SCHAUFELIN-SCHILLER Schaufelin, HANS LEONHARD, ab.1487-1540. St. Elizabeth, by Schau felin. Historical painter of the German school. He was Schauffler, WILLIAM GOTTLIEB, Schaumberg-Lippe. Principality of n. w. Germany. Area 131 sq. m.; pop., 1890, 39,183. Schedone, BARTOLOMMEO, 15601615. Italian painter. Scheele, KARL WILHELM, 1742-1786. Scheele, KNUT HENNING GAZELIUS Scheele's Green. CuHASO,. Scheelite. CaWO,. Natural calcium tungstate, characterized by a specific gravity of ab. 6. Its usual mode of occurrence is in the older crystalline rocks, associated with several other minerals, in which tungsten or fluorine is a component. Scheffel, JOSEPH VIKTOR VON, 1826-1886. German poet. His most important works were his first, Der Trompeter von Säkkingen, 1854, an epic, and Ekkehard, 1857, tr. 1896, a novel of the Middle Ages, which had an immense circulation. Next in popularity were his humorous lyrics, Gaudeamus, 1867, tr. 1872. Scheffer, ARY, 1797-1858. French painter, chiefly of religious subjects, whose reputation is possibly due, in part, to court influence. He was a devoted adherent of the Orleans. Weeping (at the Luxembourg), by Ary Scheffer. He was not in sympathy with any of the schools of painting, Scheffler, JOHANN ("ANGELUS SILESIUS"), 1624-1677. Ger- Scheldt. River of Belgium, rising in n. France, flowing n.e. to Antwerp, and thence n.w. to the North Sea. Length 200 m. Schelling, FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH VON, 1775-1854. 1000 pantheistic in type. Natural Philosophy, 1797; W Transcendental Idealism, 1800; Philosophy and Schem, ALEXANDER JACOB, 1826-1881. Ger journalist and cyclopedist; ed. Conversations-Le Schemnitz. Hungarian town 66 m. n. of B as being the oldest and most famous mining tow It produces silver chiefly, but copper and lead a The town has a noted school of mines. Schenck, JAMES FINDLAY, U.S.N., 1807-1882. 1855, Commodore 1863; prominent in the attacks o N. C.; Rear-admiral 1868.-His brother, ROBERT C 1890, was M.C. from Ohio 1843-51 and 1863-70 Brazil 1851-53, Brig.-gen. U.S. Vols. 1861, Major.and Minister to England 1870-76. Schenectady. Capital of S. co., N. Y., on 17 m. w. of Albany; founded 1661; burned by I chartered 1798; site of Union Univ., founded 17 Electric Co. have their works here. Pop., 1890, 15 Schenk, AUGUST, 1815-1891. Prof. of Botany in Flora der Umgebung von Würzburg, 1848: Die Spe im Pflanzenreich, 1864; Die fossile Flora der Grenz Keupers und Lias Frankens, 1867; Mittheilungen sammtgebiete der Botanik, 1871. Schenkel, DANIEL, D.D., 1813-1885. Prof. Heid 1851; leader of the Protestantenverein; ed. Kir schrift, 1860-72, and Bibel-Lexicon, 5 vols., 1869-75. des Protestantismus, 3 vols., 1846-51; Dogmatik, 185 acter of Jesus, 1864, tr. 1866. His later works are s manitarian. Schenkendorf, MAX VON, 1783-1841. Germ whose songs were called forth by the war of libe pub. 1815. Scherer, EDMOND HENRI ADOLPHE, 1815-188 critic; prof. Geneva 1845-50; Deputy 1871. A. Critique Religieuse, 1860; Litterature Contemporain Scherer, WILHELM, 1841-1886. Prof. Vienna 1868 burg 1872-77, and Berlin from 1877; historian of th language (1868) and literature (1883). Goethe, 1886. Schereschewsky, SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH, b. 1 bp. to China 1877-83; tr. O. T. into Mandarin Chines Scherr, JOHANNES, 1817-1886. German novelist historian of English literature (1854), biographer o 1859, and Blücher, 3 vols., 1862-63; prolific writer. Scherzer, KARL VON, b. 1821. Austrian traveler ive and scientific writer. Scherzo. Generally, third movement in a mus position of a cyclical kind, as a sonata or symphony because of its playful or jocose character. It is the of the minuet, which, as a rule, it follows in form. monly written in triple time, but nationalism and of ences have led to great freedom in this respect. Scheuchzer, JOHANN, 1684-1738. Botanist at Agrostographia, 1719. Scheveningen. Summer resort of s. Holland, Hague. Off it Van Tromp was defeated and slain b glish 1653. Schiaparelli, GIOVANNI VIRGINIO, b. 1835. Schidone, B. See SCHEDONE. Di Schiedam. Town of s. Holland, near Rotterda for its production of gin (schnapps). Pop., 1891, 25,26 Schiele-curve Pivot. Form for the end of thrus (see PIVOT), named from the inventor of a method sliding block: let a ruler bear at one end a tracing p drawing of the tractrix, or curve of equal tangents. square be laid upon a drawing-board, upon whose bla a sufficient weight to press it down, and let its other upon a pin on the sliding block. If this ruler be adjust at right angles with the blade of the T-square, and th be then moved along the blade, the tracing-point will scribe a tractrix. It has the property of having the ta equal at every point, and therefore the thrust along t point, and the bearing wears equally all over. at each section varies as the area of the ring of contact Schiff, MORITZ, b. 1823. Prof. Berne 1852, Florenc and Geneva 1876; writer on physiology. 1350 SCHILLER-SCHLEIERMACHER Schiller, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH, 1759-1805. Greatest of German poets after Goethe, with whom he was associated at Weimar from 1800. His dramatic works are The Robbers, 1781; Fiesco, and Intrigue and Love, 1783; Don Carlos, 1787; the great trilogy of Wallenstein, 1799; Mary Stuart, 1800; The Maid of Orleans, 1801; The Bride of Messina, 1803; and William Johann Schiller. Tell, 1804. His minor poems include The Song of the Bell and some noble ballads. His chief prose work is a History of the Thirty Years' War, 1793. Through illness and poverty he was faithful to lofty standards; his character was worthy of his genius. His works filled 17 vols. in the edition of 1868-76. Most of his writings exist in English versions. Schilling. Small base silver coin of Hamburg and some German sculptor, prof. Schimmelpenninck, MARY ANN (GALTON), 1788-1856. Schimmelpfennig, ALEXANDER, 1824-1865. U. S. Vols. 1862-65. Brig.-gen. Schimper, WILHELM PHILIPP, 1808-1880. Prof. at Strassburg. Recherches anatomiques et morphologiques sur les mousses, 1850; Bryologia Europaea, 1836-55; Synopsis muscorum Europæorum, 1860; Le terrain de transition des Vosges, 1862; Paléontologie végétale, 1869. Schinkel, KARL FRIEDRICH, 1781-1841. German architect; prof. Berlin Academy 1820. Schipperke. Breed of dogs found in Belgium, belonging Schism. Division in or separation from a Church; frequent Schist. Foliated rock; one with a tendency to split readily Schizæaceæ. Family of ferns, mainly of tropical distribution, including various climbing species, as the Hartford Ferns. Schizæa pusilla, a minute fern with filiform leaves, occurring on the Atlantic seaboard of N. America, and known locally as Curley-grass, is one of the most interesting of the order. Schizocarp. Dry fruits in which the carpels are indehis- Schizocal. Body-cavity formed by primary splitting of 2. Schizocola. 1. Animals possessing a schizocol. tissue. Schizognathous. Skulls of birds, in which the max palatine processes are separated by a cleft in the roof of mouth. The vomer is long, pointed in front, and narrow hind. Examples are Plovers, Gulls, Penguins, Cranes, F Pigeons, Grouse. These have been included in a group c Schizognatha or Schizorhina. Of the natatorial birds incl there are two sections, Brevipennati and Longipennati. Schizomycetes. Class of Protophyta, including microscopic organisms in which chorophyll is wanting propagation effected by cell-division or splitting; know Bacteria and Microbes. Schizonemertea. Group of nemertean worms, ch terized by the presence of deep longitudinal ciliated fissur the sides of the head; the mouth is behind the brain, an proboscis is unarmed. Schizopelmous (MONOPELMOUS). Common arrange of the flexor tendons of the feet of birds, in which the digit has its own tendon, the other toes a common tendo Schizophyceae. Division of Protophyta, including those which contain chlorophyll. Schizopoda. 1. See TRAGULINA. 2. Small Thoraco with a large, soft, cephalothoracic shield, and eight pa biramous, thoracic feet, the anterior of which are not m as maxillipeds, but, in many forms, bear gills. The ab ends in a strong telson, and bears appendages that are de in the female, but strong in the male. In Mysis the la pendages have auditory organs (otoliths) developed endopodite. Schizotrocha. Order of Rotifers, including forms an anus, and with the trochal disk notched or lobed. Schkuhr, CHRISTIAN, 1741-1811. German botanist. anisches Handbuch der mehrsten theils in Deutschland Enchiridion botanicum, 1805; Beschreibung und Abbildu theils bekannten, 1801; Deutschlands kryptogamische Ge 1810-47. Schlagintweit, HERMANN VON, 1826-1882. Explo Schlatter, MICHAEL, 1716-1790. Organizer of the Schlechtendal, DIEDRICH FRANZ LEONHARD VON Schlegel, AUGUST WILHELM VON, 1767-1845. Germa Schlegel, ELIAS, 1718-1749. German dramatist. Schleiden, MATTHIAS JAKOB, 1804-1881. German Grundzüge der wissenschaftlichen Botanik, 1842-43; Ze für wissenschaftliche Botanik, with Karl Naegeli, Grundriss der Botanik, 1846; Die Pflanze und ihr Leb tr. 1848; Handbuch der medizinisch pharmaceutischen 1852-57. Schleiermacher, FRIEDRICH ERNST DANIEL, 1 Prof. Halle 1804-6, and Berlin from 1810; foremost of theologians. He sought to unite the Lutheran and Churches, aimed to reconcile the philosophic with the place as the intellect, and exerted a deep and wide i spirit, developed a system wherein the feelings have especially by his Christian Faith, 1821-22. Monolog SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN-SCHŒELCHER tr. Plato, 1801-10; Systems of Ethics, 1803. His works, col- Schleswig-Holstein. Province of Prussia; held by Den- Schliemann, HEINRICH, D.C.L., 1822-1890. German-Russian merchant, naturalized in Cal. 1850; enthusiast for the Trojan legend; excavator at Hissarlik 1870-82, and elsewhere. Most important were his discoveries at Mycena 1876-88. Mykence, tr. 1877; Ilios, 1880; Orchomenos, 1881; Troja, 1883; Tiryns, 1886. Schlippe's Salt. Na,SbS.. Sodium sulphantimonate; made by dissolving antimony pentasulphide in sodium sulphide. Schlosser, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH, 1776-1861. Prof. Heidelberg 1819. Weltgeschichte, 9 vols., 1817-24; do., 18 vols., 184456; Hist. 19th Century, 1823, tr. 1843-52; Der alten Welt, 182634; Dante, 1855. His works are highly moral and have been very popular. Schlotheim, ERNST FRIEDRICH VON, 1764-1832. Chiefjustice in Gotha. Flora der Vorwelt, 1804; Die Petrefactenkunde, 1820; Nachträge zur Petrefactenkunde, 1822. Schlözer, AUGUST LUDWIG VON, 1735-1809. Prof. Göttingen 1764. Allgemeine Nordische Geschichte, 1772. Schlüter, ANDREAS, ab.1662-1714. German architect and sculptor, whose works are among the noblest art productions Dying Warriors, by Schluter, in the Berlin Arsenal. of the epoch. His principal works are The Great Elector and Schlyter, KARL JOHAN, 1795-1888. Compiler of old Swedish of the Lutheran Ch.; prepared by Luther at Wittenberg 1536; Schmalkald, LEAGUE OF. Organized 1531 for defense of Schmauk, THEODORE EMANUEL, b.1860. American Luth- Schmid, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, 1794-1852. Prof. Tübingen Schmid, HEINRICH, 1811-1885. Prof. Erlangen from 1848. Schmid, LEOPOLD, 1808-1869. Prof. Giessen from 1839; op- Schmidt, CHARLES GUILLAUME ADOLPHE, D.D., b. 1812. Christianity, 1853, tr. 1885. Hist Schmidt, JOHANNES, b. 1843. Prof. Comparat at Berlin 1876; writer on Indo-Germanic languag mology at Marburg 1873, and Göttingen 1891. A Schmidt-Rimpler, HERMANN, b. 1838. Pro und Ophthalmoskopie, 1885. Zumpt's Latin Grammar. lyrics are highly popular at home, and several 1872, and Berlin 1882; writer on political econom Schmucker, SAMUEL SIMON, D.D., 1799-1873. F burg Theol. Sem., Pa., 1826-64; leader in the General SAMUEL MOSHEIM, 1823-1863, was an industrious b author of its formula of discipline, 1827, and of sund works. American Lutheranism Vindicated, 1856.BEALE MELANCTHON, D.D., 1827-1888, was eminent i and a leader in the Pa. Synod and the General Cour Schnabziger Cheese. Green cheese from th Glaris, Switzerland. The milk is coagulated with stead of rennet, and treated with zigerlec, a plan U. S. it is called Sago and Sap Sago cheese. Schneeberg. Mining town of Saxony, 20 m. s. w nitz, producing tin, cobalt and silver. It manufactu cals and laces. Pop. 8,200. Schneekoppe. Highest point of the Rieseng tween Bohemia and Prussian Silesia. Altitude 5,260 Schneider, JOHANN GOTTLOB, 1750-1822. Prof. 1776; editor of Theophrastus and other classics, and lexicon, 1797-1821. Scriptores Rei Rusticæ, 4 vols., Schneider, KARL ERNST CHRISTOPH, 1786-1856. E lau from 1816; editor of Plato, Proclus, and Cæsar. Schneidewin, FRIEDRICH WILHELM, 1810-185 Göttingen from 1837; editor of Sophocles, Pindar, a classics. Schnetz, JEAN VICTOR, 1787-1870. French painte Schnitzer, EDUARD. See EMIN PASHA. Schnizlein, ADELBERT, d. 1868. Prof. of Botan langen. Die Flora von Bayern, 1847; Die Vegetation nisse der Jura-und Keuperformation, 1848. Schnorr von Karolsfeld, JULIUS, 1794-1872. and illustrator; prof. Munich 1827, where he prod Cain slaying Abel, by Schnorr von Karolsfeld. Luther at Worms is familiar through engravings. Nibelungen frescoes in the palace; prof. Dresden 1846. Pictures, 1860. Schoelcher, VICTOR, 1804-1893. 1848-51; in England 1851-70: life son French author; De 1352 SCHOFIELD-SCHOULER Schofield, JOHN MCALLISTER, U.S.A., b. 1831. Prof. West Point 1855-60; Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1861, Major-gen. 1862; commanding in Mo. 1862-63; engaged under Sherman and Thomas 1864-65; Brig.-gen. U.S.A. 1864; Sec. of War 1868-69; See Major-gen. 1869; Supt. at West Point 1876-81; Lieut.-gen. 1895. Schoharie. Local bed of sandstone in e. N. Y. DEVONIAN. Scholarship. Proceeds of an investment paid to a student for his maintenance at a school or college. Scholasticism. Philosophic doctrine and method of the Middle Ages. As a method it was deductive logic, or the attempt to deduce all truth independently of experience; as a doctrine it was a combination of theology and Aristotelian philosophy. Its great exemplar is Aquinas. Writers of notes or glosses on the margins of Scholiasts. ancient MSS. They flourished especially at Alexandria, and were more concerned often with the text itself than with the ideas it conveyed. Scholium. Statement following a demonstration to apply, restrict, generalize, or illustrate the truth established. Schöll, MAXIMILIAN SAMSON FRIEDRICH, 1766-1833. GermanFrench historian of Latin and Greek literature, 12 vols., 181525; compiler of Cours d'histoire, 46 vols., 1830-36, and sundry political documents. Scholten, JAN HENDRIK, 1811-1885. Dutch rationalist, prof. Leyden 1843-81. Theology of Reformed Ch., 1848-50; In- Prof. Greifs Schomberg, FREDERICH HERMANN, DUKE OF, 1616-1690. German officer, in the French service 1650-85; distinguished as a tactician. He secured the recognition of Portugal's independence 1668, became Marshal 1675, was next in command to William of Orange 1688, was made Duke 1689, and fell in the battle of the Boyne. Schomburgk, SIR ROBERT HERMANN, Ph.D., 1804-1865. German-English traveler; explorer of Guiana; discoverer of the Victoria regia, 1837; knighted 1844; British representative in Siam 1857-64; author of a History of Barbadoes, 1847, and several books on Guiana. Schönbein, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, 1799-1868. Prof. Basel 1828; writer on chemistry; discoverer of ozone 1839; inventor of gun-cotton 1845. Schönbein's Test. Paper prepared with starch and potassium iodide, sensitive to the presence of ozone, which sets free the iodine, turning the starch blue. Schönberg, GUSTAV, b. 1839. Prof. Bonn 1868, Freiburg 1871, and Tübingen 1873; economist. Arbeitsämter, 1871; Finanzverhältnisse der Stadt Basel im 14 und 15 Jahrhundert, He was joint-compiler of Handbuch der Politischen 1879. Schönbrunn. Immense palace near Vienna, erected for Maria Theresa 1744. Here the treaty of Vienna was signed 1809 between Napoleon and Francis I. Cessions of territory were made by Austria to the Rhenish Confederation, to Napoleon, the King of Saxony, the Duke of Warsaw, and the Czar. Schönfeld, EDUARD, 1828-1891. Assistant to Argelander Schongauer, MARTIN, 1446-1488. German painter, of Prof. Würzburg 1820, Zurich 1833, and Berlin 1839-59; introducer of improved Schönlein, JOHANN LUCAS, 1793-1864. methods of medical study. School, PUBLIC. First in America was established in Boston 1635. National Schools were instituted in England 1811, in Ireland 1831. Schoolcraft, HENRY ROWE, LL.D., 1793-1864. Geologist with Gen. Cass to the Mississippi 1820; explorer of the Sources of the Mississippi 1832; in the U. S. service nearly 50 years; chiefly eminent as an ethnologist. His most important writings are on the history and customs of the aborigines. Algic Researches, 1839; Indian Tribes, 6 vols., pub. by Congress 1851-57. Leaders of thought in the Middle Ages, Schools, BROTHERS OF CHRISTIAN. R. C. order found Rheims 1684 by De la Salle; confirmed by the pope 1725; A similar society was formed in Ireland widely extended. Schools of Painting. These include the painters country, province or city, or a group of painters under t In Italy, the Byzantine school was fluence of one man. mount in the 12th and early 13th centuries, with Giott Cimabue as the leading artists, and Pisa and Lucca the seats of this rude painting. In the 13th and 14th cent Siena, with Martino and Lorenzetti, was more product The Florence school was the most important in Italy, a development of the art, inaugurated by Giotto at Flo the 15th century reached its climax, with Leonardo da 15th and 16th centuries the Umbrian school produced Michelangelo and Andrea del Sarto as its great lights. example. In Padua was Andrea Mantegna, and at A painters of importance, with Piero della Francesco as it was prominent in the 15th and 16th centuries, with Gior Titian, Tintoretto and Paul Veronese. The Brescian scho Spinello di Luca and Lorenzo di Bicci. The Venetian 17th century had Pisanello, Domenico and Carazola. Moretto in the 16th century, and Verona from the 13th from the 14th to the 17th century produced the Caracci and Domenichino. Modena and Parma had many p from the 14th to the 16th centuries, Correggio being th prominent. Milan in the 15th and 16th centuries was portant school, created by Leonardo da Vinci. The school consisted of the pupils of Raphael. The German originated at Cologne in the 14th century; the leading here were Albert Durer, Hans Holbein and Overbeck. Flemish school, beginning with the 15th century, are Eycks and the Van der Weydens, and later Rubens a Dyck. The Dutch school includes Rembrandt, its painter, the Teniers and Wouverman in genre subjects dael and Hobbema in landscape; Vandevelde in sea vie Paul Potter in animal pictures. Spain produced Ve Murillo and Fortuny. In France were Poussin, Lorra net, Rousseau and Millet. England gave Lely, Hogar nolds, Gainsborough, Blake, Turner and Landseer. Vessel of small or moderate size, wit Schooner. sometimes more masts; classified as fore-and-aft and Fore-and-aft Rigged Schooner. the latter having on the foremast square topsail a lantsail, which gives it the advantage before the wi wind the former can sail closer to the wind. Schoonmaker, AUGUSTUS, 1828-1894. Atty.-g 1878-79; active for reform and education. Schopenhauer, ARTHUR, 1788-1860. German author, founder of philosophic pessimism. He asse the primary principle in nature. Die Welt als Wil position to Hegelianism, that will rather than in stellung, 1819. Schoppe, KASPAR. See SCIOPPIUS. practically obsolete, except as indicating black tou Schorl. Class of hard, dark-colored minerals Schott, CHARLES ANTHONY, b. 1826 in Germany Schottische. Dance introduced in England 1 B R. C. order founded at by the pope 175; now formed in Ireland Se lude the painters of a painters under the inntine school was para Turies, with Gitts & isa and Lucca the ef 3th and 14th centuries, vas more productive in by Giotto at FioretOS portant in Italy, and with Leonardo da Vin its great lights. In the school produced many ila Francesco as its best antegna, and at Arez ci. The Venetian enturies, with Giorgi .The Brescian school tat ona from the 13th to t zo and Carazoia. Bol -oduced the Caracci, Ga arma had many paines . Correggio being the mos 16th centuries was an i -do da Vinci. The Ra -phael. The German seo entury; the leading artists bein and Overbeck. It t e 15th century, are the Va - and later Rubens and Va es Rembrandt, its great an in genre subjects: Pap Vandevelde in sea views, a Spain produced Velasa e were Poussin. Lorra n. Te and gave Lely, Hogarth. ner and Landseer. or moderate size, with tw ed as fore-and-aft and tops SCHOUTEN-SCHUSSELE WILLIAM, 1814-1872, journalist in Mass. and Ohio, pub. Hist. Mass. in the Civil War, 1868-71. Schouten, WILLEM CORNELIS, 1567-1625. Dutch seaman. first to round Cape Horn 1615. Schouvaloff, PETER, COUNT, 1827-1889. Russian Minister to England 1873 and 1878.-His brother PAUL, b. 1830, has been prominent as a general and diplomatist. Schrader, EBERHARD, D.D., b. 1836. Prof. Zurich 1863, Giessen 1870, Jena 1873, and Berlin 1875; O. T. critic and Assyriologist. Cuneiform Inscriptions and O. T., 1872, tr. 1885-86; Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples, tr. 1890. Schrader, HEINRICH ADOLPH, 1767-1836. Prof. of Botany at Göttingen. Journal für die Botanik, 1799-1803 and 1806-10; Flora Germanica, 1806. Schrader, JULIUS FRIEDRICH, b. 1815. Historical and portrait painter, prof. Berlin Academy 1851. Schrader, OTTO, b. 1855. Prof. Jena; antiquarian and philologist. Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples, tr. 1890. Schrank, FRANZ VON PAULA. 1747-1835. Prof. of Botany at Munich. Naturhistorische Briefe über Oestrich, 1785; Anfangsgründe der Botanik, 1785: Baiersche Flora, 1789; Sammlung naturhistorischer und physikalischer Aufsätze, 1796; Grundriss einer Naturgeschichte der Pflanzen, 1803; Flora Monacensis, 1811-18. Schreber, JOHANN CHRISTIAN DANIEL VON, 1739-1810. Prof. at Erlangen. Beschreibung der Gräser nebst ihren Abbildungen nach der Natur, 1769-1810; De Persea Ægyptiorum commentationes, 1790-92. Schreiner, OLIVE (now MRS. CRINWRIGHT), b. ab.1863. Anglo-African novelist. Story of an African Farm, 1883; Dreams, 1890; Trooper Peter Halket, 1897. Schrevelius, CORNELIS, 1615-1664. Prof. Leyden 1642; ed. sundry classics. His Greek-Latin lexicon, 1654, was long and widely used. Schreyer, ADOLF, 1828-1895. German animal painter, especially of sheep. Schröckh, JOHANN MATTHIAS, 1733-1808. Prof. Wittenberg 1761. Ch. History, 45 vols.. 1768-1812. Schröder, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG, 1744-1816. German actor, eminent in Lear and other Shakespearean parts; manager at Hamburg 1771. Schröder, SOPHIE (BÜRGER), 1781-1868. German actress, noted till 1840 in tragic parts.-Her daughter, WILHELMINE (MME. DEVRIENT), 1804-1860, was a famous singer. Schröter, JOHANN HIERONYMUS, 1745-1816. Oberamtmann at Lilienthal near Bremen: there he built a small observatory, and for 34 years pursued the study of the heavens, particularly the planets. Schubart, CHRISTIAN DANIEL, 1739-1791. and satirist, imprisoned 1777-87. German poet Schubert, FRANZ PETER, 1797-1828. Most fecund melodist of all times, pioneer in modern harmonization, and creator of Franz Peter Schubert. the modern German artistic song (Lied). He studied with of compositions, but was very poor. He wrote successfully, for the stage; none of his operas al rent lists of to-day. Of his orchestral compositi phonies, one in C (his last, No. 9) and an unfinis minor, are in the repertoires of practically all co tions. Of his chamber music the best known string quartets in A minor and D minor and a (Op. 163). His pianoforte and church compositi numerous, but all this mass of music is left i by his songs with pianoforte accompaniment, wl ab. 800. Schuchardt, HUGO, b. 1842. Prof. Halle 187 1876; writer on philology. Schueller, GUSTAV, 1787-1834. Prof. Tübing sätze der Agriculturchemie, 1831; Flora von Würte George von Martius, 1834; and many dissertations Schuerer, EMIL, Ph.D., b. 1844. Prof. Giesse 1890. Hist. Jewish People, 1874, tr. 1886-90. Schulte, JOHANN FRIEDRICH, b. 1827. Prof. F Bonn 1871; Old Catholic leader; prolific writer on and law. Schultens, ALBERT, 1686-1750. Prof. Franecke den 1729. His Origines Hebræa, 1724-38, is of hi portance. Prof. Schultes, JOSEPH AUGUST, 1773-1831. Oestreichs Flora, 1794; Flora Austriaca, 1800; Ges Literatur der Botanik, 1817. Schultz, HERMANN, b. 1836. Prof. Göttingen 187 of Ritschl. O. T. Theology, 1869, tr. 1892. Schultz, KARL HEINRICH, 1798-1871. Prof. B Natur der lebendigen Pflanze, 1823-28: Natürliches Pflanzenreichs, 1832; Sur la circulation et sur les lactifères dans les plantes, 1839: Die Anaphytose oder der Pflanzen, 1843; Neues System der Morphologie de 1847. Schultze, KARL AUGUST JULIUS FRITZ, b. 1846. and Dresden; writer on philosophy and education. Schultze-Delitzsch, HERMANN, 1808-1883. Fou German co-operative movement; prominent in the of 1848. He founded the first co-operative loan so on English models. He devoted his life to the adva this movement, acting as counsel for the united s many years, and editing a periodical in their intere ciation, 1862: Vorschuss und Kreditvereine, 1863; senschaften in den eingelnen Geuerbzweigen. Schultze's Powder. Explosive containing as its main ingredient, introduced in Germany by soon after gun-cotton was invented. It is used n sporting powder. Nitrolignin is made by nitrat from which all resinous matter has been removed granulating it by grinding. See GUN COTTON and LULOSE. Schumacher, HEINRICH CHRISTIAN. 1780-18 Copenhagen 1810-21; he founded Astronomische N 1821, best known of astronomical journals. Schumann, ROBERT, 1810-1856. German comp ing spirit in the Romantic movement in music; poetical and original artist, keen and kindly critic. I a journal 1834 in which to champion musical pro became a power, and was insane from 1854. Amon positions are four symphonies, an opera, Genover concert overtures, one of the loveliest of pianoforte many small pieces for the pianoforte with poetical contents, two cantatas, Paradise and the Peri, and T age of the Rose, music to part of Goethe's Faust, and Manfred. three string quartets, other chamber pieces songs. His wife, CLARA JOSEPHINE (WIECK), 181 1840, was a pianoforte virtuoso. She played in pu began her artistic travels at 13, and taught 1878-92 servatory in Frankfort-on-the-Main. Schürer, EMIL, b. 1844. Prof. Giessen 1878. tr. 5 vols. 1886-90. Schurman, JACOB GOULD. LL.D., b. 1854 in Prin Island. Prof. Cornell Univ. 1886, pres. 1892. Kant 1881; Darwinism, 1888. Schurz, CARL, LL.D., b. 1829 in Germany. U. to Spain 1861; Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1862, Major-ge serving in Va. and at Gettysburg and Chattano Senator from Mo. 1869-75; Sec. Interior 1877-81; Evening Post 1881-84; active in all political reform Clay, 1887. Schussele, CHRISTIAN, 1824-1879. French-Am torical painter. prof Philo |