SCHUT-SCHWERIN Schut, CORNELIS, 1597-1655. Historical painter of the Flemish school. Among his most famous paintings are Hero Envoy to Russia and France 1808-9, and victor at Dresden and Leander and Tribute to Cæsar. He was a student of Ru- Schütz, HEINRICH (SAGITTARIUS), 1585-1672. German com- Schuvalov. See SCHOUVALOFF. Schuyler, EUGENE, LL.D., 1840-1890. U. S. Minister to Schuyler, MONTGOMERY, b.1843. American journalist. Schuyler, PETER, 1657-1724. First Mayor of Albany, N.Y., 1688; active in colonial affairs and in French and Indian wars, as was his nephew, PETER, 1710-1762. Schuyler, PHILIP JOHN, 1733-1804. Major-gen. 1775-79; commanding on the N. Y. frontier; sacrificed to intrigues and misrepresentations, and superseded by Gates on the eve of Burgoyne's surrender; delegate to Congress 1777-81; U.S. Senator 1789-91 and 1797-98. Schuylkill River rising near Pottsville, Pa., and flowing s.e. past Reading and through Phila. to the Delaware. Length 130 m. Schwab, GUSTAV, 1792-1850. Teacher and pastor at Stutt- Schwalbe, GUSTAV ALBERT, b. 1844. Prof. Jena 1873, Schwalber, or CHELIDONIUS, d. 1521. German monk and Prof. of Anatomy at Schwanthaler, LUDWIG MICHAEL, 1802-1848. Prolific Schwartz, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, 1726-1798. German missionary in India from 1750. Schwarz, BERTHOLD. German Franciscan monk, b. in Freiburg, Baden, in the 14th century, reputed inventor of gunpowder ab.1330; a monument was raised to his honor there 1853. Schwarz, MARIE SOPHIE (BIRATH), 1819-1894. Swedish novelist. Man of Birth, 1858; A Child of the Time, 1873. Schwarzburg - Rodolstadt AND -Sondershausen. Schwarzenberg. German house, ennobled 1417.-ADAM, Felix Schwarzenberg. 1800-1852, was Austrian Chancellor from 1848.-His Ar Schwatka, FREDERICK, U.S.A., 1849-1892. Schwegler, ALBERT, 1819-1857. Prof. Tübingen 18- Schweigger, KARL ERNST THEODOR, b. 1830. Pro Prof. St Schweighauser, JOHANN, 1742-1830. 1770; ed. Polybius, Epictetus, Athenæus, Herodotus, a classics. Schweinfurth, GEORG AUGUST, b. 1836. German in the Nile region 1864, and in the Soudan 1869-71 Cairo Museum 1880-88. Planta Nilatica, 1863; Flo Schweinfurth Green, or PARIS GREEN. Acet. of copper. Used on wall-papers, as a dye and to kil opicus, 1867; Heart of Africa, tr. 1874; Artes Africa Made by treating a basic acetate of copper with arsen poisonous. It was first made at Schweinfurth 1811. Schweinitz, LEWIS DAVID DE, 1780-1834. Mora ister at Salem, N. C., and Bethlehem, Pa.; noted Specimen Flora America septentrionalis cryptogan Monograph of the N. American species of the genus Ce -His son, EDMUND ALEXANDER, D.D., 1825-1887, Moravian bishop 1870. Moravian Manual, 1859; Li EDMUND, M.D., b. 1858, Prof. of Ophthalmology in berger, 1870; Hist. Unitas Fratrum, 1885.-His son Medical Coll. 1892, is prominent as a practitioner a Schweitzer's Reagent. Solution of hydra oxide in ammonia, used as a solvent for cellulose. Schweizer-Sidler, HEINRICH, 1815-1894. Pr 1871; writer on Latin grammar. Schwendener, SIMON, b. 1829. Swiss botan Schwenkfeld, HANS CASPAR VON, 1490-1561. former, denounced by Luther for alleged heresies 90 books or tracts, collected in 4 vols. 1564-70. H part anticipated those of the Quakers. He endur tion from all sides, as did his followers, mostly in Swabia. Some went to Holland, some to England. nant exists in Pa. as a distinct sect. Schwerin, KURT CHRISTOPH, GRAF VON, 1684sian Field-marshal; prominent under Frederic I Prague. GUST, b. 1836. German trav ■the Soudan 1869-71; dire e Nilatica, 1863; Flora E tr. 1874: Artes Africane, - PARIS GREEN. Aceto-arsen rs, as a dve and to kill ver e of copper with arsenious a t Schweinfurth 1811. DE, 1780-1834. Moravian ethlehem, Pa.; noted betast tentrionalis cryptogamion. species of the genus Cerer. DER, D.D., 1825-1887. De rian Manual, 1859: Life of atrum, 1885.-His son. Gre of Ophthalmology in Jes t as a practitioner and w 1. Solution of hydrated olvent for cellulose. NRICH, 1815-1894. Prof. Z SCIADIACEE-SCLEROBASIC Sciadiaceæ. Sub-order of Protococcoidea. Scialoia, ANTONIO, 1817-1877. Prof. Turin 1846-48 and 1852; Minister of Finance 1865, and of Instruction 1872; writer on political economy. Sciatica. Disease whose chief symptom is pain in the back of the thigh, constant and gnawing, with exacerbations or paroxysms. As the disease progresses, the area of pain extends along the course of the sciatic nerve even to the foot. It is of long duration, and may be the result of several conditions or brought about by different causes. Science. Systematic knowledge, distinguished from phi- Science, CHRISTIAN. Scheme propounded in Mass. 1866-67 Science, MILITARY. The fundamental principles of the art Scientific Frontier. Imagined 1878 by Beaconsfield as Scilly Islands. Group ab. 27 to 35 m. w. by s. of Land's German birth, whose energies were divided bet He Scioptic Ball. Hollow wooden ball which the window-shutter and is capable of being turne directions. Within it is a convex lens, by whi outside objects can be formed in a darkened roon Sciothericum Telescopium. Instrumen Molyneux for indicating the time, whether of It consists of a horizontal dial with a telescope ad Scioto. River rising in w. central Ohio, and f then s. to the Ohio at Portsmouth. Columbus an are on its banks. Length 210 m., drainage area 6 Scipio, PUBLIUS CORNELIUS, d. 211 B.C. Roma twice defeated by Hannibal in n. Italy; killed in Tomb of Scipio, at Tarragona, Spain. son and namesake, AFRICANUS MAJOR, 237-ab.183 proconsul in Spain 210, took Nova Carthage, con country, became Consul 205, carried the war into victories there compelled the recall of Hannibal. routed near Zama 202, made peace 201, and was the greatest general of his time. He shared with Lucius the victory over Antiochus 190. A later against him was defeated through popular clamor brilliant, accomplished, magnanimous, and hau came by adoption to EMILIUS PAULUS ( MINOR), 185-129 B.C., Consul 148 and 134. His chi were the siege and destruction of Carthage 146, a mantia in Spain 133. Like his predecessor, he was and patron of letters. name Scire Facias. Common law writ founded on so as a judgment, recognizance or letters-patent, issu force them or set them aside; generally superseded i execution or by a motion. Scirocco. Abnormally warm, moist, sultry wind over Italy and Sicily, formerly erroneously su come from Africa, or again to be the same as the now believed to owe its oppressiveness entirely to its See SIROCCO. Scitaminaceæ. Natural family of flowering the class Angiosperma and sub-class Monocotyledons, ing 36 genera and 450 species, widely distributed thr warmer regions of both hemispheres, including the Ginger, and Arrowroot. Sciuromorpha._Section of the order Rodentia, Squirrels, Marmots, Beavers, Prairie-dogs, Woodchu phers, etc. They have complete clavicles, four lower and five (sometimes four) upper ones. culate in the Squirrels. The molars a Sclater, PHILIP LUBLEY, F.R.S., b. 1829. English ist, writing especially on ornithology; ed. Ibis since 18 Sclerenchyma. Calcareous tissue composing parts of corals. See also SCLEROTIC PARENCHYMA. Scleres. Small mineral deposit of definite shap protoplasm of cell colonies; e.g., spicules of spong SPICULE SYSTEM. Sclerites. See SCLERODERMITES. Sclerobasic. Coral secreted as a central axis by t of th 1356 Sclerobasica. See ANTIPATHARIA. SCLEROBASICA-SCOTLAND Sclerodermata (MADREPORARIA). Group of Zoantharia, including the Madrepore Corals. Sclerodermeæ. Family of Gasteromycetes. Sclerodermic. Tissue composed of Sclerites. Sclerodermites. Calcareous spicules of the outer crust of sea fans. In the red coral they form a rigid skeleton. Sclerotic Parenchyma. Vegetable tissue composed of short cells with greatly thickened walls, as in the grit-cells of the pear and the dense tissues of nut-shells. Sclerotium. 1. Case containing spores and having a wall of tough material, half animal, half vegetable in nature, which protects the spores through a dry season; formed in the Mycetozoa. 2. Compact form of the mycelium of Fungi. Sclerotoid. In Botany, structures resembling a sclero tium. Sclopis, FEDERIGO PAOLO, COUNT, 1798-1878. Historian of Italian law, 1840-64; pres. Senate 1861-64; pres. Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration 1871. Sclot, BERNAT. See D'ESCLOT, BERNAT. Scoke. See POKEWEED. Scolecida. Group of Vermes, including the ENTOZOA and ROTIFERS (q.v.). Scolecite. Archicarp of certain Fungi. Scolex. Tapeworm head, produced by budding from the walls of the cyst or bladder-worm in its first host. Scollard, CLINTON, b. 1860. American poet; prof. Hamilton Coll. 1888. Under Summer Skies, and On Sunny Shores, 1895, describe his Eastern and Italian travels. Scollops. See PECTINIDÆ. Scolopacidæ (SNIPE). Family of Grallatores with long slender bill covered with soft sensitive skin. The legs are short in some forms, long in others. Scolopendra. See CHILOPODA. Scopas, d. ab.350 B.C. Greek sculptor and architect, associated with Praxiteles. Scopoli, JOHANN ANTON, 1723-1788. Prof. Pavia 1777. Flora carniolica, 1760; Introductio ad historiam naturalem, 1777; Fundamenta botanica, 1783. Scopularia. Form of spicule with four short tylote arms and one long needle-shaped arm; derived from a hexactine; present in the sponge Eurete. Score. In Music, collocation of all the parts of a composition, i.e., the voices, for the different performers; used by the conductor in studying a work and in directing its performance. The rule followed in bringing the parts together is to group the wind instruments of wood, flutes, oboes, clarionets, bassoons, etc., on the uppermost staves of the page, the brass instruments, trumpets, horns, trombones, etc., in the middle, with the drums above the trombones, and the strings on the lowest five staves. When voices are employed, their parts appear between those of the brass and string choirs. In the case of an opera or other work employing a number of singers and an orchestra, an arrangement showing the vocal parts intact and the orchestral part transcribed for pianoforte is called a vocal score. Scorel, JAN VAN, 1495-1562. Dutch painter, active before the time of a distinct Dutch School; for some time in Rome, and historically important as a transmitter of Italian influence. Scoresby, WILLIAM, D.D., F.R.S., 1789-1857. English explorer and scientist. Arctic Regions, 1820; Journal, 1823; Magnetical Investigations, 1839-52. Scoriæ. Volcanic slags and cinders which are more or less porous, due to the expansion of the gases in the melted material. Scorpio. See ZODIAC. Scorpioid. In Botany, inflorescence of many plants in the natural family Boraginaceae and some other plants. It is a false raceme, coiled in the bud (and hence also known as helicoid). Arachnids son spine at the hind end, and with four pairs of lungs on to small animals, serious to children, but not fatal to Scot, REGINALD, ab.1538-1599. English author. H Scotch Confession of Faith. Prepared by Kno 1560, in a preface and 25 articles; adopted by Parliamer firmed 1567; standard till 1688, though displaced in ef the Westminster Confession 1646-48. Scotch Mist. Fine rain, whose particles of wa Scotch Paraphrases. Pub. 1745 by a Comm Scotia. Concave molding, which, when seen from Scotists. Followers of Duns Scotus; largely Fran ences. 1371-90. The contests over Fall of Foyers, near In allied itself with the SCOTLAND-SCREW France, represented in Mary of Guise, wife of James V. Their Scotland, CHURCH OF. Established since 1557, with inter- Scotland, FREE CHURCH OF. Secession 1843 from the established Ch. on the right of congregations to a voice in choosing their ministers, embracing 470 out of over 1,200 ministers, and a third of the people. Scotland, NATIONAL COVENANT OF. See NATIONAL COVE NANT. Scotland, UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN. Formed 1847 by union of the Associate and Relief bodies. See PRES- Scott, ANDREW, 1757-1839. Scottish peasant-poet. Scott, DAVID, 1806-1849. Scottish historical painter and Scott, DRED. See DRED SCOTT CASE. Scott, ELIZABETH, ab.1708-1776. English hymnist, m. 1751 to ELISHA WILLIAMS (q.v.) of Conn.-Her brother, THOMAS, 1705-1775, pub. Job in Verse, 1771, and Lyric Poems, 1773. Two of his sacred songs are still in extended use. Scott, SIR GEORGE GILBERT, 1811-1878. English architect, restorer or builder of 26 cathedrals; R.A. 1861, knighted 1872. Scott, GUSTAVUS HALL, U.S.N., 1812-1882. Commander 1856, Captain 1863, serving on the Atlantic coast; Commodore Scott, HUGH S. See MERRIMAN, HENRY S. Scott, MICHAEL, 1789-1835. Scottish nautical novelist. Scott, ROBERT, D.D., 1811-1887. Prof. Oxford 1861; Dean Scott, ROBERT HENRY, F.R.S., b. 1833 in Dublin. Head of Scott, ROBERT KINGSTON, b. 1826. Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. Scott, THOMAS, D.D., 1747-1821. English divine, practical Scott, THOMAS ALEXANDER, 1824-1881. Vice-pres. Pa. R. R. Scott, SIR WALTER, 1771-1832. Scottish poet and novelist; Sir Walter Scott. fill a prominent place in the vast treasure-house literature. Their effect is visible in the recent rev torical and romantic fiction by Conan Doyle, Wey past; but he remains "the Wizard of the North" an and others. The vast popularity which caused eac novels to be eagerly awaited by thousands is a th his own field. His Journal was pub. 1890. Scott, W. BELL. See SCOTT, DAVID. Scott, WINFIELD, U.S.A., 1786-1866. Brig.-gen. 1 gen. 1815; prominent on the Canadian border 1813-14 in-chief of the U. S. Army 1841; leader in the war w 1846-47, which resulted in the cession of Cal. and N to the U. S.; Whig candidate for Pres. 1852; Brevet1855; retired 1861. Scottish Language. This is n. English m Celtic and Scandinavian influences and, as spoken burgh from 1450, this was the literary language of Wyntoun, Dunbar, Douglas and James I. are among contributors to this literature. See ENGLISH LITERA Scotus, JOHANNES. See ERIGENA. Scotus, JOHANNES DUNS. See DUNS SCOTUS. Scourge of God. Title of Attila, king of th said to have been conferred by a hermit. Scouring Rushes. Plants of the genus Equise ural family EQUISETACEA (q.v.). The stems are rou the abundance of silica in the epidermis, and are so employed for scouring floors. E. hyemale is known Shave-grass. Scour of Streams. Process of washing away bank by the current. small gravel, of 2 ft. pebbles ab. an inch thick, and A velocity of 1 ft. per sec. w stones 2 ft. in diameter. Scranton. Capital of Lackawanna co., Pa., on th awanna, in a region devoted to coal mining; settl chartered 1854 and 1866. Its industries consist mainl shipping of coal and the manufacture of iron and steel 1890, 75,215. apartment which is less than its entire height. It Screen. In Architecture, any partition subdivid either solid or perforated, as in a rood-screen, which d shut off the view, but merely marks the subdivision, a be either of masonry or woodwork. In Gothic Archit screens were elaborately designed and carved, and of came features of architectural importance. Screw. Right circular cylinder on the convex su which is a uniform projecting thread in the form of a A cross section of the thread may be of several different the rectangular and the triangular hoing حمنه 1358 SCREW-GEARING-SCUTA ! used as a mechanical power to move a body through a small space with great force, as in the copying-press. Screw-Gearing. Method of transmitting motion and power from one shaft to another by toothed wheels (see GEAR The shafts may be parallel, or WHEELS), in which one or both has for its driving profiles the elements of a helix or screw. not parallel and not intersecting. The former case is called transmission by helical gear; the latter is screw-gearing properly so called. In screw-gearing (sometimes called also wormand-wheel), the velocity transmitted from one shaft to another does not depend on the relative radii of the worm and wheel, but the driving shaft which carries the screw moves the wheel in one revolution through an angle subtended by the pitch of the wheel, which is the same as the linear pitch of the screw; that is, the number of turns will be as the fraction The wheel can drive the worm only when the pitch of the screw is so steep that the projected angle between the axis and the tangent to the helical elements is less than the angle of friction between the two surfaces of contact. Hence the adaptation of screw-gearing to hoisting machinery, since it can also hold the load when raised. The face of the worm wheel is often curved to the arc of the worm to give greater bearing surface, and the teeth elements made parts of the complementary helix to that of the worm. 1 no. of teeth of wheel Screw Pile. Iron pile furnished with screw blades at its foot, and sunk into the soil by turning it like a screw; used for foundations of lighthouses and ocean piers. Screw Pine. Trees of the genus Pandanus, natives of the Malayan and Polynesian islands, producing a great abundance of aerial roots, forming structures of strange appearance. Screw Turbine. Water wheel which moves by the pressure of water upon helicoidal blades attached to a vertical shaft. It is of low efficiency and but little used. Screw-Worm. Larva of a green fly with red eyes, common in s. w. U.S., which lays its eggs in wounds, nostrils, etc., of man and other animals. The eggs hatch in a few hours into larvæ that bore Carbolic acid into the flesh. making a putrescent, non-healing sore, and death ultimately ensues from blood poisoning. should be applied, and the wound dressed with oil of tar and fish oil, to repel the flies. Screw Pine. Scribe, AUGUSTIN EUGÈNE, 1791-1861. French dramatist, producer, alone or in partnership with others, of some 250 plays, from one act to five; best in light comedy. He never attained greatness, but was very successful in meeting stage requirements. Scribes. Jewish scholars who devoted themselves to transcribing and interpreting the Mosaic Law. Their influence was great and ultimately eclipsed that of the priests. Their casuistry and worship of the letter drew down on them our Lord's severest indignation. Scribner, CHARLES, 1821-1871. founded Scribner's Mag. 1870, which Scribonius Largus, 1st cent. cine. Publisher in New York; Scrivener, FREDERICK HENRY AMBROSE, LL.D.. D.C.L., 1813-1891. Anglican divine, who wrote much on the N.T. and was one of its revisers; pensioned 1872. Scrivener's Cramp. See NEUROSIS. Scrobiculate. In Botany, pitted surfaces. Scrofula. Constitutional condition manifested by the peculiar character of the processes of inflammation, particularly a degeneration of the lymphatic glands into cheese-like masses. The presence of Koch's bacillus of consumption in these products of inflammation makes it probable that it is a manifestation of tuberculosis. Scroggs, SIR WILLIAM, ab. 1623-1683. Chief-justice of King's Scroll. In Architecture, a spiral ornament often applied born in London; best known for his Volcanoes of Ce Scrophulariaceæ. Natural family of flowering p of the class Angiosperma, sub-class Dicotyledons, and Gamopetala, comprising ab.175 genera and ab.2,500 sp distributed throughout all parts of the globe; called th wort family. Scruple. In Apothecaries' Weight, of a drachm, a lb. Troy, 20 grs. Scruples of Conscience. Doubts as to what is and what wrong in the case of special points in any course of action. Scud. Small detached clouds beneath any mass of from which rain is falling; also called wrack. Man ar Scudder, HORACE ELISHA, b. 1838. Biographer of Webster, 1882, and (in part) of Bayard Taylor, 1884; aut Dream Children, 1863, and other juvenile books; ed. Ri Mag. 1867-71, and Atlantic Monthly since 1890. ters, 1888.-His brother, SAMUEL HUBBARD, paleontolo U. S. Geological Survey 1886-92. and ed. Science 1883pub. much on Entomology. Their niece, VIDA DUT 1861, pub. Life of the Spirit in English Poets, 1893. Scudder, JOHN, M.D., 1793-1855. American missio Ceylon 1820-36, and at Madras; founder of schools and tals; father of ten more missionaries, of whom HENRY M D.D., b. 1822, labored in India 1844-63, and wrote n Tamil and Sanskrit. French ro he personages of time under ancient names; thus Condé is Artamèn real Scudéry, MADELEINE DE, 1607-1701. whose characters were Grand Cyrus, 1649-53. This and Clélie, 1654-60, bore the name of her brother GEORGES, 16011667, who furnished the plots; they filled 10 vols. each, as did her Conversations. Her works were once highly esteemed. Scudo. Italian coin, equal to five lire or francs, and U. S. dollar; so named as originally bearing a prince's shield or coat of arms. Sculling. The propelling of a boat by an oar placed over the taffrail of a boat and plied from side to side; also applied to the rowing of boats, in which the oarsman uses a pair of sculls or short oars. Sculpture. See the Sculptured Stones. Sculptured Stone at Nigg, Ro the early Christian period, many being unhewn s rude inscriptions or ornamental designs. Those o are mostly uninscribed, but usually decorated; one o ornate being at Nigg. See PORGY. Scup. Scurf. In Botany, epidermal scales. Scurvy. Constitutional disease characterized b bility, with anæmia, spongy condition of the gums dency to hemorrhages. It prevails among thos forced to subsist for a long time on a diet which is fresh vegetables or their substitute. Hence it has to provide the proper variety of diet for camps and made the disease a rare one. The juice of two or t prevalent among soldiers and sailors. The present the disease is of long standing. daily with plenty of fresh vegetables will suffice to Scurvy Grass. Plants of the genus Cochleari biting taste and were of great benefit to sailors, be precautions against scurvy were known, for their a high and having a small white flower. They ha properties. Scuta. Anterior ventral pieces of the shel cles. |