SCHAUFELIN-SCHILLER

Schaufelin, HANS LEONHARD, ab.1487-1540.

St. Elizabeth, by Schau

felin.

Historical

painter of the German school. He was
a pupil of Durer, whose manner he imi-
tated so well that many of his pictures
have been accredited to his master.

Schauffler, WILLIAM GOTTLIEB,
D.D., LL.D., 1798-1883. German-Amer-
ican missionary at Constantinople 1831-
74. He tr. the Bible into Osmanli-
Turkish.

Schaumberg-Lippe. Principality of n. w. Germany. Area 131 sq. m.; pop., 1890, 39,183.

Schedone, BARTOLOMMEO, 15601615. Italian painter.

Scheele, KARL WILHELM, 1742-1786.
Swedish chemist, pioneer in nearly
every branch, especially the organic.
Air and Fire, 1777, tr. 1780; Memoires,
1785-88.

Scheele, KNUT HENNING GAZELIUS
VON, b. 1838. Prof. Upsala 1879; Bp. of
Gothland 1885; theological writer.

Scheele's Green. CuHASO,.
Cupric arsenite, made by adding an
ammoniacal solution of arsenious acid
to copper sulphate; poisonous.

Scheelite. CaWO,. Natural calcium tungstate, characterized by a specific gravity of ab. 6. Its usual mode of occurrence is in the older crystalline rocks, associated with several other minerals, in which tungsten or fluorine is a component.

Scheffel, JOSEPH VIKTOR VON, 1826-1886. German poet. His most important works were his first, Der Trompeter von Säkkingen, 1854, an epic, and Ekkehard, 1857, tr. 1896, a novel of the Middle Ages, which had an immense circulation. Next in popularity were his humorous lyrics, Gaudeamus, 1867, tr. 1872.

Scheffer, ARY, 1797-1858. French painter, chiefly of religious subjects, whose reputation is possibly due, in part, to court influence. He was a devoted adherent of the Orleans.

Weeping (at the Luxembourg), by Ary Scheffer.

He was not in sympathy with any of the schools of painting,
but formed a style of his own, more sentimental than vig-
orous. Examples in the Louvre are St. Monica and Christ's
Temptation.

Scheffler, JOHANN ("ANGELUS SILESIUS"), 1624-1677. Ger-
man hymnist, converted to R. C. Ch. 1653. His lyrics have
much sweetness and beauty; his Ecclesiologia, 1677, is vehe-
mently polemic.

Scheldt. River of Belgium, rising in n. France, flowing n.e. to Antwerp, and thence n.w. to the North Sea. Length

200 m.

Schelling, FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH VON, 1775-1854.
Prof. of Philosophy at Jena 1798 Würghu

1000

pantheistic in type. Natural Philosophy, 1797; W Transcendental Idealism, 1800; Philosophy and

Schem, ALEXANDER JACOB, 1826-1881. Ger journalist and cyclopedist; ed. Conversations-Le Schemnitz. Hungarian town 66 m. n. of B as being the oldest and most famous mining tow It produces silver chiefly, but copper and lead a The town has a noted school of mines.

Schenck, JAMES FINDLAY, U.S.N., 1807-1882. 1855, Commodore 1863; prominent in the attacks o N. C.; Rear-admiral 1868.-His brother, ROBERT C 1890, was M.C. from Ohio 1843-51 and 1863-70 Brazil 1851-53, Brig.-gen. U.S. Vols. 1861, Major.and Minister to England 1870-76.

Schenectady. Capital of S. co., N. Y., on 17 m. w. of Albany; founded 1661; burned by I chartered 1798; site of Union Univ., founded 17 Electric Co. have their works here. Pop., 1890, 15

Schenk, AUGUST, 1815-1891. Prof. of Botany in Flora der Umgebung von Würzburg, 1848: Die Spe im Pflanzenreich, 1864; Die fossile Flora der Grenz Keupers und Lias Frankens, 1867; Mittheilungen sammtgebiete der Botanik, 1871.

Schenkel, DANIEL, D.D., 1813-1885. Prof. Heid 1851; leader of the Protestantenverein; ed. Kir schrift, 1860-72, and Bibel-Lexicon, 5 vols., 1869-75. des Protestantismus, 3 vols., 1846-51; Dogmatik, 185 acter of Jesus, 1864, tr. 1866. His later works are s manitarian.

Schenkendorf, MAX VON, 1783-1841. Germ whose songs were called forth by the war of libe pub. 1815.

Scherer, EDMOND HENRI ADOLPHE, 1815-188 critic; prof. Geneva 1845-50; Deputy 1871. A. Critique Religieuse, 1860; Litterature Contemporain

Scherer, WILHELM, 1841-1886. Prof. Vienna 1868 burg 1872-77, and Berlin from 1877; historian of th language (1868) and literature (1883). Goethe, 1886.

Schereschewsky, SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH, b. 1 bp. to China 1877-83; tr. O. T. into Mandarin Chines Scherr, JOHANNES, 1817-1886. German novelist historian of English literature (1854), biographer o 1859, and Blücher, 3 vols., 1862-63; prolific writer.

Scherzer, KARL VON, b. 1821. Austrian traveler ive and scientific writer.

Scherzo. Generally, third movement in a mus position of a cyclical kind, as a sonata or symphony because of its playful or jocose character. It is the of the minuet, which, as a rule, it follows in form. monly written in triple time, but nationalism and of ences have led to great freedom in this respect.

Scheuchzer, JOHANN, 1684-1738. Botanist at Agrostographia, 1719.

Scheveningen. Summer resort of s. Holland, Hague. Off it Van Tromp was defeated and slain b glish 1653.

Schiaparelli, GIOVANNI VIRGINIO, b. 1835.
Milan Observatory 1862. Shooting Stars, 1867.

Schidone, B. See SCHEDONE.

Di

Schiedam. Town of s. Holland, near Rotterda for its production of gin (schnapps). Pop., 1891, 25,26 Schiele-curve Pivot. Form for the end of thrus (see PIVOT), named from the inventor of a method sliding block: let a ruler bear at one end a tracing p drawing of the tractrix, or curve of equal tangents. square be laid upon a drawing-board, upon whose bla a sufficient weight to press it down, and let its other upon a pin on the sliding block. If this ruler be adjust at right angles with the blade of the T-square, and th be then moved along the blade, the tracing-point will scribe a tractrix. It has the property of having the ta equal at every point, and therefore the thrust along t point, and the bearing wears equally all over. at each section varies as the area of the ring of contact

Schiff, MORITZ, b. 1823. Prof. Berne 1852, Florenc and Geneva 1876; writer on physiology.

1350

SCHILLER-SCHLEIERMACHER

Schiller, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH, 1759-1805. Greatest of German poets after Goethe, with whom he was associated at Weimar from 1800. His dramatic works are The Robbers, 1781; Fiesco, and Intrigue and Love, 1783; Don Carlos, 1787; the great trilogy of Wallenstein, 1799; Mary Stuart, 1800; The Maid of Orleans, 1801; The Bride of Messina, 1803; and William

Johann Schiller.

Tell, 1804. His minor poems include The Song of the Bell and some noble ballads. His chief prose work is a History of the Thirty Years' War, 1793. Through illness and poverty he was faithful to lofty standards; his character was worthy of his genius. His works filled 17 vols. in the edition of 1868-76. Most of his writings exist in English versions.

Schilling. Small base silver coin of Hamburg and some
other German cities and states, value 2 cts.
Schilling, JOHANNES, b. 1828.

German sculptor, prof.
Dresden 1868. Luther, Worms; Schiller, Vienna.
Schimmelin, OEXMELIN, or ESQUEMELIN, ab.1645-1707.
His book appeared in
Flemish historian of the buccaneers.
French 1684, and in Dutch 1700.

Schimmelpenninck, MARY ANN (GALTON), 1788-1856.
English author.

Schimmelpfennig, ALEXANDER, 1824-1865. U. S. Vols. 1862-65.

Brig.-gen.

Schimper, WILHELM PHILIPP, 1808-1880. Prof. at Strassburg. Recherches anatomiques et morphologiques sur les mousses, 1850; Bryologia Europaea, 1836-55; Synopsis muscorum Europæorum, 1860; Le terrain de transition des Vosges, 1862; Paléontologie végétale, 1869.

Schinkel, KARL FRIEDRICH, 1781-1841. German architect; prof. Berlin Academy 1820.

Schipperke. Breed of dogs found in Belgium, belonging
to the same group as the Pomeranian and Eskimo dogs.

Schism. Division in or separation from a Church; frequent
from ab.250. The Great Schism is (1) that between East and
West, beginning ab.880; (2) that of 1378-1429, when there were
at once two claimants of the popedom, one in Avignon and
It was virtually ended by
one in Rome, and sometimes more.
Council of Constance 1417.

Schist. Foliated rock; one with a tendency to split readily
in one direction, due to a parallelism of arrangement of cleav-
able mineral components, such as mica, talc, or chlorite.
Schistose. Breaking into slabs like flagging stone, usually
confined to crystalline rocks.

Schizæaceæ. Family of ferns, mainly of tropical distribution, including various climbing species, as the Hartford Ferns. Schizæa pusilla, a minute fern with filiform leaves, occurring on the Atlantic seaboard of N. America, and known locally as Curley-grass, is one of the most interesting of the order.

Schizocarp. Dry fruits in which the carpels are indehis-
cent but split apart at maturity.

Schizocal. Body-cavity formed by primary splitting of
mass of mesoderm cells into two layers, as in Rotifers and
de it is a secondary form of an

2.

Schizocola. 1. Animals possessing a schizocol.
group of Vermes, including the CHATOPODA (q.v.).
Schizogenesis. Reproduction by fission.
Schizogenic. Method of formation of intercellular sp
in vegetable tissue, which develops them coincidently with

tissue.

Schizognathous. Skulls of birds, in which the max palatine processes are separated by a cleft in the roof of mouth. The vomer is long, pointed in front, and narrow hind. Examples are Plovers, Gulls, Penguins, Cranes, F Pigeons, Grouse. These have been included in a group c Schizognatha or Schizorhina. Of the natatorial birds incl there are two sections, Brevipennati and Longipennati.

Schizomycetes. Class of Protophyta, including microscopic organisms in which chorophyll is wanting propagation effected by cell-division or splitting; know Bacteria and Microbes.

Schizonemertea. Group of nemertean worms, ch terized by the presence of deep longitudinal ciliated fissur the sides of the head; the mouth is behind the brain, an proboscis is unarmed.

Schizopelmous (MONOPELMOUS). Common arrange of the flexor tendons of the feet of birds, in which the digit has its own tendon, the other toes a common tendo Schizophyceae. Division of Protophyta, including those which contain chlorophyll.

Schizopoda. 1. See TRAGULINA. 2. Small Thoraco with a large, soft, cephalothoracic shield, and eight pa biramous, thoracic feet, the anterior of which are not m as maxillipeds, but, in many forms, bear gills. The ab ends in a strong telson, and bears appendages that are de in the female, but strong in the male. In Mysis the la pendages have auditory organs (otoliths) developed endopodite.

Schizotrocha. Order of Rotifers, including forms an anus, and with the trochal disk notched or lobed.

Schkuhr, CHRISTIAN, 1741-1811. German botanist. anisches Handbuch der mehrsten theils in Deutschland Enchiridion botanicum, 1805; Beschreibung und Abbildu theils bekannten, 1801; Deutschlands kryptogamische Ge 1810-47.

Schlagintweit, HERMANN VON, 1826-1882. Explo
the Alps and Himalayas, and writer on their physica
raphy. India and High Asia, 1860-66. Associated in
tasks were his brothers ADOLF, 1829-1857, and ROBERT
1885. Robert became prof. at Giessen 1863, visited th
1869 and 1880, and pub. books on California, the Pacifi
and the Mormons. Their brother, EDUARD, 1831-1866
on the Spanish war with Morocco, 1863, and the yo
EMIL, b. 1835, on Thibet, 1860-66.

Schlatter, MICHAEL, 1716-1790. Organizer of the
Reformed Ch. in America 1747.

Schlechtendal, DIEDRICH FRANZ LEONHARD VON
1866. Prof. of Botany in Halle 1833. Animadversiones
cæ in Ranunculeas, 1819-20; Flora Berolinensis, 1823-24

Schlegel, AUGUST WILHELM VON, 1767-1845. Germa
of high rank and great influence, translator of Shake
Dante, and Camoens; prof. Bonn from 1818. Drama
brother, FRIEDRICH, 1772-1829, as gifted but more erra
and Literature, 1808, tr. 1815. Works, 12 vols., 1846-4
the Romantic School and became a reactionist. He
of the founders of comparative philology: his Spra
Weisheit der Indier, 1808, was important for the study
skrit. Hist. Literature, 1814, tr. 1859; Philosophy of
Works, 15 vols., 1846. His poetry,
1827, tr. 1835.
brother's, is unimportant.

Schlegel, ELIAS, 1718-1749. German dramatist.
Schleicher, AUGUST, 1821-1868. Prof. Prague 18
1857. He wrote on the Latin, German, and Slavonic
developed Indo-Germanic philology, and considered th
of language a natural science.

Schleiden, MATTHIAS JAKOB, 1804-1881. German Grundzüge der wissenschaftlichen Botanik, 1842-43; Ze für wissenschaftliche Botanik, with Karl Naegeli, Grundriss der Botanik, 1846; Die Pflanze und ihr Leb tr. 1848; Handbuch der medizinisch pharmaceutischen 1852-57.

Schleiermacher, FRIEDRICH ERNST DANIEL, 1 Prof. Halle 1804-6, and Berlin from 1810; foremost of theologians. He sought to unite the Lutheran and Churches, aimed to reconcile the philosophic with the place as the intellect, and exerted a deep and wide i spirit, developed a system wherein the feelings have especially by his Christian Faith, 1821-22. Monolog

SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN-SCHŒELCHER

tr. Plato, 1801-10; Systems of Ethics, 1803. His works, col-
lected 1836-65, include 10 vols. of sermons, 11 on theology, and
9 or philosophy, besides letters, partly tr. 1860.

Schleswig-Holstein. Province of Prussia; held by Den-
mark till 1864; previously two duchies, at times united, oftener
separate. Pop., 1890, 1,219,523.

Schliemann, HEINRICH, D.C.L., 1822-1890. German-Russian merchant, naturalized in Cal. 1850; enthusiast for the Trojan legend; excavator at Hissarlik 1870-82, and elsewhere. Most important were his discoveries at Mycena 1876-88. Mykence, tr. 1877; Ilios, 1880; Orchomenos, 1881; Troja, 1883; Tiryns, 1886.

Schlippe's Salt. Na,SbS.. Sodium sulphantimonate; made by dissolving antimony pentasulphide in sodium sulphide.

Schlosser, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH, 1776-1861. Prof. Heidelberg 1819. Weltgeschichte, 9 vols., 1817-24; do., 18 vols., 184456; Hist. 19th Century, 1823, tr. 1843-52; Der alten Welt, 182634; Dante, 1855. His works are highly moral and have been very popular.

Schlotheim, ERNST FRIEDRICH VON, 1764-1832. Chiefjustice in Gotha. Flora der Vorwelt, 1804; Die Petrefactenkunde, 1820; Nachträge zur Petrefactenkunde, 1822.

Schlözer, AUGUST LUDWIG VON, 1735-1809. Prof. Göttingen 1764. Allgemeine Nordische Geschichte, 1772.

Schlüter, ANDREAS, ab.1662-1714. German architect and sculptor, whose works are among the noblest art productions

Dying Warriors, by Schluter, in the Berlin Arsenal.

of the epoch. His principal works are The Great Elector and
the Dying Warriors, both in Berlin.

Schlyter, KARL JOHAN, 1795-1888. Compiler of old Swedish
laws, pub. in 12 vols. 1827-77.

of the Lutheran Ch.; prepared by Luther at Wittenberg 1536;
accepted by the League 1537.

Schmalkald, LEAGUE OF. Organized 1531 for defense of
German Protestantism by nine princes and eleven imperial
cities; soon joined by others; led by Elector of Saxony and
Landgrave of Hesse; defeated at Mühlberg, April 24, 1547, by
Charles V., and dissolved; revived 1552 by Maurice of Saxony.

Schmauk, THEODORE EMANUEL, b.1860. American Luth-
eran editor and author. Editor of The Lutheran since 1889.
Negative Criticism, 1894.

Schmid, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, 1794-1852. Prof. Tübingen
1821. Biblical Theology of N. T., tr. 1870.

Schmid, HEINRICH, 1811-1885. Prof. Erlangen from 1848.
Dogmatik, 1843, tr. 1875; Dogmengeschichte, 1860.

Schmid, LEOPOLD, 1808-1869. Prof. Giessen from 1839; op-
ponent of ultramontanism. Geist des Katholicismus, 1848-50.
Schmidel, ULRICH, ab.1511-ab. 1570. Bavarian soldier, in
S. America ab.1535-52. His diary, pub. 1557, appeared in Latin
1599. It deals largely with Argentina.

Schmidt, CHARLES GUILLAUME ADOLPHE, D.D., b. 1812.
Prof. Strassburg 1843-77. Hist. des Cathares, 1849; Early

Christianity, 1853, tr. 1885.
Schmidt, HEINRICH JULIAN, 1818-1886. Prussian journal-
ist and critic; historian of German literature, 1850-86.
Schmidt, HENRY IMMANUEL, D.D., 1806-1889. Prof Co
lumbia Coll. 1848-80

Hist

Schmidt, JOHANNES, b. 1843. Prof. Comparat at Berlin 1876; writer on Indo-Germanic languag mology at Marburg 1873, and Göttingen 1891. A Schmidt-Rimpler, HERMANN, b. 1838. Pro und Ophthalmoskopie, 1885.

Zumpt's Latin Grammar.
Schmitz, LEONHARD, 1807-1890. German-Eng
editor or author of many school-books; tr.

lyrics are highly popular at home, and several
in English versions.
Schmolck, BENJAMIN, 1672-1737. German h

1872, and Berlin 1882; writer on political econom
schichte der deutschen Kleingewerbe im 19 Jahrh
Schmoller, GUSTAV, b. 1838. Prof. Halle 1864
Strassburgs Blüthe und die Volkswirthschaftliche
Ueberdie Resultate der Bevölkerungs und Moralsto
Sozial und Gewerbepolitik der Gegenwart, 1890.
im 13 Jahrhundert, 1875; Strassburg zur Zeit der Z
1875; Die Strassburger Tücher und Weberzunft,

Schmucker, SAMUEL SIMON, D.D., 1799-1873. F burg Theol. Sem., Pa., 1826-64; leader in the General SAMUEL MOSHEIM, 1823-1863, was an industrious b author of its formula of discipline, 1827, and of sund works. American Lutheranism Vindicated, 1856.BEALE MELANCTHON, D.D., 1827-1888, was eminent i and a leader in the Pa. Synod and the General Cour

Schnabziger Cheese. Green cheese from th Glaris, Switzerland. The milk is coagulated with stead of rennet, and treated with zigerlec, a plan U. S. it is called Sago and Sap Sago cheese.

Schneeberg. Mining town of Saxony, 20 m. s. w nitz, producing tin, cobalt and silver. It manufactu cals and laces. Pop. 8,200.

Schneekoppe. Highest point of the Rieseng tween Bohemia and Prussian Silesia. Altitude 5,260 Schneider, JOHANN GOTTLOB, 1750-1822. Prof. 1776; editor of Theophrastus and other classics, and lexicon, 1797-1821. Scriptores Rei Rusticæ, 4 vols., Schneider, KARL ERNST CHRISTOPH, 1786-1856. E lau from 1816; editor of Plato, Proclus, and Cæsar. Schneidewin, FRIEDRICH WILHELM, 1810-185 Göttingen from 1837; editor of Sophocles, Pindar, a classics.

Schnetz, JEAN VICTOR, 1787-1870. French painte Schnitzer, EDUARD. See EMIN PASHA. Schnizlein, ADELBERT, d. 1868. Prof. of Botan langen. Die Flora von Bayern, 1847; Die Vegetation nisse der Jura-und Keuperformation, 1848.

Schnorr von Karolsfeld, JULIUS, 1794-1872. and illustrator; prof. Munich 1827, where he prod

Cain slaying Abel, by Schnorr von Karolsfeld. Luther at Worms is familiar through engravings. Nibelungen frescoes in the palace; prof. Dresden 1846. Pictures, 1860.

Schoelcher, VICTOR, 1804-1893. 1848-51; in England 1851-70: life son

French author; De

1352

SCHOFIELD-SCHOULER

Schofield, JOHN MCALLISTER, U.S.A., b. 1831. Prof. West Point 1855-60; Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1861, Major-gen. 1862; commanding in Mo. 1862-63; engaged under Sherman and Thomas 1864-65; Brig.-gen. U.S.A. 1864; Sec. of War 1868-69; See Major-gen. 1869; Supt. at West Point 1876-81; Lieut.-gen. 1895. Schoharie. Local bed of sandstone in e. N. Y. DEVONIAN.

Scholarship. Proceeds of an investment paid to a student for his maintenance at a school or college.

Scholasticism. Philosophic doctrine and method of the Middle Ages. As a method it was deductive logic, or the attempt to deduce all truth independently of experience; as a doctrine it was a combination of theology and Aristotelian philosophy. Its great exemplar is Aquinas.

Writers of notes or glosses on the margins of Scholiasts. ancient MSS. They flourished especially at Alexandria, and were more concerned often with the text itself than with the ideas it conveyed.

Scholium. Statement following a demonstration to apply, restrict, generalize, or illustrate the truth established.

Schöll, MAXIMILIAN SAMSON FRIEDRICH, 1766-1833. GermanFrench historian of Latin and Greek literature, 12 vols., 181525; compiler of Cours d'histoire, 46 vols., 1830-36, and sundry political documents.

Scholten, JAN HENDRIK, 1811-1885.

Dutch rationalist,

prof. Leyden 1843-81. Theology of Reformed Ch., 1848-50; In-
troduction to N. T., 1853; Gospel of John, 1864; Pauline Gospel,
1870. His books were widely read in Germany and France.
Schömann, GEORG FRIEDRICH, 1793-1879.
wald from 1823. Greek Antiquity, tr. 1880.

Prof. Greifs

Schomberg, FREDERICH HERMANN, DUKE OF, 1616-1690. German officer, in the French service 1650-85; distinguished as a tactician. He secured the recognition of Portugal's independence 1668, became Marshal 1675, was next in command to William of Orange 1688, was made Duke 1689, and fell in the battle of the Boyne.

Schomburgk, SIR ROBERT HERMANN, Ph.D., 1804-1865. German-English traveler; explorer of Guiana; discoverer of the Victoria regia, 1837; knighted 1844; British representative in Siam 1857-64; author of a History of Barbadoes, 1847, and several books on Guiana.

Schönbein, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, 1799-1868. Prof. Basel 1828; writer on chemistry; discoverer of ozone 1839; inventor of gun-cotton 1845.

Schönbein's Test. Paper prepared with starch and potassium iodide, sensitive to the presence of ozone, which sets free the iodine, turning the starch blue.

Schönberg, GUSTAV, b. 1839. Prof. Bonn 1868, Freiburg 1871, and Tübingen 1873; economist. Arbeitsämter, 1871; Finanzverhältnisse der Stadt Basel im 14 und 15 Jahrhundert, He was joint-compiler of Handbuch der Politischen

1879.
Oekonomie, 1882.

Schönbrunn. Immense palace near Vienna, erected for Maria Theresa 1744. Here the treaty of Vienna was signed 1809 between Napoleon and Francis I. Cessions of territory were made by Austria to the Rhenish Confederation, to Napoleon, the King of Saxony, the Duke of Warsaw, and the Czar.

Schönfeld, EDUARD, 1828-1891. Assistant to Argelander
in his great survey of the northern heavens: director of the
observatory at Mannheim 1859-75, and at Bonn 1875; best
known for his work in stellar astronomy, particularly variable
stars.

Schongauer, MARTIN, 1446-1488.
Colmar in Alsace.

German painter, of

Prof. Würzburg 1820, Zurich 1833, and Berlin 1839-59; introducer of improved

Schönlein, JOHANN LUCAS, 1793-1864.

methods of medical study.

School, PUBLIC. First in America was established in Boston 1635. National Schools were instituted in England 1811, in Ireland 1831.

Schoolcraft, HENRY ROWE, LL.D., 1793-1864. Geologist with Gen. Cass to the Mississippi 1820; explorer of the Sources of the Mississippi 1832; in the U. S. service nearly 50 years; chiefly eminent as an ethnologist. His most important writings are on the history and customs of the aborigines. Algic Researches, 1839; Indian Tribes, 6 vols., pub. by Congress

1851-57.

Leaders of thought in the Middle Ages,
Schoolmen.
occupied almost wholly with theology and philosophy. They
ized the limited learning of their times, and were
eir work was useful mainly for

Schools, BROTHERS OF CHRISTIAN. R. C. order found Rheims 1684 by De la Salle; confirmed by the pope 1725; A similar society was formed in Ireland widely extended. Schools of Painting. These include the painters country, province or city, or a group of painters under t In Italy, the Byzantine school was fluence of one man. mount in the 12th and early 13th centuries, with Giott Cimabue as the leading artists, and Pisa and Lucca the seats of this rude painting. In the 13th and 14th cent Siena, with Martino and Lorenzetti, was more product The Florence school was the most important in Italy, a development of the art, inaugurated by Giotto at Flo the 15th century reached its climax, with Leonardo da 15th and 16th centuries the Umbrian school produced Michelangelo and Andrea del Sarto as its great lights. example. In Padua was Andrea Mantegna, and at A painters of importance, with Piero della Francesco as it was prominent in the 15th and 16th centuries, with Gior Titian, Tintoretto and Paul Veronese. The Brescian scho Spinello di Luca and Lorenzo di Bicci. The Venetian 17th century had Pisanello, Domenico and Carazola. Moretto in the 16th century, and Verona from the 13th from the 14th to the 17th century produced the Caracci and Domenichino. Modena and Parma had many p from the 14th to the 16th centuries, Correggio being th prominent. Milan in the 15th and 16th centuries was portant school, created by Leonardo da Vinci. The school consisted of the pupils of Raphael. The German originated at Cologne in the 14th century; the leading here were Albert Durer, Hans Holbein and Overbeck. Flemish school, beginning with the 15th century, are Eycks and the Van der Weydens, and later Rubens a Dyck. The Dutch school includes Rembrandt, its painter, the Teniers and Wouverman in genre subjects dael and Hobbema in landscape; Vandevelde in sea vie Paul Potter in animal pictures. Spain produced Ve Murillo and Fortuny. In France were Poussin, Lorra net, Rousseau and Millet. England gave Lely, Hogar nolds, Gainsborough, Blake, Turner and Landseer.

Vessel of small or moderate size, wit Schooner. sometimes more masts; classified as fore-and-aft and

Fore-and-aft Rigged Schooner.

the latter having on the foremast square topsail a lantsail, which gives it the advantage before the wi wind the former can sail closer to the wind. Schoonmaker, AUGUSTUS, 1828-1894. Atty.-g 1878-79; active for reform and education.

Schopenhauer, ARTHUR, 1788-1860. German author, founder of philosophic pessimism. He asse the primary principle in nature. Die Welt als Wil position to Hegelianism, that will rather than in stellung, 1819.

Schoppe, KASPAR. See SCIOPPIUS. practically obsolete, except as indicating black tou

Schorl. Class of hard, dark-colored minerals

Schott, CHARLES ANTHONY, b. 1826 in Germany
U. S. Coast Survey from 1848; writer on meteorolo
Schott, HEINRICH WILHELM, 1794-1865. Direct
mus Systematis Aroidearum, 1860.
Garden in Schönbrunn. Synopsis Aroidearum, 18

Schottische. Dance introduced in England 1
was also known as the German Polka. The mu
the same as that of the polka, but should be playe
Schouler, JAMES, LL.D., b. 1839. American w
His Hist. U. S. und
Bailments, 1880; Wills, 1887.
1990-91 is an important work.-

B

R. C. order founded at by the pope 175; now formed in Ireland Se lude the painters of a painters under the inntine school was para Turies, with Gitts & isa and Lucca the ef 3th and 14th centuries, vas more productive in by Giotto at FioretOS portant in Italy, and with Leonardo da Vin its great lights. In the school produced many ila Francesco as its best antegna, and at Arez ci. The Venetian enturies, with Giorgi .The Brescian school tat ona from the 13th to t zo and Carazoia. Bol -oduced the Caracci, Ga arma had many paines . Correggio being the mos 16th centuries was an i -do da Vinci. The Ra -phael. The German seo entury; the leading artists bein and Overbeck. It t e 15th century, are the Va - and later Rubens and Va es Rembrandt, its great an in genre subjects: Pap Vandevelde in sea views, a Spain produced Velasa e were Poussin. Lorra n. Te and gave Lely, Hogarth. ner and Landseer.

or moderate size, with tw

ed as fore-and-aft and tops

SCHOUTEN-SCHUSSELE