1324 SAFFLOWER-SAIL Safflower. Carthamus tinctorius. Prickly annual herb Safford, JAMES MERRILL, M.D., Safford, TRUMAN HENRY, b. Saffranine. Largely CaH21N.Cl. Product of the oxidation of one molecule each of toluylene diamine, aniline. and orthotoluidine, dark powder, soluble in water. It dyes silk and wool pink, and cotton also upon a tannin mordant. Safflower. Herb of the natural family Saffron, MEADOW. See COLCHICUM. Saffron of Mars. Hydrated sesquioxide of iron with a little undecomposed carbonate, used in medicine. Sag. Amount of deflection from a horizontal line of a cord, tape, or chain; this is less the lighter the cord and greater the pull upon it. Let W be the weight of the cord, I its length, and P the horizontal pull, then the sag in the middle is W1 divided by 8 P. Sagar, or SAUGOR. 1. Holy island at mouth of the Hugli, in e. India; annually visited by many pilgrims; scarcely habitable, from frequent destructive floods; area 225 sq. m. 2. Town of central India, on Lake S. Pop., 1891, 44,674. Ancient Scandinavian legends of considerable Sagas. length, relating historical or mythical events. See SCANDINAVIAN LITERATURE. Sagasta, PRAXEDES MATEO, b. 1827. Spanish liberal, member of several cabinets from 1868; Prime Minister 1881-83, 1885-90, 1892-95, and 1897. Sage. Plants of the genus Salvia, herbs of the natural family Labiata, of Sage, JERUSALEM. Sage, WOOD. See ALAIN RENE. See LESAGE. Sage, Sage, tives are mostly Ainos. Length 670 m., area ab.29,000 sq. pop. ab.12,000. Saginaw. City of S. co., Mich., on the S. River; set 1849, chartered 1859, enlarged 1890. Its interests con mainly of lumber and salt manufacturing. Pop., 1890, 46, Saginaw Bay. Opening from Lake Huron into Mich. receives S. River, 30 m. long. Sagitta. Chaetognath worm, allied to the Nemato small, transparent, cylindrical, with a horizontal fin ard the tail, which forms more than half of the body and cont pair of cavities containing the testes. The dorsal and ventral mesenteries of the body similarly separate two cav containing the ovaries. The mouth is provided with bri that act as toothed jaws. a Sagittal Plane. Median, longitudinal, vertical plan bases. Leaves or other organs with arrow-sh Sago. Nutritive, farinaceous substance, obtained from pith of certain species of Sagus and Cycas in Java and S pore, by stirring with water, allowing to settle, and rul the deposit through sieves. Each tree yields ab. 600 p of sago. Graulated sago is prepared by allowing the mi after passing through the sieve to fall into a heated vess that it is slightly baked. Portland sago is a kind of a root. Sago Cheese. Name given in the U. S. to SCHNAE CHEESE (q.v.). Sago-Palm. See CYCAD. Saguenay. River of Quebec, flowing e. from La John, tributary to the St. Lawrence; noted for salmo scenery. Length ab. 130 m., drainage area 23,716 sq. m. Saguntum. Greek city on e. coast of Spain, besieg Sahagun, BERNARDINO DE, ab.1498-1590. Spanish F can, missionary in Mexico from 1529; historian of the and of the Conquest (pub. 1829): author of an Aztec gr and dictionary 1576-78. Sahama. Peak of the Andes, in Peru; altitude 22, Sahara. Largest desert region on the earth. in n. It extends westward to the Atlantic, n. to the Barbary s. to the Soudan and e. to Egypt, which maintains the character of the country to the Red Sea. It is a region AVERY, GARDNER 1813-1882. Benefactor of New Brunswick (N. J.) Sagean, MATHIEU. ab. 1655-ab.1710. French-Canadian ex- Sage Bush. Shrubs of the genus Artemisia, of the Com- Sage Cock. See GROUSE. Sahara Landscape-Nomad Encampment. versified surface, containing vast plains of sand witho tation, ranging in elevation from below sea level to above it, ranges of mountains, and numerous oases by springs and streams. Its area is estimated at 2,50 m., its pop. at 1,000,000. Saharanpur. Town of n. India, 125 m. n. of De tal of a British district. Pop., 1891, 63,194. Sahib. Appellation of Europeans in India. Sahlite, or SALITE. Variety of pyroxene, named f in Sweden, where it has been found in characteristic Saigo, TAKAMORI, 1825-1877. Japanese general, M State 1870-73. Saigon. Capital of French Cochin-China; on the from the China Sea. It has large exports, especial Pop., 1890, 16,213, or, with its suburb, Cholon, 56,138 Sail. Assemblage of several breadths of canvas yards of a ship to make it drive before the wind. sails is known to date from remote times. See RIGG gether by the lists, and edged round with cord, faste a ab.29,000 sq. m.. e S. River; settled s interests consist Pop., 1890. 46,322, uron into Mich. It o the Nematodes; rizontal fin around e body and contains The dorsal and the parate two cavities ovided with bristles al, vertical plane of ane parallel to it. with arrow-shaped ce, obtained from the s in Java and Singa o settle, and rubbing yields ab. 600 pounds allowing the mixture nto a heated vessel, s co is a kind of arrow. U. S. to SCHNARZIGER SAIL CLOTH-STE. ANNE DE BEAUPRE Sail Cloth. Canvas for sails made of jute, hemp, cotton or flax. In thickness and weight it varies from 22 to 44 lbs. per bolt of 38 yds., 24 in. wide. Sailor's Creek. In Va.; scene of the capture of Ewell's division, some 8,000 men, by Sheridan, April 6, 1865. Sainfoin. Onobrychis sativa. Leguminous forage plant, resembling clover, but coarser and with larger leaflets. It is more grown in Europe, especially Germany, than in America. Also known as Saintfoin. jacent countries, where it is used to recover perso the snowstorms. Wonderful stories are told of Yorkists under Warwick were totally defeated by Queen Mar- OF. St. Ambrose. See AMBROSE, ST. St. Andrews. University town in e. Scotland, 42 m. n.e. St. Andrews, UNIVERSITY OF. Founded 1411; oldest in 1883. St. Andrew's Cross. Ascyrum crux-andreæ. St. Anthony's Fire. Erysipelas, a disease probably Saint-Arnaud. See LEROY DE SAINT-ARNAUD. St. Asaph. Town of n. Wales, site of a very old bishopric, with the smallest British cathedral. Pop. ab. 1,900. Saint-Aubain, ANDREAS NIKOLAI DE (CARL BERNHARD), 1798-1865. Danish novelist. St. Augustine. Capital of St. John's co., Fla.; on Matanzas Inlet; oldest city in the U. S.: founded by Menendez de Aviles 1565; occupied by the British 1762-83; acquired by U. S. 1821. There are many remains of old Spanish forts and buildings. Pop., 1890, 4,742, much increased in winter by Northern visitors. St. Bartholomew's Day. See BARTHOLOMEW. St. Bees. Village of Cumberland, former site of a nunnery, and since 1816 of a divinity college. St. Bernard. See BERNARD, ST. St. Bernard. Breed of dogs, allied to the mastiff but resembling the Newfoundland St. Bernard Dog (Canis familiaris extrarius st. bernhardi) gence. There are two distinct varieties: the smoo rough coated. St. Bernard, LITTLE. Alpine pass on the frontier of and Piedmont, Italy, s. of Mont Blanc. Hannibal is su to have crossed it in his invasion of Italy. Height 7,170 St. Brandan, or BRENDAN, ab.600. Irish monk, 1 legendary voyages; celebrated by Matthew Arnold. St. Brandan's Isle. Imaginary island in the At found on maps of 15th century; supposed retreat of Roderick of Spain. The legend was current in the t Columbus and after. St. Bride. See BRIDGET, ST. Saint-Castin, JEAN VINCENT DE L'ABADIE, BARO 1650-1712. French colonist, trader, and soldier in Acadi Me; founder of Castine, Me. St. Christopher. See ST. KITTS. St. Clair, ARTHUR, 1734-1818. British officer 1757-6 tled in Pa. 1764; Brig.-gen. 1776, Major-gen. 1777, servi N. J., Pa., and later in the South; tried by court-martia acquitted 1778 for evacuating Fort Ticonderoga 1777; del to Congress 1785-87, and its pres. 1787; Gov. Northwe Territory 1789-1802; Commander-in-chief 1791-92; surp and defeated by Indians in Ohio, near the Miami, Nov. 4, Narrative, 1812. St. Clair, LAKE. Link in the chain of great lakes St. Cloud. Suburb of Paris, on the Seine. Its chat St. Columba. See COLUMBA, ST. St. Croix River. 1. Branch of the Mississippi, bound Pop., 1891, 3.613. St. Davids. Ancient Welsh town, seat of a bishopric, the Celtic times of metropolitan rank. The cathedral was stored 1862-78. Pop. ab.2,000. St. Denis. 1. Suburb of Paris, site of a fine abbey-churc built 1137-44, and restored 1848 and later. 2. Capital of R UNION (q.v.). Pop., 1889, 30,560. St. Dizier. Town of n.e. France, on the Marne, 38 m. s. of Chalons; besieged for 6 weeks by Charles V. 1544; scene battles between Napoleon and the Allies, Jan. 27 and March 2 1814. Pop., 1891, 9,476. Ste. Anne de Beaupré. Village 1326 SAINTE-BEUVE-ST. JAMES French Sainte-Beuve, CHARLES AUGUSTIN, 1804-1869. Sainte-Claire Deville, CHARLES, 1814-1876. Prof. Coll. and has extensive manufactures, especially of hardware, arms, ribbons, and laces. Pop., 1891, 133,443. Saint-Evremond, CHARLES MARGUETEL DE SAINT DE SEIGNEUR DE, 1613-1703. French writer, in England from 1 His works, satires, comedies, essays, and miscellanea, collected 1705. Saintfoin. See SAINFOIN. St. Francis River. 1. Branch of the Mississippi, dr ing low alluvial lands in s.e. Mo. and n.e. Ark. Drainage 450 m. It is navigable 150 m. to Wittsburg, Ark. 2. Br of the St. Lawrence, in Quebec. Length ab. 120 m. 7,884 sq. m., average flow 31,000 cu. ft. per sec., length St. Francis Xavier, COLLEGE OF. Founded 1847 in York: directed by Jesuits. It has 20 instructors, ab. 150 dents in the college proper, and ab. 940 in all. St. Gall. 1. Mountainous canton of n.e. Switzerland joining Lake of Constance. Area 779 sq. m.; pop., 1888, 441. 2. Its capital, long the site of a famous Bened abbey, founded by St. Gall (554-627), closed 1798. Pop., 27,910. Saint Gaudens, AUGUSTUS, b. 1848 in Ireland. N. A American sculptor. Among his works are Farragut, in York, and Lincoln, in Chicago. St. George, ORDER OF. Founded 1769 by Catharine Russia; conferred on a general who had taken the en capital, secured an honorable peace, or beaten an ar 50,000. There is also a Bavarian order, dating from 1729 St. George's Channel. Between Wales and Irela St. Gotthard Tunnel. On the St. Gotthard ra between s.e. Switzerland and Italy; built 1871-1883; 48. long, 26 ft. wide, and 21 ft. high; longest railway tun constructed. See TUNNELING. St. Helena. Island in the s. Atlantic, belonging Britain since 1673; discovered by a Portuguese navigato de Nova, in 1502. Napoleon was confined here 1815-1 called electric brush, and observed when a metallic point is Sainte-Maure. See BENOIT DE SAINTE-MAURE. St. Etienne. City of France, on the Furens, 36 m. s. w. St. Helena-Jamestown and the Ladder, from Munden's Ba shores face the ocean as perpendicular cliffs from 600 high, and are in many places cleft by deep, narrow The capital is Jamestown. Pop., 1891, 4,116. St. Helens. Borough of Lancashire, 12 m. e. of I formed 1868. Its manufactures consist largely of p and chemicals. Pop., 1891, 71,288. St. Helier. Capital of Jersey. Pop., 1891, 29,13 Saint-Hilaire, AUGUSTIN FRANÇOIS CÉSAR PR DE, 1799-1853. French botanist. Flora Brasiliana alis, 1825-33; Leçons de Botanique, 1840. Saint-Hilaire, ÉMILE MARC, ab.1790-1887. Fr rapher. Vie privée de Napoleon, 1838; Souvenirs vols., 1838-40. Saint-Hilaire, JULES BARTHÉLEMY. See BA SAINT-HILAIRE. St. Ignatius' Beans. See IGNATIUS' BEANS. Saintin, JULES ÉMILE, 1829-1894. French paint York 1857-63. Saintine, JOSEPH XAVIER (BONIFACE), 1798-186 dramatist and novelist, author of Picciola, 1863. Named from the pala St. James, COURT OF. the site of St. James's Hospital 1530-36; official resid English Court since 1698. The Levees are held he Drawing-Rooms at Buckingham Palace. St. James of Compostella, ORDER OF. origin; sanctioned by the pope 1175. It had gr power in the Middle Ages. ST. JOHN-SAINT-MARTIN St. John. Chief city of New Brunswick; on Bay of Fundy at mouth of St. John River; founded as a French fort 1635; held St. John, New Brunswick. by the British from 1713; populated largely by Tory refugees from Mass.; chartered 1785. It has a good harbor, a fair trade, and some manufactures. Pop., 1891, 39,179. St. John, HENRY. See BOLINGBROKE. St. John, ISAAC MUNROE, 1827-1880. Civil engineer, chiefly in Ky. and Va. St. John, JAMES AUGUSTUS, 1801-1875. Welsh author, biographer of Louis Napoleon, 1857, and Sir W. Raleigh, 1868. Egypt, 1834-44; Hellenes, 1842; Isis, 1853.-Of his sons, PERCY BOLINGBROKE, 1821-1889, was a voluminous writer; SIR SPENSER, b. 1826, was Minister to Peru 1881, to Mexico 1884, biographer of Sir J. Brooke, 1879, and author of books on Borneo, 1862, and Haiti, 1884. St. John, JOHN PIERCE, b. 1833. Gov. of Kan. 1878-82; Prohibitionist nominee for Pres. 1884. St. John, KNIGHTS OF. See HOSPITALERS. St. John River. Portion of the boundary between Me. and Canada, thence flowing s. and e. through New Brunswick to the Bay of Fundy. Length 450 m., drainage area 26,000 sq.m. St. John's. Capital of Newfoundland; on e. coast; partly burned 1846 and 1892. It has a good harbor, and large exports of fish. Pop., 1891, 29,007. St. John's Bread. See CAROB. St. John's College. At Annapolis, Md.; chartered 1784; opened 1789, succeeding King William's School, which began operations 1701. The State appropriates $15,000 annually. There are 14 instructors, ab.100 students of collegiate grade, and 175 in all. St. John's College. At Fordham, New York City; incorporated 1846. It is managed by Jesuits, has 24 instructors, 217 students, and a library of 27,000 volumes. St. John's Dance. See DANCING MANIA. St. John's River. In Fla., heading near the e. coast and flowing n. parallel to it; navigable for small steamers. Length ab. 400 m. St. John's University. Founded 1857 at Collegeville, Minn.; under R. C. control; entitled univ. 1883. St. John's Wort. Herbs and shrubs of the genus Hypericum, natural family Hypericaceae, of wide geographical distribution. H. perforatum, the common field species, is native of Europe, introduced as a weed into America. St. Joseph. Capital of Buchanan co., Mo., on the e. bank of the Missouri; settled 1826-43; chartered 1851. It is supplied with water by pumping from the Missouri. and is well sewered. It has extensive manufactures and a large trade, especially in grain and pork. Pop., 1890, 52,324. St. Just, LOUIS ANTOINE LÉON DE, 17671794. French terrorist; Deputy 1792, pres. Large-flowered St. Convention Feb. 1794; associated with RoJohn's-Wort (Hype- bespierre; guillotined July 28. ricum calycinum). St. Kilda. Rocky islet, of the Outer Hebrides, 7 m. in circumference, 50 m. w. of Harris. The seabirds are much used as food, their feathers and oil being exported. Sheep furnish wool from which a coarse blanket is Area 1.9 sq. m.; pop., 1891, 71. St. Kitts, or ST. CHRISTOPHER. woven. of W. India island, at n. end St. Lawrence. River of N. America, outl Ontario. It makes with the system of the Gre waterway, 2,150 m. long, from the head of Lake the Gulf of St. L. Its navigability is interrupte in the river proper, by the Falls of Niagara, Sault Ste. Marie, all which are passed by canals. the river proper, 700 m., area of the entire rive system, 457,000 sq. m. St. Lawrence, GULF OF. Between Quebec, wick, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, and New connected with the Atlantic chiefly by a wide chan the two latter; important for its fisheries; perilo currents and fogs. St. Lawrence Island. In Bering Sea; disco adjunct of Alaska. St. Lawrence University. At Canton, N. Y. 1856. The academic department was opened 1859, th cal 1858. It has 11 instructors and 135 students of St. Leger, BARRY, 1737-1789. British officer, i 1756-85. Journal, 1780. St. Leonards. Town near HASTINGS (q.v.). St. Louis. Subdivision of the CARBONIFEROU Mountain Limestone. St. Louis. Capital of a French colony in w. A the mouth of the Senegal. Pop. ab. 19,000. St. Louis. Principal city of Mo., on the Mississ below the mouth of the Missouri. Water is obtaine Mississippi River by pumping. It is well sewered, the being into the river below the city. It is one of the m tant railroad centers in the U. S., 15 railroads entering arches, the maximum span of which is 515 ft. Its river is crossed by 5 bridges; that of Eads is of ste ures and its river commerce are very great. St. L. w 1764 as a trading post by the French. It passed to 1804 with the province of Louisiana. Its early gr slow, having in 1840 but 16,469 inhabitants, but since it has grown with great rapidity. Pop., 1890, 451,77 Saint-Luc, LA CORNE DE, 1712-1784. Canadia prominent in the French wars; leader of Indians on t side in the Revolution. St. Lucas, CAPE. S. point of lower California. St. Lucia. One of the Windward Is., W. Ind Martinique; discovered 1502; colonized 1563; held Port Castries, St. Lucia. St. Mahé, BATTLE OF. St. Malo. Seaport of Brittany, n.w. France; atta British forces 1693, 1695, and 1758: birthplace of Chatea and Lamennais. Pop., 1891, 9,227. Saint-Marc Girardin. See GIRARDIN. St. Martin. One of the Lesser Antilles, W. Indies; hel since 1648 by France and Holland. Area 38 sq. m., pop. a St. Martin, ALEXIS. U. S. soldier, who received shot wound 1825, which healed, leaving an opening stomach, through which William Beaumont, M.D. (178 made many experiments on digestion. Saint-Martin, LOUIS CLAUDE, MARQUIS DE, 174 French mystical philosopher 1328 SAINT-MARTIN-ST. THOMAS Saint-Martin, VIVIEN, 1802-1897. French geographer. Saint Martin's Summer. Period of pleasant weather in England usually in Nov.; in other parts of the Atlantic in Sept., Oct., and Nov., succeeding a rainy period. St. Mary's River. Between Lakes Superior and Huron; 40 m. long. Its rapids, descending 20 ft., are passed by a canal 5,400 ft. long, constructed 1853-55, improved 1870 and 1887-95. St. Maurice River. In Quebec, tributary to the St. Lawrence. Length 363 m., drainage area 16,000 sq. m. Saint-Mémin, CHARLES BALTHAZAR JULIEN FÉVRE DE, 1770-1852. French engraver and painter, who took many portraits in America by aid of the physionotrace, a contrivance for copying profiles. British order, St. Michael and St. George, ORDER OF. founded 1818; designed to honor such (Ionians, Maltese, or British) as had served with distinction in the Mediterranean. St. Michaels. Most important of the Azores. sq. m., pop. ab.130,000. It is noted for its oranges. Area 300 St. Michael's Mount. Ancient Dinsol. Rock in Mounts Bay, Eng., resembling Mont St. Michel in Normandy. It is connected with the shore by a causeway, and is surrounded by a castle dedicated to St. Michael. Altitude 238 ft. St. Michel, MONT. Precipitous islet on the Norman coast, n. w. France; 18 m. s. w. of Avranches; 242 ft. high; site of an old Benedictine abbey, now a museum. St. Moritz. Watering-place with mineral springs. See ENGADINE. St. Nicholas, or NICOLAS, d. 326. Bishop of Myra in Lycia, in time of Diocletian, by whom he was imprisoned, and released by Constantine. Patron saint of Russia and of children. His day is Dec. 6. St. Omer. Town of n. France, 26 m. s.e. of Calais; site of an English R. C. college 1592-1794, now a theol. sem. Pop., 1891, 17,865. Sainton, CHARLOTTE HELEN (DOLBY), 1821-1885. contralto singer, composer of cantatas and songs. English St. Paul. City of Ramsey co., Minn., on the left bank of the Mississippi; settled 1838-41, chartered 1849-54. It is irregularly laid out, is supplied with water by gravity, from lakes back of the city, and has an excellent sewer system. Its railroad communications are ample, and its manufactures large and varied; its recent growth has been very rapid. Pop., 1890, 133,156. St. Paul de Loanda. See LOANDA. St. Paul's Cathedral. In London, on the site of a church founded by Ethelbert 610, burned in 962, rebuilt, and Cathedral. edifice was erected by Sir Christopher Wren in 1675-1710, at t Its a St. Petersburg. Capital of Russia, on the banks islands of the Neva, at its mouth in the Gulf of Finla fo founded 1703 by Peter the Great. It is a beautiful city, a has extensive commerce and numerous institutions of lea Its university, founded 1819, has Pop., 1890, faculties, and (in 1896) 2,625 students. ing and the arts. suburbs, 1,036,324. W St. Petersburg Declaration. By representatives 17 countries, Dec. 11, 1868, against the use in war of explos rifle-balls, as causing needless suffering and death. St. Peter's-Wort. Plants of the genus Ascyrum, natu family Hypericaceae, natives of the s.e. U. S. Saint-Pierre, JACQUES HENRI BERNARDIN DE. 1737-19 St. Pierre and Miquelon. Group of islands at mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near the s. coast of N foundland, belonging to the French. Several transatla cables touch here. It is frequented as a cod-fishing stat Area 81 sq. m.; pop., 1889, 5,983. AS St. Quentin. City of n. France, on the Somme. Jan. 19, ish victory here, Aug. 10, 1557, was followed by hid cruelties, and led to no_permanent result. the Germans defeated a French army here, and took 10 prisoners. Saint-Réal, CÉSAR VICHARD, ABBÉ DE, 1631-1692. Fr His Conjuration contre Venice, 1674, is historian. valued. Saints. In N. T., all persons consecrated to God by C tian belief and profession; in Ch. use, the Apostles and ot biblical, or canonized for supposed eminent holiness and services to religion; in popular usage, any of especially tiful character or beneficent life.-The worship of cano saints, i.e., prayers for their intercession, grew by degrees was recognized in the East 787, and confirmed in the We Trent 1563. Protestants have always rejected it. Saint-Saëns, CHARLES CAMILLE, b. 1835. French musi almost equally excellent as organist, pianist and comp His most successful compositions are four symphonic p Phaeton, Le Rouet d'Omphale, La Jeunesse d'Hercule Danse Macabre, and one of his four pianoforte concertos minor. His operas, Le Timbre d'Argent. La Princesse J Samson et Dalila, Etienne Marcel, Henri VIII., Prose Ascanio, and Phryné, though among the best of contemp French production, have been less successful. Saintsbury, GEORGE EDWARD BATEMAN, b. 1845. E critic; historian of French and Elizabethan literature, 18 biographer of Dryden and Marlborough, 1881-85; prof. Edinburgh 1895. French Novelists, 1891. Saint-Simon, CLAUDE HENRI, COMTE DE, 1760-1825. F socialist, of strange and adventurous life, but of large eco influence. Reorganization de la Société Européenne, 1814; dustrie, 1817; Le Système Industriel, 1821; Catechisme triel, 1824: Nouveau Christianisme, 1825. Saint-Simon, LOUIS DE ROUVROI, DUC DE, 1675 French writer of Memoirs, giving a graphic picture court of Versailles. Parts of them were pub. 1830, a 20 vols. 1856; tr., 4 vols., 1857. An edition, begun 1 in progress. St. Simonianism. Doctrines taught by the discip One of the oldest ch TURE. St. Stephen, ORDER OF. Theresa May 5, 1764. Instituted in Hungary by St. Sulpice. Diocesan seminary for priests in Pari the Luxembourg. St. Thomas. Volcanic island in Gulf of Guinea; ered 1470; colonized by Portuguese 1493; held by them and since 1844, and in the interval by the Dutch. Area |