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RUFFED GROUSE-RUMINANTS

elevated, consists of stiff feathers, and is developed both for protection and to attract the females. Its color is most varied, ranging in different individuals from black through brown to white, with bars and streaks, and glossed with green and blue. These birds summer in n. Europe and Asia.

Ruffed Grouse. See GROUSE.

Ruffin, ARMAND GUSTAVE, 1731-1789. French explorer of the Amazon and Orinoco.

Ruffin, EDMUND, 1795-1865. Agricultural writer of Va. He fired the first shot at Fort Sumter 1861.

Ruffin, THOMAS, LL.D., 1787-1870. Chief-justice of N. C. 1829-52 and 1856-58.

Ruffner, HENRY, D.D., LL.D., 1789-1861. Prof. Washington Coll., Va., 1819-37, pres. 1837-48. Fathers of the Desert, 1850.

Rufiji, or LUFIJI. River in German e. Africa, flowing n.e. and e. into the Indian Ocean.

Rugby School. 83 m. n. w. of London; founded 1567. It has some 500 students and an income from endowment of ab. £5,000. Dr. Thomas Arnold, headmaster 1828-42, made it famous and influential.

Aus früherer
Ruge, ARNOLD, 1802-1880. German Socialist, in England
from 1849; prolific writer in prose and verse.
Zeit, 4 vols., 1863-67.
Grain and cattle
Area 361 sq. m.;
Ruger, THOMAS HOWARD, U.S.A., b. 1833. Brig.-gen. U. S.
Vols. 1862, serving in Va. and the West; supt. at West Point
1871-76; Brig.-gen. U.S. A. 1886; Major-gen. 1896.

Rugen. Prussian island in the Baltic. are exported and the fisheries are important. pop., 1890, 45,185.

Ruger, WILLIAM CRAWFORD, 1824-1892. Chief judge N. Y. Court of Appeals from 1882.

Ruggles, BENJAMIN, 1783-1857. U. S. Senator from Ohio 1815-33.

Ruggles, SAMUEL BULKLEY. LL.D., 1800-1881. New York lawyer; Canal Commissioner 1840-42 and 1858.

Ruggles, TIMOTHY, 1711-1795. Mass. loyalist, in exile from

1775.

Rugosa. Corals with many symmetrically arranged septa in multiples of four. They are all Palæozoic; e.g., Cyathophyllum. The members of this group differ from the Madrepore corals in a few other particulars, as in having fossula and tabulæ, in budding from the calyx, and in the absence of cœnenchyma in compound forms."

Wrinkled surfaces, especially those of some

Rugose. leaves and fruits.

Rugulose. Diminutive of Rugose.

Ruhmkorff, HEINRICH DANIEL, 1803-1877. German-French electrician, inventor of a thermo-battery 1844 and an induction coil 1851.

Ruhmkorff Coil. See INDUCTORIUM.

Ruhnken, DAVID, 1723-1798. Prof. Leyden 1761.

Here

he labored with Hemsterhuis, and annotated Greek and Latin
authors, and aided in the spread of Greek learning. Epistolæ
Critica, 1749-51.

Ruhr. River of w. Prussia, rising on the Belgian frontier,
emptying into the Meuse at Roermond. Length 67 m.
Ruisdael, or Ruysdael, JACOB VAN, ab. 1630-1682. Great-

The Swamp, by Jacob Ruisdael.
landscape painter, of poetic and romantic tempera-
moods.-His father, IZACK,

n

d. 1677, and uncle, SOLOMON, 1600-1670, were subordin
ents. His best pictures are in the Dresden Gallery.
Spanish
Ruiz, JUAN, ab.1290-ab.1370. Spanish poet and sa
Ruiz Lopez, HIPOLITO, 1754-1815.
author (with J. Pavon) of Flora Peruviana et Chilen
1802; and Systema vegetabilium Flora Peruvianæ et
1798.

Rule Britannia. Music by Arne, 1740; word
Mallet.

Mode of invo
Ruled Surface. One generated by a straight li
Rule Nisi. Rule to show cause.
authority of the court to compel a party to do
unless (nisi) he shall show cause why he should
discharged.
required. If he shows sufficient cause, the rule is

In Polemical Theology, th
Rule of Faith.
whence the doctrines of the faith are to be autho
derived.

Rule of the Road. In U. S. and on the cor
passing vehicles going the same way.
Arithmetical form of prop
Rule of Three.
Europe, keep to the right; in England, to the left,
which three terms are given to find a fourth; single
as the ratios are simple or compound.

Rules, IN ETHICS. Laws of human action, dep
the commands of some external power or of conscie
Rules and Articles of War. By Section 134
Statutes of the U. S., the armies of the U. S. are go
certain rules and articles embraced in 128 Articles of
Art. 128, these are to be "read and published once in
months, to every garrison, regiment, troop or comp
service of the U. S., and shall be duly observed and
all officers and soldiers in said service." They are
the Army Regulations.

Ruling Elders. In Presbyterian churches, com chosen for life or a term, to assist the pastor in ad discipline.

Ruling Machine. See DIVIDING ENGINE.

Rum. Spirits distilled from a mash made of the from the sugar boilers and molasses, diluted with w tain 12 to 16 per cent of sugar and fermented wi from the previous mash. The best quality is ma stills. It is colored with caramel. It contains ab. alcohol. That made in Jamaica, St. Croix and Bri is most esteemed. The flavor is due to the butyric et New England rum is made from molasses, in Mass In 1894, there was made in U. S. 1,864,595 gals. of

Rumble. Hollow barrel rotating around a ho perpendicular to its heads at their centers, in which ings may be put and set to tumbling about for t of scabs of foundry sand from the molds; hence tumbling barrels; applicable to castings of small without fragile detail.

Rumen. See PAUNCH.

Rumford, BENJAMIN THOMPSON. COUNT, 1753-1 tist and statesman; b. at Woburn, Mass. Failing commission in the Continental Army, he went British, and was sent with dispatches to England in 1781, raised a Tory regiment in N. Y.. and se Carolina campaign; resided in Bavaria 1783-99, wi several high offices in the state, effected extensiv the army and in various industries, and became a Holy Roman Empire 1791, taking his title from N. H. where he had lived. He was active in Royal Institution of London, endowed a chair married Lavoissier's widow 1804, and lived at Aut His studies and experiments on light, heat, etc fruitful. His Essays, 1796-1802, were issued in 4 Rumi, JALAL ADDIN, 1207-1273. Persian poe partly tr. 1881.

Ruminants. Animals like domestic cattle deer, antelopes, and camels, in which the stoma into compartments; viz., (1) the paunch, or rume ing the hastily swallowed food; (2) the reticulum, cells for shaping the cuds. These are regurgitated until semifluid, and when swallowed pass between of (3) the psalterium, omasum, or manyplies int masum, where true digestion takes place. Ru two-toed or cloven-hoofed ungulates, but they four toes; the two hindermost (or dew claws) do ground. Upper incisors are absent. and usually also. The lower canines resemble the incisors, so as to press nearly flatwise against a hard pad bitten. See SELENODONTIA. jaw. Thus in grazing the herbage is torn off

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Roasting the Rumps in Fleet Street (from an old print). known as Pride's Purge. It sat till April 20, 1653, and for brief periods 1659 and 1660. See LONG PARLIAMENT.

Rumsey, JAMES, ab.1743-1792. One of the inventors of steam navigation. His vessel was tried on the Potomac 1784, and on the Thames 1792: societies were formed at Phila. and in England to promote the scheme.

Runcinate. Leaves with large lobes or teeth, which point backward.

Runeberg, JOHAN LUDVIG, 1804-1877. Finnish lyric, narrative, and dramatic poet of high rank; prof. Borga from 1837. His poetic romances, describing scenes from the second Finnish war, written in Swedish, are full of beauty and national feeling. King Fjalar, 1844; Ensign Stal's Stories, 1848-60.

Runes. Once subject of wildest theories; now known to be the alphabet of primitive Germanic (and other) tribes, and copied from the Roman alphabet of the empire. They were brought into the north ab.200. In our old speech rune means a mystery. Runic inscriptions are found in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and to some extent in Germany and England; they abound on weapons, on memorial stones, and are of great importance for settling early forms of speech. The necessities of carving on stone changed the Roman curves to straight lines. A runic inscription, probably Old-Anglian, on a golden horn found at Gallehus, is probably the oldest line of poetry preserved in Germanic: Ek Hlewagastiz Holtingaz horna tawido"I, Leogast, son of Holt, made the horn."

Runjeet Singh, 1780-1839. Ruler of the Punjab, n.w. India, from 1797. He made terms with the British, and by conquests built up a powerful state.

Runkle, JOHN DANIEL, LL.D., b. 1822. Prof. Mass. Institute of Technology from 1865, pres. 1870-78. Analytical Geometry, 1888.

Runner. In Botany, prostrate stem or branch which roots at the nodes.

Running. From the earliest times this was a sport which drew from all classes. The modern Marathon race is but a repetition of the Greek contest. Early English annals are full of races between gentlemen and between servants. was run by W. G. George, England, in 4 min. 124 sec. The One mile greatest distance run in one hour was 11 m. 1,234 yds., covered by F. E. Bacon, England, June 20, 1897. 100 yds. has been run in 9 sec. by B. J. Wefers, American, 1897, 440 yds. in 47% sec. by W. Baker, American, m. in 1 min. 53 sec. by C. H. Kilpatrick, American. The greatest distance in 6 days was 623 m., covered by G. Littlewood, England. The most popular running contests in America are the 100-yds., 220-yds., -m., -m., 10-m., and the hurdle events; in England distance events, like the 3-m. and even the 5-m., are fancied. The older-fashioned sack races, three-legged races, and obstacle races have practically disappeared, save at village fairs.

Runnymede. Meadow on s. bank of the Thames, 35 m. above London, where King John was forced by the barons to sign Magna Charta, June 15, 1215.

Runyon. THEODORE

מזז

1000

Vols. 1861; Chancellor of N. J. 1873-87; U. S. Ministe
many 1893.
Rupee. Standard silver coin of India, in nativ
since ab.1544, and under British rule; nominally wor
cents.

Rupert. Emperor of Germany 1400-10.

Palatine, and grandson of James I.; brilliant cavalry Rupert, PRINCE, 1619-1682. Son of Frederick V. the English civil war; first governor of Hudson's Bay Rupert River. In Northeast Territory, Cana necting Lake Misstassinne with Hudson's Bay. Rupestrine, or RUPICOLOUS. Plants growing n

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on rocks.

Rupp, ISRAEL DANIEL, 1803-1878. Historian of ma counties.

Ruprecht, FRANZ J.. 1814-1870. Curator of Herba Royal Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. Algae Och 1850; Flora boreali-uralensis, 1847-48; Flora Caucasi, 1

Rupture. Breaking of a material by compression, t shear, or flexure. In a testing machine it is done by a applied with uniformly increasing intensity. denly applied produces a more granular fracture th A stre slowly applied. See TESTING MACHINE.

Rupture. See HERNIA.

Rural Dean. English parish priest having some supervisory authority over part of a diocese.

Rurik, d. ab.879. Founder of the first Russian dy lasting till 1598; Varangian (Scandinavian) chief, who ca

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Rurik, founder of the Russian Empire.
invitation to Novgorod 862; annexed the dominions of
two brothers, took the title of grand-prince, and subdued
Slavonic tribes about him.

family Juncaceae, of wide geographical distribution.
Rush. Grass-like plants of the genus Juncus and nat
Rush, HORNED. Rynchospora corniculata. Large pl
of the Sedge family, native of e. N. America.

Prof. Ph

Rush, BENJAMIN, M.D., LL.D., 1745-1813.
Medical Coll. 1769; delegate to Congress 1776; signer Decla
tion of Independence; Surgeon-gen. of the army 1777-78
founder of Phila. Dispensary, Coll. of Physicians, and Dicl
son Coll. at Carlisle; member of Pa. Conventions 1787; emin
as a teacher and practitioner, especially in the yellow fe
1793. Medical Inquiries and Observations, 5 vols., 1789-
Essays, 1798; Diseases of the Mind, 1812.-His son, RICHA
1780-1859, was U. S. Atty.-gen. 1814-17; Minister to Engla
1817-25. and negotiator of important treaties; Sec. U. S. Tre
ury 1825-29; Commissioner to England 1836-38, when he
cured Smithson's legacy; Minister to France 1847-51.
London, 1833-45.-His brother, JAMES, M.D., 1786-1869, found
Court
the Ridgeway branch of Phila. Library: his wife, PHOEBE A
(RIDGEWAY), 1797-1857, was prominent as a social leader.

Rush, WILLIAM, 1756-1833. Wood-carver of Phila., p
eminent in his day, especially by his figure-heads for vesse
Historical Collections (1618-48), 7 vols., 1659-1701, repub. 172
Rushworth, JOHN, ab.1607-1690. English compiler
Rusk, JEREMIAH MCLAIN, 1830-1893. M.C. 1871-77; Gov.
Wis. 1882-88; U. S. Sec. of Agriculture 1889-93.
Rusk, THOMAS JEFFERSON, 1802–1856.

1836. indes 4

Sec of Won em

1318

RUSKIN-RUSSIA

Ruskin, JOHN, LL.D., D.C.L., b. 1819. English art critic; noted for his brilliant style, extreme and erratic views, and advocacy of Turner. Modern Painters, 5 vols., 1843-60; Seven Lamps of Architecture, 1849; Pre-Raphaelitism, 1851; Stones of Venice, 3 vols., 1851-53; Lectures, 1870-93.

Russell, ARTHUR TOZER, 1806-1874. English hymnist; biographer of T. Fuller, 1844, and Bp. Andrewes, 1859.

Russell, BENJAMIN, 1761-1845. Ed. Columbian Centinel, 1784-1828, and Boston Gazette, 1795-1830.

Russell, CHARLES, BARON, b. 1833 in Ireland. Q.C. 1872; eminent as a pleader; M.P. 1880; knighted 1886; Atty.-gen. 1886 and 1892; baron and Lord Chief-justice 1894.

Russell, DAVID ALLAN, U.S.A., 1820-1864. Brig.-gen. U.S. Vols. 1862; killed near Winchester, Va.

Russell, HENRY, b. ab.1810. English singer and composer of songs, long in America.

Assistant in U. S. geologiRussell, ISRAEL COOK, b. 1852. cal survey from 1878, partly in Alaska; prof. Univ. Mich. Russell, JOHN, 1745-1806. English portrait painter, R.A. 1780.

M.P. from 1813; Whig Russell, JOHN, LORD, 1792-1878. leader, prominent in the repeal of the Test and Corporation acts 1828, Catholic emancipation 1829. and the Reform Bill 1832; Home Sec. 1835-39: Sec. for War and the Colonies 1839-41; leader of opposition 1841-45; Prime Minister 1846-52 and 1865-66; Foreign Sec. 1852 and 1859; Colonial Sec. 1855; biographer of Lord Wm. Russell, 1819, and C. J. Fox, 1859-66; editor of other memoirs.

Russell, JOHN HENRY, U.S.N., 1827-1897. Distinguished on the Gulf 1861-62; Commander 1867, Captain 1874, Commodore 1883, Rear-admiral 1886.

Russell, JOHN SCOTT, F.R.S., 1808-1882. Scottish engineer; builder of the Great Eastern. Naval Architecture, 1864.

Russell, JONATHAN, 1771-1832. U. S. Minister to Sweden 1814-18; M.C. from Mass. 1821-23.

Russell, WILLIAM, LORD, 1639-1683. English patriot, who advocated the bill excluding James as a papist from the succession; falsely accused of participation in the Rye House Plot; arraigned for treason; condemned upon perjured testimony and beheaded.-His wife, RACHEL (WRIOTHESLEY), 1636-1723, a model of fidelity, left Letters, pub. 1773.

Russell, WILLIAM, 1758-1825. Ky. pioneer, prominent in
several campaigns; commander on the frontier 1811-12.

Scottish-American elocu-
tionist, teacher, writer, and lecturer.-His son, FRANCIS
THAYER, b. 1828, has been Prof. of Elocution at Middletown,
Conn., and in New York.

Russell, WILLIAM, 1798-1873.

Russell, WILLIAM CLARK, b. 1844 in N. Y. English marine novelist. John Holdsworth, 1874: Wreck of the Grosvenor, 1877; The Lady Maud, 1882; Marooned, 1889; A Three-stranded Yarn, 1895.

Russell, WILLIAM EUSTIS, 1857-1896. Gov. of Mass. 1890-93; prominent as a reformer. Speeches, 1894.

Russell, WILLIAM HOWARD, LL.D., b. 1821 in Ireland. Special correspondent of the London Times in the Crimean, Indian, American, Austro-Prussian, and Franco German wars; author of diaries. Dr. Brady, 1868; Hesperothen, 1882; Chile, 1890.

Russia. Empire of e. Europe and n. Asia, comprising more than one-seventh of the habitable parts of the earth. It is popularly separated into four divisions, as below, with their estimated areas and population:

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Total
Pop., 1897 ..

Area sq. m.
2,060,940

178,839

4,826,287

1,286,874

Population 88,356,572 7,084,017 4,143,226 5,201,946

8,352,940

104,785,741
129,211,113

The surface of European R. is one vast plain, extending
from the Urals to the Baltic, from the Caucasus to the Arctic
Ocean. That of Asiatic R. is elevated and mountainous in
the s. and e., descending in the interior into broad semi-arid
plains, the Steppes, which, becoming still lower, border the
shores of the Arctic with immense areas of frozen swamp or
tundra. The coast is everywhere broken with deep bays and
peninsulas, and studded with islands. It contains many of the
great rivers of the globe, the Volga, Obi, Yenesei, Lena, and

and several inland seas, such as the Caspian and Aral,
The industries are in the main
try is from

what rude, yet the product is enormous. Manufacture
not extensive, nor is foreign trade. Its internal trade is
The Ural Mts. contain much mineral wealth,
great.
Rail
platinum, iron and copper being mined. Coal is found i
Crimea and the Urals, and salt is manufactured in se
localities. Petroleum is abundant in the Caucasus.
are being constructed by the government with almost
The government is an absolute
7,939 m. building.
archy. The regular army is very large, consisting of 8
The navy comprises 327 vessels, mo
officers and men.
ampled rapidity. Sept. 1, 1896, 24,439 m. were in oper
1812 guns. The capital is St. Petersburg, on the Neva.
leading cities are Warsaw, Moscow, Riga, Kharkov, and O
The Eastern Slavs settled near the sources of the Dn
Don, and other rivers, Novgorod and Kieff being their
In 862, at their invitation the Norman Rurik
towns.
and took possession of Novgorod; Olga, widow and su
of Rurik's son, was baptized 955. A pagan reign follow
Vladimir, 980-1015, accepted Christianity 988, and did m
extend and civilize his empire, afterward divided
divided among his descendants. A Mongol invasion too
1222, and Batu Khan conquered R. 1235. destroying M
invaded the southwest 1240, destroyed Kieff, and foun
Khanate of Kiptchak; civilization was arrested, and R.
200 years behind the rest of Europe. The growth of
ania, annexed to Poland 1569, was favored by the pros
of other parts of R. Dmitri in e. R., 1358-89, obtained

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Arrival at Siberian Post-House.

The Tartars afterward tory over the Khan 1380. vaded R., but under Ivan III., 1462-1505, their yoke wa off and the empire consolidated. During the minorit the Terrible, 1533-84, factions prevailed, but from 15 death of his queen Anastasia Romanoff he adminis P picious and cruel. The dynasty of Rurik ended 1598 son Teodor, whose brother Dmitri was murdered. government with great success; he afterward bec to this name arose; confusion reigned; the King of F vaded R., and the land was overrun by Tartars, H robber-gangs. Michael Feodorovitch Romanoff, 1612 chosen Czar, soon forced the country from foreig summoned a council of representatives to aid the r of order. Under Alexei, 1645-76, a new code was the right of direct appeal to the Czar was granted; Smolensk, and most of White R. were added to th The reign of PETER THE GREAT (q.v.), 1689-1725, wa importance. He subjected himself and others to se pline to attain proficiency in the arts he sought to Much was lost under the weak rule of his successo III. was dethroned by his wife Catharine II., 176 largely extended the empire, now divided into gov Alexander I., 1801-25, shared actively in European in the overthrow of Napoleon. Nicholas II., 1825-55 war with Persia and Turkey, extending his domi gaining free navigation of the Black Sea, Darda der II., 1855-81, abolished serfdom and other abuse was incorporated 1868, and the Caucasus conquered Danube; but R. lost much of this by the Crimean Wa Slavonic Christians, and ended by the independen mania, the freedom of Bulgaria under Turkish suze Turkey was again declared 1877, in defense of th the enlargement of Servia; the new State of Easter was formed from Bulgaria. The succeeding peri marked by the growth of nihilism, which led to nation of Alexander II. 1881. Alexander III., 1881a pacific policy, and fostered the national spirit. outbreaks characterized the beginning and the lat His son, Nicholas II., succeeded.

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