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SCHUT-SCHWERIN

Schut, CORNELIS, 1597-1655. Historical painter of the Flemish school. Among his most famous paintings are Hero

Envoy to Russia and France 1808-9, and victor at Dresden
Leipzig 1813.-His nephew, FELIX LUDWIG JOHANN FRIED

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and Leander and Tribute to Cæsar. He was a student of Ru-
bens, whose style he closely imitated.

Schütz, HEINRICH (SAGITTARIUS), 1585-1672. German com-
poser, who introduced opera into Germany (Dafne, per-
formed 1627), and in church music was a worthy predeces-
sor of Bach.

Schuvalov. See SCHOUVALOFF.

Schuyler, EUGENE, LL.D., 1840-1890. U. S. Minister to
Greece 1882-84; author of Turkestan, 1876; Peter the Great,
1884; American Diplomacy, 1886.-His father, GEORGE WASH-
INGTON, 1810-1888, pub. Colonial New York, 1885.

Schuyler, MONTGOMERY, b.1843.
Studies in American Architecture, 1892.

American journalist.

Schuyler, PETER, 1657-1724. First Mayor of Albany, N.Y., 1688; active in colonial affairs and in French and Indian wars, as was his nephew, PETER, 1710-1762.

Schuyler, PHILIP JOHN, 1733-1804. Major-gen. 1775-79; commanding on the N. Y. frontier; sacrificed to intrigues and misrepresentations, and superseded by Gates on the eve of Burgoyne's surrender; delegate to Congress 1777-81; U.S. Senator 1789-91 and 1797-98.

Schuylkill River rising near Pottsville, Pa., and flowing s.e. past Reading and through Phila. to the Delaware. Length

130 m.

Schwab, GUSTAV, 1792-1850. Teacher and pastor at Stutt-
gart; lyric poet; biographer of Schiller, 1840.

Schwalbe, GUSTAV ALBERT, b. 1844.
Königsberg 1881, and Strassburg 1883.
Anatomie der Sinnesorgane, 1887.

Prof. Jena 1873,
Neurologie, 1881;

Schwalber, or CHELIDONIUS, d. 1521. German monk and
Latin versifier.

Prof. of Anatomy at
Schwann, THEODOR, 1810-1882.
Louvain 1838 and Liège 1848; discoverer of pepsin; author
of the cell-theory. Structure of Plants and Animals, 1839,
tr. 1847.

Schwanthaler, LUDWIG MICHAEL, 1802-1848.
Bavarian sculptor, prof. Munich Academy 1835.

Prolific

Schwartz, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, 1726-1798. German missionary in India from 1750.

Schwarz, BERTHOLD. German Franciscan monk, b. in Freiburg, Baden, in the 14th century, reputed inventor of gunpowder ab.1330; a monument was raised to his honor there 1853.

Schwarz, MARIE SOPHIE (BIRATH), 1819-1894. Swedish novelist. Man of Birth, 1858; A Child of the Time, 1873.

Schwarzburg - Rodolstadt AND -Sondershausen.
German principalities, in the Saxon region. Areas, 363 and
333 sq. m.; pop., 85,863 and 75,510.

Schwarzenberg. German house, ennobled 1417.-ADAM,
1594 1641, Premier of Brandenburg, attempted to
the 30 Years' War.-KARL
1-1 1800.

Felix Schwarzenberg.

1800-1852, was Austrian Chancellor from 1848.-His
of Prague 1849, and Cardinal 1842.
FRIEDRICH JOHANN, 1809-1885, became Abp. of Salzbu

Ar

Schwatka, FREDERICK, U.S.A., 1849-1892.
plorer. He found the remains of Sir John Franklin
1878-80, traced the course of the Yukon River 1883,
other expeditions in Alaska 1886 and 1891, and or
Mexico 1889.

Schwegler, ALBERT, 1819-1857. Prof. Tübingen 18-
Philosophy, 1848, tr. 1856.

Schweigger, KARL ERNST THEODOR, b. 1830. Pro
1873; writer on the eye.

Prof. St

Schweighauser, JOHANN, 1742-1830. 1770; ed. Polybius, Epictetus, Athenæus, Herodotus, a classics.

Schweinfurth, GEORG AUGUST, b. 1836. German in the Nile region 1864, and in the Soudan 1869-71 Cairo Museum 1880-88. Planta Nilatica, 1863; Flo Schweinfurth Green, or PARIS GREEN. Acet. of copper. Used on wall-papers, as a dye and to kil opicus, 1867; Heart of Africa, tr. 1874; Artes Africa Made by treating a basic acetate of copper with arsen poisonous. It was first made at Schweinfurth 1811.

Schweinitz, LEWIS DAVID DE, 1780-1834. Mora ister at Salem, N. C., and Bethlehem, Pa.; noted Specimen Flora America septentrionalis cryptogan Monograph of the N. American species of the genus Ce -His son, EDMUND ALEXANDER, D.D., 1825-1887, Moravian bishop 1870. Moravian Manual, 1859; Li EDMUND, M.D., b. 1858, Prof. of Ophthalmology in berger, 1870; Hist. Unitas Fratrum, 1885.-His son Medical Coll. 1892, is prominent as a practitioner a Schweitzer's Reagent. Solution of hydra oxide in ammonia, used as a solvent for cellulose. Schweizer-Sidler, HEINRICH, 1815-1894. Pr 1871; writer on Latin grammar.

Schwendener, SIMON, b. 1829. Swiss botan
Basel 1867, Tubingen 1877, Berlin 1878. Die p
Untersuchungen über den Flechtenthallus, 1860; Die
der Flechtengonidien, 1869.
Erscheinungen der Natur insbesondere der Pflanze

Schwenkfeld, HANS CASPAR VON, 1490-1561. former, denounced by Luther for alleged heresies 90 books or tracts, collected in 4 vols. 1564-70. H part anticipated those of the Quakers. He endur tion from all sides, as did his followers, mostly in Swabia. Some went to Holland, some to England. nant exists in Pa. as a distinct sect.

Schwerin, KURT CHRISTOPH, GRAF VON, 1684sian Field-marshal; prominent under Frederic I Prague.

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GUST, b. 1836. German trav ■the Soudan 1869-71; dire e Nilatica, 1863; Flora E tr. 1874: Artes Africane, - PARIS GREEN. Aceto-arsen rs, as a dve and to kill ver e of copper with arsenious a

t Schweinfurth 1811.

DE, 1780-1834. Moravian ethlehem, Pa.; noted betast tentrionalis cryptogamion. species of the genus Cerer. DER, D.D., 1825-1887. De rian Manual, 1859: Life of atrum, 1885.-His son. Gre

of Ophthalmology in Jes t as a practitioner and w

1. Solution of hydrated olvent for cellulose.

NRICH, 1815-1894. Prof. Z

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SCIADIACEE-SCLEROBASIC

Sciadiaceæ. Sub-order of Protococcoidea.

Scialoia, ANTONIO, 1817-1877. Prof. Turin 1846-48 and 1852; Minister of Finance 1865, and of Instruction 1872; writer on political economy.

Sciatica. Disease whose chief symptom is pain in the back of the thigh, constant and gnawing, with exacerbations or paroxysms. As the disease progresses, the area of pain extends along the course of the sciatic nerve even to the foot. It is of long duration, and may be the result of several conditions or brought about by different causes.

Science. Systematic knowledge, distinguished from phi-
losophy in that it investigates the laws rather than the nature
of reality. Its method is that of observation, classification,
and explanation by hypothesis and verification; its causes are
antecedent conditions of phenomena, and not metaphysical
entities.

Science, CHRISTIAN. Scheme propounded in Mass. 1866-67
by Mary Baker Glover, now Mrs. Eddy, and set forth in her
Science and Health, 1875, and other books. It denies matter,
claims that "God is Mind, and All-in-all," and includes "Meta-
physical Healing," which refuses to be identified with Faith-
cure. An Association was formed 1876, a Ch. founded in Bos-
ton 1879, and a Journal begun 1883 by Mrs. Eddy.
ment had, in 1894, 300 societies, 26 teaching institutes, and 66
The move-
dispensaries. Some allege that its ideas were first mooted by
Dr. P. P. Quimby, who d. 1865.

Science, MILITARY. The fundamental principles of the art
of war, and their application to the problems of war in actual
service. It embraces (1) strategy, including logistics, by means
of which the time, place and character of battles to be fought
promise the greatest advantage in case of success and the least
injury in case of defeat; (2) logistics, discipline, grand and minor
tactics, and military engineering, by means of which an army
can make itself stronger than the enemy at the time and place
of actual combat. The principles never change, but the art
undergoes important modifications with the improvements
made in the material of war.

Scientific Frontier. Imagined 1878 by Beaconsfield as
possible and desirable between India and Afghanistan.

Scilly Islands. Group ab. 27 to 35 m. w. by s. of Land's
End, Cornwall. The chief are St. Mary's, Tresco, St. Martin's,

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German birth, whose energies were divided bet
learning and furious wordy wars against Prot
authors, Scaliger, James I., and others.
from 1618. Grammatica Philosophica, 1628.

He

Scioptic Ball. Hollow wooden ball which the window-shutter and is capable of being turne directions. Within it is a convex lens, by whi outside objects can be formed in a darkened roon

Sciothericum Telescopium. Instrumen Molyneux for indicating the time, whether of It consists of a horizontal dial with a telescope ad

Scioto. River rising in w. central Ohio, and f then s. to the Ohio at Portsmouth. Columbus an are on its banks. Length 210 m., drainage area 6

Scipio, PUBLIUS CORNELIUS, d. 211 B.C. Roma twice defeated by Hannibal in n. Italy; killed in

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Tomb of Scipio, at Tarragona, Spain.

son and namesake, AFRICANUS MAJOR, 237-ab.183 proconsul in Spain 210, took Nova Carthage, con country, became Consul 205, carried the war into victories there compelled the recall of Hannibal. routed near Zama 202, made peace 201, and was the greatest general of his time. He shared with Lucius the victory over Antiochus 190. A later against him was defeated through popular clamor brilliant, accomplished, magnanimous, and hau came by adoption to EMILIUS PAULUS ( MINOR), 185-129 B.C., Consul 148 and 134. His chi were the siege and destruction of Carthage 146, a mantia in Spain 133. Like his predecessor, he was and patron of letters.

name

Scire Facias. Common law writ founded on so as a judgment, recognizance or letters-patent, issu force them or set them aside; generally superseded i execution or by a motion.

Scirocco. Abnormally warm, moist, sultry wind over Italy and Sicily, formerly erroneously su come from Africa, or again to be the same as the now believed to owe its oppressiveness entirely to its See SIROCCO.

Scitaminaceæ. Natural family of flowering the class Angiosperma and sub-class Monocotyledons, ing 36 genera and 450 species, widely distributed thr warmer regions of both hemispheres, including the Ginger, and Arrowroot.

Sciuromorpha._Section of the order Rodentia, Squirrels, Marmots, Beavers, Prairie-dogs, Woodchu phers, etc. They have complete clavicles, four lower and five (sometimes four) upper ones. culate in the Squirrels. The molars a

Sclater, PHILIP LUBLEY, F.R.S., b. 1829. English ist, writing especially on ornithology; ed. Ibis since 18 Sclerenchyma. Calcareous tissue composing parts of corals. See also SCLEROTIC PARENCHYMA.

Scleres. Small mineral deposit of definite shap protoplasm of cell colonies; e.g., spicules of spong SPICULE SYSTEM.

Sclerites. See SCLERODERMITES.

Sclerobasic. Coral secreted as a central axis by t

of th

1356

Sclerobasica. See ANTIPATHARIA.

SCLEROBASICA-SCOTLAND

Sclerodermata (MADREPORARIA). Group of Zoantharia,

including the Madrepore Corals.

Sclerodermeæ. Family of Gasteromycetes.
Sclerodermi. See PLECTOGNATHI.

Sclerodermic. Tissue composed of Sclerites.

Sclerodermites. Calcareous spicules of the outer crust of sea fans. In the red coral they form a rigid skeleton.

Sclerotic Parenchyma. Vegetable tissue composed of short cells with greatly thickened walls, as in the grit-cells of the pear and the dense tissues of nut-shells.

Sclerotium. 1. Case containing spores and having a wall of tough material, half animal, half vegetable in nature, which protects the spores through a dry season; formed in the Mycetozoa. 2. Compact form of the mycelium of Fungi.

Sclerotoid. In Botany, structures resembling a sclero

tium.

Sclopis, FEDERIGO PAOLO, COUNT, 1798-1878. Historian of Italian law, 1840-64; pres. Senate 1861-64; pres. Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration 1871.

Sclot, BERNAT. See D'ESCLOT, BERNAT.

Scoke. See POKEWEED.

Scolecida. Group of Vermes, including the ENTOZOA and ROTIFERS (q.v.).

Scolecite. Archicarp of certain Fungi.

Scolex. Tapeworm head, produced by budding from the walls of the cyst or bladder-worm in its first host.

Scollard, CLINTON, b. 1860. American poet; prof. Hamilton Coll. 1888. Under Summer Skies, and On Sunny Shores, 1895, describe his Eastern and Italian travels.

Scollops. See PECTINIDÆ.

Scolopacidæ (SNIPE). Family of Grallatores with long slender bill covered with soft sensitive skin. The legs are short in some forms, long in others.

Scolopendra. See CHILOPODA.

Scopas, d. ab.350 B.C. Greek sculptor and architect, associated with Praxiteles.

Scopoli, JOHANN ANTON, 1723-1788. Prof. Pavia 1777. Flora carniolica, 1760; Introductio ad historiam naturalem, 1777; Fundamenta botanica, 1783.

Scopularia. Form of spicule with four short tylote arms and one long needle-shaped arm; derived from a hexactine; present in the sponge Eurete.

Score. In Music, collocation of all the parts of a composition, i.e., the voices, for the different performers; used by the conductor in studying a work and in directing its performance. The rule followed in bringing the parts together is to group the wind instruments of wood, flutes, oboes, clarionets, bassoons, etc., on the uppermost staves of the page, the brass instruments, trumpets, horns, trombones, etc., in the middle, with the drums above the trombones, and the strings on the lowest five staves. When voices are employed, their parts appear between those of the brass and string choirs. In the case of an opera or other work employing a number of singers and an orchestra, an arrangement showing the vocal parts intact and the orchestral part transcribed for pianoforte is called a vocal score.

Scorel, JAN VAN, 1495-1562. Dutch painter, active before the time of a distinct Dutch School; for some time in Rome, and historically important as a transmitter of Italian influence. Scoresby, WILLIAM, D.D., F.R.S., 1789-1857. English explorer and scientist. Arctic Regions, 1820; Journal, 1823; Magnetical Investigations, 1839-52.

Scoriæ. Volcanic slags and cinders which are more or less porous, due to the expansion of the gases in the melted material.

Scorpio. See ZODIAC.

Scorpioid. In Botany, inflorescence of many plants in the natural family Boraginaceae and some other plants. It is a false raceme, coiled in the bud (and hence also known as helicoid).

Arachnids

son spine at the hind end, and with four pairs of lungs on
præabdomen. They reproduce viviparously, the sting is fa

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to small animals, serious to children, but not fatal to
Ammonia applied to the sting is a good antidote.
Scorza. Variety of epidote sand found in the beds o
Transylvanian gold-bearing streams.

Scot, REGINALD, ab.1538-1599. English author. H
coverie of Witchcraft, 1584, was far in advance of the
and called forth answers from King James and many

Scotch Confession of Faith. Prepared by Kno 1560, in a preface and 25 articles; adopted by Parliamer firmed 1567; standard till 1688, though displaced in ef the Westminster Confession 1646-48.

Scotch Mist. Fine rain, whose particles of wa
large enough to have a visible rate of descent and to
wet the surface of exposed objects.

Scotch Paraphrases. Pub. 1745 by a Comm
General Assembly; in number 45; little used; revised
and widely used.
larged 1781 to 67, with 5 hymns; appended to Scotch

Scotia. Concave molding, which, when seen from
bases.
produces a strong shadow and is therefore commonly

Scotists. Followers of Duns Scotus; largely Fran
Scotland. Northern portion of the island of Grea
and a part of the United Kingdom. The surface is
coming mountainous in the north. The coast is bro
numerous fiords and rocky
islets. It was originally
inhabited by Celts and was
called Caledonia by the
only the s. portion. The
Scots (Irish Celts) under
Romans, who subjugated
Fergus invaded the High-
lands 503 and founded a
Scotch kingdom. Norwe-
gians and Anglo-Saxons
introduced Teutonic influ-
William the Con-
queror compelled Malcolm
III. to do homage 1072.
The effort of Edward I. to
maintain supremacy was
resisted by Wallace; Bruce
achieved independence
1328. The Stuart dynasty
Robert II.
began with

ences.

1371-90. The contests over
succession caused many
raged intermittently along
the English boundary. The
enmity of England drove
troubles and a border feud
S. into close relations
royalty
with France;

Fall of Foyers, near In

allied itself with the
Scorpion Grass. See FORGET-ME-NOT.
Church, and alienated the nobles, who, embracing
Scorpionidea, or SCORPIODEA (SCORPIONS).
cheliceræ, foot-like chelate pedipalps, the abdo-
broad præabdomen of seven seg-
nts with poi-ism, were drawn toward England, and a reaction be

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SCOTLAND-SCREW

France, represented in Mary of Guise, wife of James V. Their
daughter Mary was educated at the French court and married
the Dauphine Francis; thus the two crowns seemed on the
point of being united. On the premature death of Francis,
Mary returned, and, after many tribulations, was imprisoned
and beheaded in England for conspiring against Elizabeth.
Mary's son, James VI., succeeded to the throne of England
1603. His son and grandsons ruled both countries, but the
two were not definitively united in Great Britain until 1707.
Area 29,785 sq. m.; pop., 1891, 4,033,103.

Scotland, CHURCH OF. Established since 1557, with inter-
vals of Episcopal intrusion under the Stuarts; model of Anglo-
Saxon Presbyterianism everywhere.

Scotland, FREE CHURCH OF. Secession 1843 from the established Ch. on the right of congregations to a voice in choosing their ministers, embracing 470 out of over 1,200 ministers, and a third of the people.

Scotland, NATIONAL COVENANT OF. See NATIONAL COVE

NANT.

Scotland, UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN.

Formed

1847 by union of the Associate and Relief bodies. See PRES-
BYTERIANS.

Scott, ANDREW, 1757-1839. Scottish peasant-poet.
Scott, CHARLES, 1733-1813.
Brig.-gen. 1777; active in Pa., N. J., and N. Y., and against
Col. 3d Va. regiment 1776,
Indians 1791-94; Gov. of Ky. 1808-12.

Scott, DAVID, 1806-1849. Scottish historical painter and
illustrator.-His brother and biographer, WILLIAM BELL, 1811-
1890, was a poet, painter, and art-critic. Lectures, 1861; Little
Masters, 1879.

Scott, DRED. See DRED SCOTT CASE.

Scott, ELIZABETH, ab.1708-1776. English hymnist, m. 1751 to ELISHA WILLIAMS (q.v.) of Conn.-Her brother, THOMAS, 1705-1775, pub. Job in Verse, 1771, and Lyric Poems, 1773. Two of his sacred songs are still in extended use.

Scott, SIR GEORGE GILBERT, 1811-1878. English architect, restorer or builder of 26 cathedrals; R.A. 1861, knighted 1872. Scott, GUSTAVUS HALL, U.S.N., 1812-1882.

Commander

1856, Captain 1863, serving on the Atlantic coast; Commodore
1869, Rear-admiral 1873.

Scott, HUGH S. See MERRIMAN, HENRY S.
Scott, JOHN MORIN, 1730-1784. Delegate to Congress 1775
and 1780-83; Brig.-gen. 1776-77; N. Y. Sec. of State 1777-79.
Scott, LEVI, D.D., 1802-1882. M. E. bishop 1852.
Scott, MICHAEL, 13th cent. Semi-mythical magician, said
to have tr. works of Aristotle from the Arabic; mentioned in
Dante's Inferno; prominent figure in border traditions and
ballads; used by Sir W. Scott.

Scott, MICHAEL, 1789-1835. Scottish nautical novelist.
Tom Cringle's Log, 1829; Cruise of the Midge, 1833.

Scott, ROBERT, D.D., 1811-1887. Prof. Oxford 1861; Dean
of Rochester 1870; ed., with Dr. H. G. Liddell, a Greek Lexi-
con, 1845.

Scott, ROBERT HENRY, F.R.S., b. 1833 in Dublin. Head of
British weather service 1867. Meteorology, 1883.

Scott, ROBERT KINGSTON, b. 1826. Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols.
1861-63; Gov. of S. C. 1868-72.

Scott, THOMAS, D.D., 1747-1821. English divine, practical
commentator of the Evangelical School.
with Notes, 1788-92, was widely circulated. Works, 10 vols.,
His Family Bible
1823-25.

Scott, THOMAS ALEXANDER, 1824-1881. Vice-pres. Pa. R. R.
1859; Asst. Sec. of War 1861-62; eminent in public services
during the war; pres. Union Pacific R. R. 1871-72; pres. Pa.
R. R. 1874-80.

Scott, SIR WALTER, 1771-1832. Scottish poet and novelist;
Baronet 1820. Beginning with translations from the German,
1796, and ballads, he pub. Minstrelsy of the Border, 1802-3, and
won fame by The Lay of the Last Minstrel, 1805; Marmion,
1808; and The Lady of the Lake, 1810. His other metrical ro-
mances are inferior, and Byron soon surpassed him in poetry,
though many of his lyrics have a peculiar charm. His chief
fame rests upon the brilliant series, largely historical, and long
anonymous, of "Waverley Novels," 1814-31. Among the finest
are Guy Mannering, 1815; Old Mortality, 1817; Rob Roy and
The Heart of Midlothian, 1818; The Bride of Lammermoor,
1819; Ivanhoe, 1820; Kenilworth, 1822.
parte, 1827, and other solid works are less memorable. He
His Life of Bona-
spent large sums on building Abbotsford, and in 1826 the fail-
ure of publishing firms in which he was a silent partner bur-
dened him with an enormous debt: refusing offers of aid, he
labored for its payment with a heroic energy which shortened
his life. His character co

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Sir Walter Scott.

fill a prominent place in the vast treasure-house literature. Their effect is visible in the recent rev torical and romantic fiction by Conan Doyle, Wey past; but he remains "the Wizard of the North" an and others. The vast popularity which caused eac novels to be eagerly awaited by thousands is a th his own field. His Journal was pub. 1890.

Scott, W. BELL. See SCOTT, DAVID.

Scott, WINFIELD, U.S.A., 1786-1866. Brig.-gen. 1 gen. 1815; prominent on the Canadian border 1813-14 in-chief of the U. S. Army 1841; leader in the war w 1846-47, which resulted in the cession of Cal. and N to the U. S.; Whig candidate for Pres. 1852; Brevet1855; retired 1861.

Scottish Language. This is n. English m Celtic and Scandinavian influences and, as spoken burgh from 1450, this was the literary language of Wyntoun, Dunbar, Douglas and James I. are among contributors to this literature. See ENGLISH LITERA Scotus, JOHANNES. See ERIGENA.

Scotus, JOHANNES DUNS. See DUNS SCOTUS. Scourge of God. Title of Attila, king of th said to have been conferred by a hermit.

Scouring Rushes. Plants of the genus Equise ural family EQUISETACEA (q.v.). The stems are rou the abundance of silica in the epidermis, and are so employed for scouring floors. E. hyemale is known Shave-grass.

Scour of Streams. Process of washing away bank by the current. small gravel, of 2 ft. pebbles ab. an inch thick, and A velocity of 1 ft. per sec. w stones 2 ft. in diameter.

Scranton. Capital of Lackawanna co., Pa., on th awanna, in a region devoted to coal mining; settl chartered 1854 and 1866. Its industries consist mainl shipping of coal and the manufacture of iron and steel 1890, 75,215.

apartment which is less than its entire height. It Screen. In Architecture, any partition subdivid either solid or perforated, as in a rood-screen, which d shut off the view, but merely marks the subdivision, a be either of masonry or woodwork. In Gothic Archit screens were elaborately designed and carved, and of came features of architectural importance.

Screw. Right circular cylinder on the convex su which is a uniform projecting thread in the form of a A cross section of the thread may be of several different the rectangular and the triangular hoing

حمنه

1358

SCREW-GEARING-SCUTA

! used as a mechanical power to move a body through a small space with great force, as in the copying-press.

Screw-Gearing. Method of transmitting motion and power from one shaft to another by toothed wheels (see GEAR The shafts may be parallel, or WHEELS), in which one or both has for its driving profiles the elements of a helix or screw. not parallel and not intersecting. The former case is called transmission by helical gear; the latter is screw-gearing properly so called. In screw-gearing (sometimes called also wormand-wheel), the velocity transmitted from one shaft to another does not depend on the relative radii of the worm and wheel, but the driving shaft which carries the screw moves the wheel in one revolution through an angle subtended by the pitch of the wheel, which is the same as the linear pitch of the screw; that is, the number of turns will be as the fraction The wheel can drive the worm only when the pitch of the screw is so steep that the projected angle between the axis and the tangent to the helical elements is less than the angle of friction between the two surfaces of contact. Hence the adaptation of screw-gearing to hoisting machinery, since it can also hold the load when raised. The face of the worm wheel is often curved to the arc of the worm to give greater bearing surface, and the teeth elements made parts of the complementary helix to that of the worm.

1

no. of teeth of wheel

Screw Pile. Iron pile furnished with screw blades at its foot, and sunk into the soil by turning it like a screw; used for foundations of lighthouses and ocean piers. Screw Pine.

Trees of the genus Pandanus, natives of the Malayan and Polynesian islands, producing a great abundance of aerial roots, forming structures of strange appearance.

Screw Turbine. Water wheel which moves by the pressure of water upon helicoidal blades attached to a vertical shaft. It is of low efficiency and but little used.

Screw-Worm. Larva of a green fly with red eyes, common in s. w. U.S., which lays its eggs in wounds, nostrils, etc., of man and other animals. The eggs hatch in a few hours into larvæ that bore Carbolic acid into the flesh. making a putrescent, non-healing sore, and death ultimately ensues from blood poisoning. should be applied, and the wound dressed with oil of tar and fish oil, to repel the flies.

Screw Pine.

Scribe, AUGUSTIN EUGÈNE, 1791-1861. French dramatist, producer, alone or in partnership with others, of some 250 plays, from one act to five; best in light comedy. He never attained greatness, but was very successful in meeting stage requirements.

Scribes. Jewish scholars who devoted themselves to transcribing and interpreting the Mosaic Law. Their influence was great and ultimately eclipsed that of the priests. Their casuistry and worship of the letter drew down on them our Lord's severest indignation.

Scribner, CHARLES, 1821-1871. founded Scribner's Mag. 1870, which Scribonius Largus, 1st cent.

cine.

Publisher in New York;
Roman writer on medi-
became The Century 1881.

Scrivener, FREDERICK HENRY AMBROSE, LL.D.. D.C.L., 1813-1891. Anglican divine, who wrote much on the N.T. and was one of its revisers; pensioned 1872.

Scrivener's Cramp. See NEUROSIS.

Scrobiculate. In Botany, pitted surfaces.

Scrofula. Constitutional condition manifested by the peculiar character of the processes of inflammation, particularly a degeneration of the lymphatic glands into cheese-like masses. The presence of Koch's bacillus of consumption in these products of inflammation makes it probable that it is a manifestation of tuberculosis.

Scroggs, SIR WILLIAM, ab. 1623-1683. Chief-justice of King's
Bench 1678; impeached 1680 for misconduct during the Popish
Plot trials; pensioned,

Scroll. In Architecture, a spiral ornament often applied
features. Its most common employment
us employed it is known as

born in London; best known for his Volcanoes of Ce
He studied the probable cause of their
France, 1827.
Scrope, GEORGE POULETT, F.R.S., 1797-1876. M.P. 188
nomena and their connection with the present state and
history of the earth.

Scrophulariaceæ. Natural family of flowering p of the class Angiosperma, sub-class Dicotyledons, and Gamopetala, comprising ab.175 genera and ab.2,500 sp distributed throughout all parts of the globe; called th wort family.

Scruple. In Apothecaries' Weight, of a drachm, a lb. Troy, 20 grs.

Scruples of Conscience. Doubts as to what is and what wrong in the case of special points in any course of action.

Scud. Small detached clouds beneath any mass of from which rain is falling; also called wrack.

Man ar

Scudder, HORACE ELISHA, b. 1838. Biographer of Webster, 1882, and (in part) of Bayard Taylor, 1884; aut Dream Children, 1863, and other juvenile books; ed. Ri Mag. 1867-71, and Atlantic Monthly since 1890. ters, 1888.-His brother, SAMUEL HUBBARD, paleontolo U. S. Geological Survey 1886-92. and ed. Science 1883pub. much on Entomology. Their niece, VIDA DUT 1861, pub. Life of the Spirit in English Poets, 1893.

Scudder, JOHN, M.D., 1793-1855. American missio Ceylon 1820-36, and at Madras; founder of schools and tals; father of ten more missionaries, of whom HENRY M D.D., b. 1822, labored in India 1844-63, and wrote n

Tamil and Sanskrit.

French ro he personages of time under ancient names; thus Condé is Artamèn

real Scudéry, MADELEINE DE, 1607-1701. whose characters

were

Grand Cyrus, 1649-53. This and Clélie, 1654-60, bore the name of her brother GEORGES, 16011667, who furnished the plots; they filled 10 vols. each, as did her Conversations. Her works were once highly esteemed.

Scudo. Italian coin, equal to five lire or francs, and U. S. dollar; so named as originally bearing a prince's shield or coat of arms.

Sculling. The propelling of a boat by an oar placed over the taffrail of a boat and plied from side to side; also applied to the rowing of boats, in which the oarsman uses a pair of sculls or short oars.

Sculpture. See the
APPENDIX.

Sculptured Stones.
General name given to a
class of monuments of

Sculptured Stone at Nigg, Ro the early Christian period, many being unhewn s rude inscriptions or ornamental designs. Those o are mostly uninscribed, but usually decorated; one o ornate being at Nigg. See PORGY.

[graphic]

Scup. Scurf.

In Botany, epidermal scales. Scurvy. Constitutional disease characterized b bility, with anæmia, spongy condition of the gums dency to hemorrhages. It prevails among thos forced to subsist for a long time on a diet which is fresh vegetables or their substitute. Hence it has to provide the proper variety of diet for camps and made the disease a rare one. The juice of two or t prevalent among soldiers and sailors. The present the disease is of long standing. daily with plenty of fresh vegetables will suffice to

Scurvy Grass. Plants of the genus Cochleari biting taste and were of great benefit to sailors, be precautions against scurvy were known, for their a high and having a small white flower. They ha properties.

Scuta. Anterior ventral pieces of the shel

cles.

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