas Maccabæus, an earlier work. It has won world-wide popularity, and is frequently heard as a greeting to a popular hero at celebrations.

Seetzen, ULRICH JASPER, 1767-1811. German explorer in Syria, Egypt, and Arabia. Diary, 1854-55.

Seewarte. German naval observatory, founded at Hamburg by Van Freeder 1867; reorganized 1875 by the German government under the admiralty, and devoted to every branch of marine meteorology.

Segeste. Ruined city of n. w. Sicily, held by Carthage, Syracuse, and from 206 B.C. by Rome. There are hot springs

Theater at Segeste.

The place now near the site, which was 6. m. from the sea. shows nothing but fine ruins, including a Doric temple and a theater.

Seggars. See PORCELAIN.

Segment. In Zoology, (1) ring-like parts or body-joints of an articulated animal; (2) parts of any organism which has become divided into pieces, as an egg (during early development and cell division) or a jointed limb.

Segment. One of two or more geometric magnitudes which added form a given whole. When direction is considered (indicated by + and -signs), either segment or both may in magnitude exceed the whole. In connection with specific forms, the term has limited meanings: a segment of a circle is limited by parallel chords; of a sphere, by parallel planes. Linear segments are limited by points, regardless of the manner of their determination. Surface and volume segments are limited by parallels.

Segmental Arch. One whose intrados is an arc of a circle less than ab. 70 degrees.

1. Tubes situated, a pair, Segmental Organs, or DUCTS. usually in each segment of worms and other Invertebrates, and functioning as excretory organs (invertebrate kidneys or nephridia). 2. Tubules of the embryonic kidney of Vertebrates. See WOLFFIAN BODY.

See LOBATION.

Segmentation. 1. Division into parts of equal rank. when structures are repeated in the embryonic developm of an animal (like successive rings of an articulated anin vertebræ of Vertebrates, and joints of limbs). 2. Cell divis in the egg, which leads to the formation of the blastodern a MORULA (q.v.).

preacher.

Segmentation Cavity, or BLASTOCEL. Space left
tween the cells (blastomeres) of the segmenting egg.
Segneri, PAOLO, 1624-1694. Italian Jesuit, eminent
Some of his works, collected 1712, were tr. 185
Segner's Wheel. See BARKER'S MILL.
Segovia. Ancient city of central Spain, 32 m. n.n.
Madrid; important in the Middle Ages; pillaged by the Fr
1808. It has an old castle and a 16th-century cathedral.

[graphic]

Alcazar of Segovia.

surrounded by walls. The aqueduct which carried the of the Rio Frio into the city is the best specimen of Architecture in Spain. Pop. ab. 14,500.

Segregata. Order of the Linnæan class Syngenesi ral family Composite), having a double involucre.

Segregated Vein. Body of mineral, or ore, res a true fissure vein in general form, but without the fined walls of such veins. It usually represents a l cumulation of mineral matter, a part or all of which m been concentrated from portions of the adjacent count Segregation. Mass of ore of irregular shape, filli previously existing opening, or derived from the surr rock.

Seguin, ÉDOUARD, 1812-1880. French physician. from 1849; eminent for his treatment of the feeble Education des Idiots, 1839-43; Idiocy, 1866.

Galerie Morale et Segur, LOUIS PHILIPPE, COMTE DE, 1753-1830. Fre thor, envoy to Russia 1783-88. 1817-23; Mémoires, 1×25. His works, collected 1824vols. His father, PHILIPPE HENRI, 1724-1801, and gra HENRI FRANÇOIS, 1689-1751, were distinguished gene son, PHILIPPE PAUL, 1780-1873, wrote a notable ac the Russian campaign, 1824, histories of Russia, 182 Charles VIII., 1835, and memoirs, 1873.

Segura, JUAN LORENZO, 13th cent. Spanish poe of an epic on Alexander the Great.

Seidl, ANTON, b. 1850 at Pesth. Conductor, esp
in Leipzig, Bremen, and since 1885 in New York.
Wagner's music; pupil and sec. of Wagner 1872-78;

Seidlitz Powders. Composed of 120 grs, tartra
and potash and 40 grs. bicarbonate of soda, inclose
paper, and 38 grs. tartaric acid in a white paper. E
arately dissolved in water, mixed, and taken while
They are so named from
vescence is going on.
Bohemia, which has a mineral spring of similar con
It acts as an aperient.

Seigniorage. Amount of metal deducted by g
before coinage to pay expenses of the process;
to the difference between the face value of the co
bullion value of the silver or gold contained in it.
Seine. River of France, heading in the e. part

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rts of equal rank, as bryonic development articulated animal, abs). 2. Cell division of the blastoderm or

OCEL. Space left bementing egg.

Jesuit, eminent as a 1712, were tr. 1857-81. ILL.

Spain, 32 m. n.n.w. of pillaged by the French entury cathedral. It is

egovia.

it which carried the wates
e best specimen of Rom
,500.

æan class Syngenesia natu
uble involucre.
mineral, or ore, resembling
n. but without the well-de
ually represents a local ac
art or all of which may rare
f the adjacent country Fi
irregular shape, filling se
rived from the surrounde
French physician, in U.S.
ment of the feeble-mice
ocy, 1866.

E DE. 1753-1830. French 10-
Galerie Morale et Politi
orks, collected 1824-30.
I. 1724-1801, and grandfat
e distinguished generals: h
wrote a notable account d
tories of Russia, 1829, a
1873.

.t.

cent. Spanish poet, aut

.h.

Conductor, especial. T of Wagner 1872-78: conc 85 in New York.

osed of 120 grs. tartrate of s nate of soda, inclosed it.. n a white paper. Each as ed, and taken while the re so named from Sexd spring of similar constit

deducted by gover

FOR

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SEIR-SELENIURETED HYDROGEN

ing n.w. through Paris to 'its mouth at Havre. Length 482 m., of which ab. 380 are navigable; drainage area 26,767 sq. m. Seir. Mountain s.e. of Palestine, occupied by Edomites. See EDOM and ESAU.

Seirospore. Kind of spore developed in the necklace-like chains in some of the red Algae or Rhodophycea.

Seisin. Possession of a freehold estate in land. Seismograph. Instrument for recording the time of occurrence or direction of motion of any earth disturbance; e.g., an earthquake or vibration caused by a distant explosion.

Seismology. Science of earthquakes. This branch of geology is of quite recent origin, but its development has been rapid. It is at present in the observational stage for the most part. Italy and Japan are the nations in which the most and best work is now done. Both are favorably situated for the purpose, being the seats of active volcanic action. The cause of the earthquake has long been one of Nature's grand secrets, but modern investigation has detected a sufficient cause in the movements that take place in the solid crust in consequence

Seismograph.

of contraction. The accumulating strains and stresses result at last in causing slips among the strata. The jar thus produced is propagated through the rocks in the form of a wave of small height but great length. In a recent earthquake, e.g., the height of the wave was estimated at half an in. and its length as 28 m. The rate of propagation is usually ab. one m. per sec. Seismological observatories are now established in various parts of the world, and instruments of precision, whose principle is usually that of the pendulum, are employed to detect and register the intensity and direction of the shocks. See EARTHQUAKE.

Seismometer. Instrument for recording the intensity of any earth disturbance.

Seismoscope. Device for detecting the occurrence of any vibration or disturbance of the earth.

Seiss, JOSEPH AUGUSTUS, D.D., LL.D., b.1823. Pastor in Phila. from 1858; ed. Prophetic Times, 1863-75, and Lutheran, 1873-79; prolific writer. Apocalypse, 1869-81; Miracle in Stone, 1877.

Sejanus, ÆLIUS, d.31. Prefect of prætorians under Tiberius. He gained vast influence, aspired to imperial power, and had Tiberius' son Drusus poisoned, Agrippina and her sons banished. Tiberius, who had shut himself up in Capreæ, sent a letter to the Senate which resulted in his execution. His body was dragged through the streets and thrown into the Tiber. Sekigahara. In Japan; scene of a battle. See DAIMIOS. Selachii (SELACHEA, SELACHOIDEA, ELASMOBRANCHII, CHONDROPTERYGII; SHARKS). Fishes, with cartilaginous skeleton, a segmented, vertebral column, and undivided brain-capsule; with large paired fins and heterocercal caudal fin. The skin is shagreened with placoid scales, which in the transverse and ventrally placed mouth are transformed into several rows of characteristic teeth. There are five (sometimes six or seven) branchial pouches and clefts; also spiracles, which represent rudimentary hyoid clefts. There is no swim-bladder. spiral-valve is present in the small intestine. The sense organs and brain are highly developed; the latter presents traces

A

eggs may be laid in a capsule, or be retained in tl then the foetus may have a true placenta. Two included, Holocephali and Plagiostomi. See SQU Selachostomi. See CHONDROSTEI.

Selaginaceæ. Natural family of flowering| class Angiosperma, sub-class Dicotyledons, and petala, comprising 9 genera and ab. 140 species, I parts of the Old World, the tropics and Australi Class of the heterospor Selaginellaceæ. phyta, comprising the orders Selaginellea and called Ligulateæ.

Selah. Term of common occurrence in the I ably indicating a pause, while the instruments | companiment, as signified in the Septuagint Diapsalma.

Selangor. Malay state, in the peninsula, n. under British protection since 1874; noted for it Area ab. 3,000 sq. m.; pop., 1891, 81,592.

Selborne, ROUNDELL PALMER, EARL OF, D. M.P. 1847-52, 1853-57, 1861-72; knighted 1861, made and Earl 1882: Solicitor-gen. 1861. Atty.-gen. 18 Chancellor 1872-74 and 1880-85. He compiled 1 Book of Praise, 1862, and pub. Memorials, 1896.

Selden, JOHN, 1584-1654. English antiquari learning, imprisoned 1621 and 1629-31 for opp encroachments; M. P. from 1623; lay member V Assembly 1643. Titles of Honor, 1614; De Diis. partly tr. 1880; History of Tithes, 1618; Mare Cla De Jure Naturali, 1640; Table-talk, 1689.

Selection. See NATURAL SELECTION, SEXUAL and HYBRIDIZATION.

Selenates. Salts of selenic acid.

Selene. Greek moon-goddess, daughter of H Theia.

Selenga. River of Mongolia flowing into L Length 700 m.

Selenic Acid, H,SeO.. Liquid resembling sul unstable, readily passing to selenious acid; made selenium with strong oxidizing agents in the moisture; dibasic.

Selenides. Derivatives of hydrogen selenide or formed by the direct union of selenium with som ment.

Selenious Acid. H,SeO3. Crystallized, deliqu made by dissolving selenium dioxide in water; diba Selenite. Variety of gypsum, that occurs in in foliated forms, transparent, and with a promi luster.

Selenites. Salts of selenious acid.

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S

Selenium. Se. At. wt. 79, sp. gr. 4.5-4.8. sp. h 217° C. for cryst. selenium, valence II., IV., VI.; di Berzelius 1817. It occurs in two modifications. nium is a brick red or black powder; non-conduc tricity. Insoluble or metallic selenium is obtained melted selenium rapidly to 210° C. It crystallizes f disulphide, like sulphur. Selenium occurs in smal in a number of sulphides, and is extracted from t of sulphuric acid factories by treating with oxidiz

Selenium Bromide. Se,Br2. Selenium mo Dark-red liquid; sp. gr. 3.60, bpt. 225° to 230° C.; ma ing bromine and selenium together in the proper

Selenium Dioxide, or SELENIUM ANHYDRIDE. crystallized substance. made by burning selenium water, forming selenious acid. It has the odor of ro

Selenium Iodides. Compounds of the for and Sel, are known. They are wholly similar in p the BROMIDES (q.v.).

Selenium Monochloride. Se,Cl,. Transp brown, oily liquid, decomposing on boiling; obtain ing chlorine over heated selenium.

Selenium Nitride. Se,N,. Bright, ora amorphous powder, soluble in benzene and acetic by dissolving the tetrachloride in carbon bisulphic ing ammonia into the solution.

Selenium Tetrabromide. SeBr. Brig brown powder, crystallizing from carbon disulph orange-red crystals; volatile at ordinary tempera by treating the monobromide with bromine.

Selenium Tetrachloride. SeCl. Bright tals which volatilize without melting; soluble i

1366

SELENOCENTRIC-SELJUKS

unpleasant odor. It destroys the sense of smell temporarily, and is made by treating ferrous selenide with an acid.

Selenocentric. Pertaining to the center of the moon; e.g., selenocentric place of a heavenly body, place as seen from the moon's center.

Selenodont Dentition. Teeth with the crowns adapted for grinding, as in the Ruminants. The ridges of enamel upon the crowns are disposed into crescentic lobes, the convexities of which are turned inward in the upper teeth and outward in the lower.

Selenodontia (RUMINANTIA). Section of artiodactyl (eventoed) Ungulates, whose molar teeth are adapted for cud-chewing and conform to the selenodont type. They have the metapodials united into a cannon-bone bearing four toes, the middle two alone reaching the ground.

A

Ravine of Seleucia.

Molars are 6 times 4; upper incisors are absent, and frequently canines also. The stomach is differentiated into compartments to subserve rumination. See TYLOPA, TRAGULINA, PECORA, and CAVI

Selenography. Description of the moon's surface, as geography is of the

Selenyl Chlo-
ride. SeOCl,. Faint-
ly yellow fuming liq-
uid, solidifying below
0° to a crystalline mass
which melts at 10° C.;
bpt. 179.5° C. (cor.); de-
composed by water;
made by heating so-
dium chloride with
selenium dioxide.

Seleucia. City on
the Tigris, 40 m. n.e.
of Babylon; built by
Seleucus I.; important in first century; destroyed 165. Others
of this name were in Syria and s. Asia Minor.

General under Alex-
Seleucidæ. Syrian dynasty 312-65 B.C.
Seleucus I., NICATOR, d.280 B.C.
ander; Satrap of Babylonia 321. The year of his recovery of
Babylon from Antigonus, 312, was the starting-point of the
era of the Seleucidæ, long used. He took the title of king 306,

EASYKOY

Self-Development. Process of growth toward the est perfection of which any given soul is capable.

Self-Esteem. Approval of one's own character, but not necessarily, exaggerated.

Self-Fertilization. That of the ovules of a flow means of pollen from the anthers of the same flower. Self-Heal. See HEAL-ALL.

Self-Induction. Faraday observed 1831 that on co ing or breaking the current flowing in a helix an induc rent is generated in a second wire wound outside th The former is called N rent in a helix is also capable of inducing currents in t tiguous spires of the helix. Henry showed 1832 that any variation in the strength o INDUCTION (q.v.). The latter is called self-induction, a senting the action of a coil on itself. It is also called The coefficient of self-induction, L, depends coil itself, and is sometimes called its INDUCTANCE (q. v.) the quantity of electrification is proportional to the force, 0, we may write -IL, I being the current stre L=/L; i.e., this coefficient may be defined as the r flow of force to a current strength. Since the dimer

ance.

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are MLT, and those of I, MLT-1, the sion of inductance being the quotient is simply a Therefore in the C.G.S. system the unit coefficient of ance is a centimeter. For practical purposes a QUADRA has been adopted. Since an ohm is a quandrant pe (109 C.G.S. units), an ohm-second, or a secohm (so c Ayrton and Perry), is the equivalent of a quadrant. the unit coefficient of self-induction is called a Her COEFFICIENT OF MUTUAL INDUCTION.

Self-Interest. One's own advantage consider end, as opposed to altruistic gratification.

Selfishness. Habit, principle, or instinct of ma selves the principal object of our attention and solici

Self-Love. Desire of one's own pleasure or gai ered as an ethical end; almost identical with egoism.

Self-regarding Duties. Those the performance tends directly or indirectly to promote one's own hap Self-Sacrifice. Virtue of one who willingly incu dispenses with pleasure to procure benefits for anoth Seligman, JESSE, 1827-1894. New York banker. Selim I., 1467-1520. Sultan from 1512; conquero Egypt, and Arabia; head of Islam; noted for abilit and cruelty.-II., 1524-1574. Sultan from 1566. Hi

IA 266 ANNI ENTRO IN REGNO DEL 1566 A'XXIII SETTEMBR

SVLTAN SELIN I

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Tetradrachmon of Seleucus I., Nicator.

and extended his sway to the Oxus and Indus. By 281 he was
master of so much of Asia as Alexander had conquered. In
280 he made an attempt to gain the vacant throne of Mace-
donia, but was assassinated.

Self-Conceit. Unduly high opinion of one's gifts or

abilities.

Self-conjugate Triangle, or SELF POLAR. One whose vertices are respectively the poles of the opposite sides in reference to a given conic.

Self-Consciousness. State or act of being aware of one's self. Many psychologists deny the existence of a direct sense of reaction or any immediate knowledge of anything but an object of knowledge. See CONSCIOUSNESS.

Self-Control. Habit of mind by which we resist the impulses of desire and affection, so as to conform to rules of virtue or prudence.

Self-Defense. See ASSAULT.

Self-denying Ordinance. Passed in Parliament at
Cromwell's instance, April 3, 1645. It required "that no mem-
House should, during the war, enjoy or execute
military." Cromwell was made

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Selim II.

OTTOMANA

tained a memorable defeat at Lepanto 1571.-II Sultan 1789-1807; deposed for attempting unpop Selinus. Greek city of s.w. Sicily, founded taken by Carthage 409, destroyed 249 B.C. Its ru are of great size.

Seljuks. Turkish-Tartarian tribe which ard stan; embraced Mohammedanism, absorbed neigh and subjugated central and s.w. Asia, founding a Bagdad fell 1055; the Greek Emperor Romanos

wth toward the highcapable.

Own character, often,

ovules of a flower by e same flower.

d 1831 that on complet

a helix an induced enr Found outside the first. in the strength of a cu ing currents in the cutOrmer is called MUTUAL self-induction, as repre It is also called Inda ion. L. depends on te INDUCTANCE (q.v.). Sice oportional to the flow d the current strength, x e defined as the ratio of a Since the dimensions of MLT, the dimen tient is simply a leng unit coefficient of ind purposes a QUADRANT is a quandrant per or a secohm (so called nt of a quadrant. In C. on is called a Henry, Se

ON.

advantage considered as an lication.

, or instinct of making attention and solicitude. wn pleasure or gain, consi ntical with egoism. lose the performance of whet mote one's own happiness. e who willingly incurs pat re benefits for another. New York banker. 'rom 1512; conqueror of Sy m; noted for ability, ener ltan from 1566. His fleet s

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it Lepanto 1571.-III. 1761r attempting unpopular W. Sicily, founded ab yed 249 B.C. Its ruined te

he

which arose in

SELKIRK-SEMITES

1071; Asia Minor was subjugated 1074-84, whence the Cru-
sades. The Sultanate of Iconium (Konich) was the starting
point of the Ottoman dynasty.

Selkirk, or Sealchraig, ALEXANDER, 1676-1723. Scot-
tish seaman, who lived alone on JUAN FERNANDEZ (q.v.), near
Chili, 1704-9; afterward Lieut. R.N.; supposed original of Rob-
inson Crusoe.

needle. In swinging the ship around there are in which the influence would be a maximum, an it would disappear; hence the name.

Semicolligati, Grallatory feet of birds, h behind and three in front, of which the middle united by a short web.

Semi-cubical Parabola,

Curve of the

Selkirk, THOMAS DUNDAS, EARL OF, 1771-1820. Colonizer having, with the origin at the vertex, the rect
of Manitoba 1811. Red River Settlement, 1817.
tion, y2=2px3.

Selkirk Mts. In s. British Columbia. Length ab.175 m.,
greatest elevation 9,940 ft.

Sellaite. MgF, Magnesium fluoride. Rare mineral occuring with sulphur and anhydrite near Montiers, France.

Sellar, WILLIAM YOUNG, 1825-1890. Prof. St. Andrews 1853, and Edinburgh from 1863. Roman Poets, 1863-81.

Sellers, COLEMAN, b. 1827. American mechanical engineer, as is his cousin, WILLIAM, b. 1824.

Selma. Capital of Dallas co., Ala.; on the Alabama, here navigable; important during the civil war. Pop., 1890, 7,626. Selnecker, NICOLAUS, 1532-1592. German hymnist.

Selters. Cold acidulous springs near Limburg, Prussia. They chiefly contain carbonate of soda, chloride of sodium, sulphates of soda, lime, magnesia and iron, and much carbonic acid. They are refrigerant, tonic, diuretic, and aperient. Seltzer Water. See SELTERS.

Selvage. Layer of clayey material, frequently found along the walls of metalliferous veins.

Selvas. Densely forested plains; especially the basin of the Amazon, which is covered with rich tropical forests.

Selwyn, ALFRED RICHARD CECIL, F.R.S., b.1824. Chief of the Geological Survey of Victoria, Australia, 1852-69; since 1869 director of the Canadian Survey.

Selwyn, GEORGE, 1719-1791. English wit and social celebrity, M.P. from 1747.

Selwyn, GEORGE AUGUSTUS, D.D., 1809-1878. Bp. of New Zealand 1841, and of Lichfield 1867; eminent for missionary zeal and efficiency. His son, JOHN RICHARDSON, b. ab. 1840, became Bp. of Melanesia, N. Z., 1872.

Semæostomeæ, or SEMOSTOMEÆ.

Discophora with a large central mouth surrounded by four large, often multilobed, arms. The number of marginal tentacles, etc., varies greatly. Pelagia and Aurelia are examples. The former has wide gastric pouches and eight interradial marginal tentacles; the latter has branched radial canals, two marginal tentacles, and a fringe of small tentacles.

Semaphore. Device for producing signals by the various positions and motions of a set of arms which may be viewed from the distant station by a telescope. A similar method is employed for signaling between ships at sea, the arms being replaced by colored lights. The railroad signal presents the appearance of a horizontal arm when set "at danger." When lowered at an angle of 45 degrees it indicates "caution"; when vertical, "safety."

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Semele. Daughter of Cadmus. beloved by Zeus, who, at her rash request, visited her in his terrible splendors. She was consumed by the lightning, but her unborn child Dionysus was saved by the god.

Semi-Anthracite AND Semi-Bituminous. Varieties of coal whose properties place them between the true anthracite and the true bituminous coals. See COAL.

Semi-Arians. Those who, denying, with the Arians, that Christ is of one substance with the Father, maintained that He is of like substance; prominent at the Synod of Ancyra, 358. The compromise, being distasteful to both Arians and Cath

olics, gradually disappeared. Semicircular Deviation. Deviation from its normal position, produced upon a magnetic needle by vertical masses

of iron or steel magnetized inductively by the

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Semi-diameter OF SUN AND MOON. Angle the radius as seen from the earth. Mean semi-d sun, 16' 02"; of the moon, 15' 33".5. Seminal. Anything pertaining to seeds. Semini, ANDREA, ab. 1525-1591. Painter of school, who imitated Raphael. Most of his works

[graphic]

Andrea Semini. and Milan.-His father, ANTONIO, ab.1485-1547, w Brea, whose style he modernized. His Nativity, a in the style of Perugino.

lived in n. Florida. They differed from the allie Seminoles. Appalachian Indians of Muscoge dians in being hunters rather than agriculturists. in Indian Territory number 3,000.

Seminole War. On the cession of Florida 1823. the Seminoles agreed to retire to the interior molest the settlers. A treaty was made with so chiefs 1832 providing for the removal of the tr west of the Mississippi River. In 1835 troubles treaty being repudiated by Osceola, whose wife wa Hostilities continued for several yea was captured 1837 under a flag of truce, and imp tribe was driven into the everglades. In 1839 the c another treaty, and after much delay were remove dian Territory.

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enslaved.

Semipalmati. Swimming feet of birds that anterior toes, webbed half way, and a posterior to Semi-Pelagians. School teaching that t weakened but not extinguished man's capacity fo that, though needing grace, he can co-operate w demned 529, though its founder, CASSIANUS (q.v.), dioceses honored as a saint.

Semiplumæ. Feathers that possess stiff ste pennæ and soft vanes like the plumulæ, as do m beneath the contour feathers in birds.

Semiramis. Legendary queen of Ninus, four eveh, after whose death she built great cities and o in all parts of the empire, conquered Egypt and n opia, but failed in an attempt on India; famed for uousness. The legend combines historical and m ments in inextricable confusion. She is said to

tomb for Ninus 10 stadia wide and 9 high, the city the hanging gardens, etc. Most of the stupendo Iran and by the Euphrates seem to have been asc

1368

SEMITIC LANGUAGES-SENESCENCE

a group of nations closely allied in manners, physical features dating from the time of the kings. It proposed legislation and religion, who are descended from Shem.

Syrian and Semitic Languages. Most important group outside the Indo-European. Its divisions are well marked. Assyrian make up the Aramaic; Hebrew and Phoenician, the latter scantily represented, but giving us the priceless boon of the alphabet, are closely related; while Arabic, with related dialects, forms a third and important group. Oldest of the records are the famous cuneiform inscriptions; of literature, most venerable in every way are the Hebrew Scriptures. In like manner, the Koran practically begins Arabic literature.

Semitic Races. Supposed descendants of Shem; Hebrews, Syrians, Mesopotamians, Arabs, Abyssinians, and some others, Prof. Halle from so far as originally speaking languages akin to Hebrew. Semler, JOHANN SALOMO, 1725-1791. 1752; precursor of biblical criticism, moderate rationalist, and voluminous writer.

Semmering. Mountain of Austria, 60 m. s. of Vienna; ht. 4,416 ft.; traversed by a railway to Trieste, built 1850-54.

Semmes, RAPHAEL, U.S.N. and C.S.N., 1809-1877. Commander of the Alabama, most destructive of Confederate cruisers, from Aug. 1863 till her destruction by the Kearsarge off Cherbourg June 19, 1864. See WINSLOW, JOHN A.

the assemblies of the people, took measures against sudd danger, and, through the annual magistrates, governed t state. Its functions were nearer those of a ministry than a legislature. The members held office for life, unless remov by the censor, or, in later times, by the emperor.

Senate OF THE U. S. This consists of two Senators fr each State, a total of 88 in 1897, who are elected by the St annum, 20 cents a mile for traveling expenses to and fr home, and $125 per annum for stationery. See CONGRESS Legislatures for terms of six years. They receive $5,000 THE U.S.

Sur l'in

Senebier, JEAN, 1742-1809. French naturalist. ence de la lumière solaire, 1782-83; Expériences sur l'act de la lumière solaire dans la végétation, 1788; Physiol végétale, 1800.

Seneca, LUCIUS ANNEUS. 3 B.C.-65. Roman courtier Stoic philosopher, one of the most brilliant men of his time banishment 41-49; tutor of Nero, and reluctant adviser of s of his misdeeds; Consul 57; self-executed by Nero's or a moralist his intentions and sympathies were good, bu opening the veins of his feet and arms in a hot bath. strength, consistency, and noble simplicity of his great cessors in Roman stoicism, Epictetus and Marcus Aur practice fell much below his theories; his character lacked and later. His nine tragedies follow Greek models.-His fa ANNEUS, ab.54 B.C.-39, a rhetorician from Spain, wrote His prose works have often been edited; some were tr. ab

Semnopithecida. Family of Cynomorpha or dog-like Apes, having long tails, natal callosities, but no cheek-pouches. The fore limbs are shorter than the hind, progression on the ground is quadrupedal. Here are included, first, the genus Sem-eral treatises, of which five books of Controversiae surviv nopithecus of s.e. Asia, including the Entellus or Sacred Monkey of the Hindus, and the Proboscis Monkey of Borneo, with its greatly prolonged nose; second, Colubus of Africa, which differs from Semnopithecus in having a still shorter or rudimentary thumb.

Semolina. Middlings of wheat, or flour thereof, used in
Italy. France, and elsewhere, for soups and desserts.

Sempach, Village of Switzerland, 9 m. n.w. of Lucerne.
Here, July 9, 1386, 1,300 Swiss peasants defeated with great

Seneca Lake. In w. central N. Y.; length 36 m. n Seneca Oil. Small quantities of surface petroleum lected in early days in w. N. Y.

Senecas. See HURONS and IROQUOIS.

Senefelder, ALOYS, 1771-1834. German printer, in of lithography. Lehrbuch, 1818, tr. 1819.

Seneffe. Town of Belgium. 27 m. s.w. of Brussels: of two French victories, that of Condé over the Pri Orange, Aug. 11, 1674, and that of Marceau over an A force, July 2, 1794.

Senegal. River of w. Africa, rising in the Kong M Length ab. 1,000 m. Th flowing n.w. to the Atlantic. try is very picturesque, resembling in its physical feat

[graphic]

Semper, GOTTFRIED, 1803-1879. German architect, prof. Zurich 1856-69.-His nephew, KARL, 1832-1893, prof. Würzburg from 1866, pub. books of travel and on zoology.

Sempringham. See GILBERTINES.

Sen, KESHUB CHUNDER, 1838-1884. Hindu reformer; founder of the Brahmo Somaj of India, 1866.

Sénancour, ETIENNE PIVERT DE, 1770-1846. French author, notable for deep and sincere melancholy long before pessimism came into fashion; overlooked in his productive period, and of chiefly posthumous repute. His Obermann, 1804, called forth two of Matthew Arnold's finest poems.

Senarmont, HENRI HURRAN DE, 1808-1862. Prof. in Paris School of Mines; eminent as a crystallographer; author of many papers of much scientific value.

Senarmontite. Sb2O. Antimony oxide, crystallizing in the isometric system; usually regarded as a product of alteration of the antimony sulphide, and not often found by itself entity to pay for working. Valentinite is a mineral of osition, crystallizing in orthorhombic

Rock Scenery of Upper Senegal.

mids; so much so, that it oftentimes is necessary to sorts of architectural forms, ruined castles, spires quite close to satisfy one's self to the contrary.

Senegambia. Region of w. Africa, between t more fully since ab.1855; area and pop. uncertain. and the Gambia, held in part by France since ab

ent.

Senegambians. The natives are numerous t groes, some Mohammedans, others fetichists. Arabi n. and e. of the Senegal and a Berber admixture is On the coast and s. of the Senegal are the W glossy black negroes. In the center are the Mand hammedans, muscular, tall, and very cruel. In th and with straight hair, of Hamitic descent. Most groes are polygamists; circumcision is widely pr few hold the land; the rest are slaves. gentler Fulah, also Mohammedans, of a reddish

scence.

See OLD AGE, DISEASES OF.

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