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at the crossing or intersection of the nave and transepts of a Gothic church.

Roof. In Mining, rock overlying a seam of coal or any nearly horizontal ore deposit; corresponding to the hangingwall of veins or the more highly inclined deposits.

Roofs. The largest roof ever constructed was that over the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. Its total width was 787 ft., supported by three trusses, and its length 1,687 ft., the total area being 30 acres. The central court was covered with arches 210 ft. high and 368 ft. in span, and the entire floor area, including galleries, nearly 40 acres. The train shed of the Pa. R.R. at Philadelphia has a roof 304 ft. span and 598 ft. long, while that at Jersey City is 256 ft. span and 653 ft. long.

Roof Truss. Truss, containing tensile and compressive members, for supporting the roof covering of a building. See ROOFS.

Rooke, SIR GEORGE, R.N., 1650-1709. Rear-admiral 1689; knighted and pensioned for a battle with the French off Cape La Hogue 1692; prominent in war with Spain 1702 and the taking of Gibraltar 1704; engaged in a severe but indecisive battle with a French fleet off Malaga Aug. 1704; retired 1705.

Room. Portion of a coal mine in which the actual work of getting the coal is carried on; a breast or stall.

Roon, ALBRECHT THEODOR EMIL, GRAF VON, 18031879. Prussian Minister of War 1859-72 and of Marine 1861-71; reorganizer of the army; Count 1871, Field-marshal 1873.

Roosevelt, ROBERT BARNWELL. b. 1829. N. Y. Fishery Commissioner 1867; M.C. 1871-73; Minister to the Netherlands 1888-89; author of Game Fishes, 1860; Game Birds, 1866; Florida, 1868. His nephew, THEODORE, b. 1859, U. S. Civil Service Commissioner 1889, Asst. Sec. Navy 1897, has pub. Hunting Trips, 1883; War of 1812, 1885; Life of Benton, 1887; Ranch Life, 1888; Winning of the West, 4 vols., 1889-95; Hist. New York City, 1891; The Wilderness Hunter, 1893.

Root. Descending axis of a plant. It is the organ which is most efficient in the absorption of water. It is generally entirely subterranean, but portions, or all of it, may be aerial. See SECONDARY ROOTS, AERIAL ROOTS, EPIPHYTES and PARASITES.

Root. In Philology, essential and primitive part of a word; monosyllabic, uninflected, without modifications of any sort, expressing the general idea at the basis of the word. It is the germ or nucleus of all later formations.

Root OF AN EQUATION. Value which, substituted for the unknown quantity, satisfies the equation.

Root OF A QUANTITY. One of its equal factors. The index of the root shows how many such factors enter into the quantity. A root is indicated by the radical sign. Having the index of the root to the left and slightly above, as Ja, indicates the cube root of a; or by a fractional exponent having the index as the denominator, as a. , indicates the cube root of a. Roots are real or imaginary. Even roots of a negative quantity are imaginary: as two or any even number of negative factors give a positive product, there is no real factor, which, repeated an even number of times, will give a negative quantity. Any quantity has as many roots, real or imaginary, as the order of the root.

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Root, GEORGE FREDERICK, Mus. Doc., 1820-1895. American composer of many popular songs.

Root, JESSE, 1736-1822. Delegate to Congress 1778-83; Chief-justice of Conn. 1796-1807. Reports, 1789-1802.

Root, OREN, D.D., L.H.D., b. 1838. Prof. Univ. Mo. 186671; pres. Pritchett Coll. 1871-80; Prof. of Mathematics, Hamilton Coll., 1881.-His brother, ELIHU, b. 1845, was U. S. Dist.atty. in New York 1883-85.

Root and Branch Men. Opponents of Episcopacy in House of Commons 1641.

Root-Cap. Tip of an advancing subterranean root, composed of empty cells, pushed ahead by the formation of new ones immediately behind.

Root-Hairs. Cellular prolongations from the epidermis of roots. They form a very large portion of the absorbing

surface.

Bootlets. Small roots. especially when the

Root Parasites. Plants which grow upon a their nourishment from the roots of other plants. Such are species of Thesium, the Rafflesias, and the broom rape or strangle weed, Orobanche minor, which develops upon the roots of many plants, especially that of clover in its second year.

Rootstock. See RHIZOME.

Ropes. Ropes are made of manilla, of hemp, and of iron or steel with a hemp center. A hemp rope 1 in. in diameter has an ultimate strength of ab. 15,000 lbs., while one of wrought iron has 125,000 lbs. (see WIRE ROPE). Yarns are spun righthanded. Several yarns, formed into a strand or "ready," make it lefthanded. Three strands laid up righthanded are called plain-laid or hawser-laid rope: four strands around a central core or heart of ab. size of the strands are called shroud-laid; cable-laid is a left-handed rope of nine strands, each three being laid up in a group. Hemp makes the best ropes. To find strength of hemp rope in pounds, multiply the square of circumference in inches by 1371.4; or the breaking weight in tons = Strangle Wee square of half the circumference. Ropes are known circumference measure.

Ropes, JOHN CODMAN, b. 1836. American writer tary history.

Roque, ST., d. 1327. Patron of plague patients. Beziers; noted for its white cheeses. Roquefort. Village of s.e. France, 44 m. n. by

Roqueplan, JOSEPH ÉTIENNE CAMILLE, 1802-1855. genre and landscape painter.

Roraima. Isolated mountain in British Guiana Venezuelan frontier, rising on an immense parallelogram 1,600 ft. high, with walls cut to the summit. Altitude

Rorke's Drift. In S. Africa, on the Tugela; d by 80 British soldiers against 4,000 Zulus Jan. 22-23, 18 cluding Humpbacks, Finbacks, the California Gray W Rorquals. Whales with short, broad baleen pla to 70 ft. long), and the Sulphur Bottom or Razorba largest of living animals, ranging in length from 60 to

Rosa, CARL, 1842-1889. German violinist and m producer of English operas. See PAREPA-ROSA.

Rosa, PIETRO, ab. 1815-1891. Italian archæolog Senator, who did much for the study of Roman anti

Rosa, SALVATOR, 1615-1673. Most romantic and painter of the School of Naples; best in battle scenes a

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Salvator Rosa.

scapes. His two best landscapes are in the Pitti Ga Florence, and have no superiors.

Rosacea. Natural family of flowering plants of t Angiosperma and sub-class Dicotyledons, comprising genera and 1,200 species. widely dienowed th

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Their characteristics are shrubby growth, prickly stem
minal flowers and leaves alternate. In color they are
pink, yellow or red.

Rose, ERNESTINE LOUISE LASMOND (POTOWSKI), 181
Polish-American reformer, active for Woman's rights.

Rose, GUSTAV, 1798-1873. German mineralogist, known for his researches on the relations between crys form and physical properties. His Mineral System, based on crystallographic and chemical principles. nated with him. and he was the first to teach the me studying_rocks by means of their microscopic section brother, HEINRICH, 1795-1864, prof. Berlin from 1822, w der Krystallographie, 1833. The science of Petrograph nent as an analytical chemist. Handbuch, 1829.

Rose, HUGH JAMES, 1795-1838. Prof. Durham 183
active in the Tractarian movement, though a Cambrid
Rose, SIR JOHN, b. 1820. Canadian official, in
King's Coll., London, 1886; ed. Encyc. Metropolitan
since 1869; knighted 1870.

Col. U. S. Vo
Rose, THOMAS ELLWOOD, b. 1830.
organizer of a famous escape from Libby prison, Ri
Feb. 1864.

Rose-Acacia. Robinia hispida. Bristly-stemm
of the natural family Leguminosae, bearing showy, ros
flowers, native of the s. Alleganies; much planted
ment; called also Bristly Locust.

Roseala. Bright, usually dark-red rash accompa little or no fever. It occurs usually in children and times mistaken for scarlet fever or measles. The ab the throat symptoms distinguish it from the former a cold in the head from the latter. The eruption lasts days, is never severe, and hardly needs any treatmen

Rose Apple. Eugenia jambos. Small tree of th family, native of the E. Indies, and cultivated in tropi tries for its ornamental flowers and fruit.

Rose-Bay. See RHODODENDRON and OLEANDER.

Rose Bengal. C,H,C,I,O,K,. Potassium salt
fluorescein; brown powder, easily soluble in water.
wool red in an acid bath.
iododichlorfluorescein, made by the action of iodine o

Rosebery, ARCHIBALD PHILIP PRIMROSE, LL.D.,
b. 1847. Fifth Earl 1868; Foreign Sec. 1886 and 1892
1894.

Rosebug, or ROSE-CHAFER. Beetle, in. long, brown. It feeds on leaves, fruit, and flowers, preferring the rose. They appear on grapes about the time Concords are in bloom, and may be water at 130° F., or whaleoil soap; or they can be checked by spraying with collected by knocking off into sheets and killing with kerosene.

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natural family Rosacea, widely distributed throughout the n.
and extensively cultivated for ornament.

larva and cocoor

gen. U. S. Vols. 1862. He Rosebug, or Rose-chafer (Cet
commanded the army of

the Mississippi 1862, winning the battles of Iuka a
and that of the Cumberland. defeating Bragg at M
Jan. 2, 1863. but beaten at Chickamauga Sept. 19
he drove Price from Mo. He resigned from the arm
Minister to Mexico 1868-69: M.C. from Cal. 1881-85
ter U. S. Treasury 1885-93.

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Gall produced on roses by an

Rosegger, PETRI KETTENFEIER, b. 1843. Aust
and poet, dealing with humble life in Styria.
Roseine. Usually rosaniline acetate; some
SINE (q.v.).

Roselius, CHRISTIAN, 1803-1873. Head of La
Civil Law in Univ. La. from 1850.

Roselli, CoSIMO, 1439-1507. Florentine pain
frescoes in the Sistine Chapel at Rome.
Rosellini, IPPOLITO, 1800-1843. Prof. Pisa 18
with Champollion 1827-28. Monuments of Egyp
12 vols., 1832-44.

Roselly de Lorgues, b. 1805. French au before the Age, 1835; The Cross, 1844; Columbus, Rosemary. Rosmarinus officinalis. Shrub

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ROSEN-ROSSBRUNN

family, native of s. Europe; cultivated for its essential oil,
used in perfumery; anciently used as a love charm, and re-
garded as an emblem of remembrance.

Rosen, FRIEDRICH AUGUST, Ph.D., 1805-1837. Prof. Univ.
London 1829. Radices Sanscrita, 1827; ed. Vedas, 1836-38.
Rosendale Cement. Natural hydraulic cement, manu-
factured out of limestone from the Rosendale quarries near
Rondout. N. Y.; also often any natural hydraulic cement. It
is quicker setting but not as strong as the artificial Portland
cement. See CEMENT and CEMENT TESTS.

Rosenkranz, JOHANN KARL FRIEDRICH, Ph.D., 1805-1879. Prof. Halle 1831, and Königsberg from 1833; historian of poetry and philosophy. Hegel, 1844-70; Pedagogics, 1848, tr. 1886.

Rosenmüller, JOHANN GEORG, 1736-1815. Prof. Erlangen
1773. Giessen 1783, Leipzig 1785: voluminous theologian.
Scholia in N.T.. 10 vols., 1777-90.-His son, ERNST FRIEDRICH
KARL, 1768-1835, Prof. Leipzig 1796, pub. Scholia in V.T., 16
vols., 1788-1817, and Analecta Arabica, 1824-27.

Rosenmüller's Organ. See EPO-OPHORON.
Rose-Noble.

value ab. $1.65.

Rosin Bible. Name given to the Douay Bi Jeremiah viii. 22. See DOUAY VERSION.

Rosini, GIOVANNI, 1776-1855. writer of historical romances.

Italian critic,

juice, natives of N. America.
Rosin Plant. Coarse yellow-flowered herbs of
Silphium, of the Composite family, with an abundant

Rosmini, ANTONIO, 1797-1855. Tyrolese priest, fo
greatly honored.
an Institute of Brethren of Charity, 1830, for clerica
Philosophic System, 1845, tr. 1882; Psychology, 184
tion; philosophic writer of high grade, much calumni
Origin of Ideas, 4 vols., 1830, tr.
1884-88; Theosophy, 5 vols., 1859-74.

Rosny, LEON DE, b. 1837. Prof. Paris 1868; writer nese and Japanese philology and antiquities. Rosolan. See MAUVE.

16

Rosolic Acid. C2H,,O,. Methylaurine. The p can be made from rosaniline by diazotizing it. Comme English gold coin, minted ab. 1340-1420: present. It is used as an indicator in volumetric a it is not to be distinguished from AURINE (q.v.), in whi See CORALLIN.

Prof. Erlangen 1867; writer

Rosenthal, ISIDOR, b. 1836.
on physiology and biology.
Rosenthal, MORITZ, b. 1833. Prof. Vienna 1875; writer on
the nerves.

Rose of Jericho. See RESURRECTION PLANT and ALTHEA.
Rose of Sharon. Hibiscus syriacus. Ornamental mal-
vaceous plant. The one mentioned in the Bible was probably
a kind of narcissus. See RESURRECTION PLANT.

Roseroot. Sedum roseum. Fleshy herb of the natural family Crassulaceae, growing in rocky places in the colder and Alpine regions of the n. hemisphere.

Roses, WAR OF THE. 1455-85, between princes of the houses
of York and Lancaster, each claiming the throne by descent
from Edward III. The York rose was white; that of Lancaster
red.

Rose's Metal. Easily fusible alloy consisting of lead 1,
tin 1, and bismuth 2.
up to 69° C., when it has less volume than at 0° C., and then
It expands up to 44° C., then contracts
expands up to its mpt. 94° C.

Rose Quartz. Pink or pale red variety of quartz, trans-
parent, and crystalline in structure. The color is supposed to
be due to the presence of manganese. The mineral is commonly
too easily cracked to be of use as an ornament.

Rosetta. Town of Egypt, near the Nile's mouth; taken
by the French 1798; by the British and Turks April 19, 1801.
The R. stone, discovered here 1799, received much attention,
and was important in the study of hieroglyphics. It contains
a tritingual inscription (hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek) by
means of which, aided also by a bitingual inscription on an
obelisk, Champollion in 1822 obtained clews leading to the de-
cipherment of the hieroglyphic writings.
British Museum.
It is now in the

Rosette. 1. Ambulacral areas of the dorsal surface of
echinoids. 2. In Sponges, spicule consisting of several equal
axes, each of which is terminated by trichites.

Rosette. In Botany, tuft of leaves arranged something
like the petals of a doubled rose.

Rosetti, CONSTANTIN, 1816-1885. Roumanian poet, journal-
ist, deputy, official, and senator.
Rose Water.

Product obtained when rose petals and
water are distilled. Sometimes oil of roses is used instead of
petals.

Rose Window, or WHEEL WINDOW. In Gothic Architecture, a circular opening decorated with tracery, sometimes composed of circles and segments of circles, and sometimes arranged with reference to base radiating from the center like the spokes of a wheel.

Rosewood. Timber of numerous trees of tropical regions.
The best is considered to be obtained from species of Dalbergia,
natural family Leguminosae, natives of tropical America.

Rosherville Gardens. Pleasure resort near Gravesend,
Eng., formed by Mr. Rosher in old chalk-quarries.

Rosicrucians. Mystification, describing the disciples of
the Rosy Cross as a wonderful society of semi-magicians and
healers; set afloat probably by J. V. Andreä 1614. The pam-
phlet, Fama Fraternitatis, made a great sensation and led to
much controversy. This and other works, 1615-16, professed
to describe a society founded 200 years before by Christian
Rosenkreutz, who had acquired the wisdom of the East by
travel in Arabia and Egypt. Besides its medical secrets, it
possessed the art of making gold.

Rosin. See COLOPHON

Ross, ALEXANDER, 1699-1784. Scottish poet. H

1768.

Ross, ALEXANDER MILTON, b. 1832. Canadian natur Ross, EDMUND GIBSON, b. 1826. U. S. Senator from 1866-71; Gov. of New Mexico 1885.

1774-77; signer of the Declaration of Independence.
Ross, GEORGE, 1730-1779. Delegate to Congress fro

pressing the whisky rebellion of 1794; U. S. Senator 1794
Ross, JAMES, 1762-1847. Pa. Federalist, prominent i
expedition in search of Sir John Franklin
Ross, SIR JOHN, R.N., 1777-1856. Scottish Arctic ex
1818 and 1829-33; knighted 1834; Rear-admiral 1851, aft
Voyage of D

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Rear-admiral Sir John Ross, K.C.B.

nephew, SIR JAMES CLARK, R.N., F.R.S., 1800-1862, bore pa
ery, 1819: Navigation by Steam, 1828; Narrative, 1835.-1
in several Arctic voyages, discovered the north magnetic p
1831. conducted a magnetic survey of the British isles 1835-
explored the Antarctic seas 1839-43, was knighted 1844, a
went in search of Franklin 1848. Narrative, 1847.

ing the removal of his tribe from Ga. 1835.
Ross, JOHN, ab.1790-1866. Cherokee chief, leader in oppo

Ross, SIR JOHN, b. 1829. English general, prominent
the Afghan war 1878-80; knighted 1880; Lieut.-g
manding in Canada 1888.
-gen. 1886; con

Ross, LUDWIG, 1806-1859. Prof. Halle 1845; student Greek archæology.

Ross, ROBERT, 1770-1814. British officer, who won an action at Bladensburg, Md., Aug. 24, 1814, burned Washington, an was killed near Baltimore.

Ross, SIR WILLIAM CHARLES, R.A., 1794-1860. English painter, chiefly of miniatures, knighted 1842.

Rossall College. Public school founded 1844 on the
ab. 30 professors and ab. 400 students.
coast of Lancashire, 2 m. s.w. of Fleetwood, Eng. It has

Leipzig; scene of a rout of French and Austrians, Nov. 5, 1757,
by Frederic II.
Rossbach. Village of Prussian Saxony, 22 m. w. by s. of

1310

ROSSE-ROTARY ENGINE

M.P.

Rosse, WILLIAM PARSONS, 3D EARL OF, 1800-1867. 1821; Earl 1841; Peer for Ireland 1845; pres. Royal Society 1848-54; noted for his scientific researches, especially in Optics and Astronomy. In 1842 he constructed his great reflecting telescope of 6 ft. aperture, which is mounted at his observatory, Parsonstown, Ireland.

Rossel, ELIZABETH PAUL EDOUARD DE, 1765-1829. French Rear-admiral 1822; editor of several books of voyages and discoveries.

Rosselli, COSIMO. See ROSELLI.

Rossellini, BERNARDO, 1409-1464. Florentine sculptor and architect, restorer of many churches.

Brig.-gen. C.S.A.
Rosser, THOMAS LAFAYETTE, b. 1836.
1863; Major-gen. 1864; prominent as a cavalry commander in
Va.; chief engineer Canadian Pacific R.R. 1881-82.

Rossetti, CHRISTINA, 1830-1894. English poet, eminent for delicacy of style and depth of feeling; daughter of Gabriele. Goblin Market, 1862; Prince's Progress, 1866; Singsong, 1872; A Pageant, 1881. In prose, Stories, 1870; Speaking Likenesses, 1874; Letter and Spirit, 1883. Her poems, collected 1890, are mainly lyrical and often devotional.

Rossetti, GABRIEL CHARLES DANTE, called DANTE GABRIEL, 1828-1882. Son of Gabriele; English poet and painter; one of the founders of the preraphaelite school; a mystic and transcendentalist, whose pictures have a markedly individual stamp and character, but are not wholly free from affectation and self-consciousness. As a poet he ranks best. The Blessed Damozel is his most noted lyric. Letters, 1896.

Rossetti, GABRIELE, 1783-1854. Italian poet and patriot, proscribed 1821; prof. King's Coll., London, 1827. Dante, 1826; Anti-papal Spirit, 1832.-His oldest child, MARIA FRANCESCA, 1827-1876, pub. A Shadow of Dante.-His second son, WILLIAM MICHAEL, b. 1829, tr. Dante's Hell, 1865, ed. Shelley, 1869, and other poets, and pub. Fine Art, 1867, and Life of Keats, 1887. Rossi, ERNESTO, 1829-1896. Italian actor, noted in Shakespearian parts: in the U. S. 1881.

Rossi, FRANCESCO DE, 1510-1563. Italian painter.
Rossi, GIOVANNI, 1754-1827. Italian writer of fables, come-
dies, and art studies.

Italian archæolo-
Inscriptions, 1861-

Rossi, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, 1822-1894.
gist. noted for researches in the Catacombs.
Prof. at Bologna 1812,
88; Subterranean Christian Rome, 1864-77.
Rossi, PELLEGRINO, 1787-1848.
Geneva 1815, and Paris 1833; French envoy to Rome 1845.
Penal Law, 1830; Constitutional Law, 1836; Political Economy,
1840.

Rossini, GIOACCHINO ANTONIO, 1792-1868. Italian operatic
composer, in whose works the characteristics of the national
style reached their climax. He produced his first opera 1810
and his last 1829. After the last date he lived chiefly in Paris,
composing only a few trifles and the famous Stabat Mater,

Rost, REINHOLD, 1822-1896. German-English Oriental
Rostellate. Diminutive of rostrate.

Rostellum. Conical projection, armed with hook the head of Cestodes, as in the Tapeworm.-In Orchid projection from the column of the flower which bea pollen-masses.

Roster. 1. Army list. 2. List of classes and studi college or school.

Rostock. City and river-port of Mecklenburg-Sch on the Warnow, 9 m. from the Baltic; old Hanse tow small coinage is abundant ab. 1600-1865. Its university, f 1418, rebuilt 1867, has 40 instructors, ab. 420 students library of 140,000 vols. Pop., 1890, 44,388.

Rostoff. 1. Town of s. Russia, on the Don, near its
founded 1761; important for commerce and manuf
Moscow; noted for its annual fair. Pop. ab. 17,000.
Pop. ab. 70,000. 2. Town of central Russia, 129 m. n

Rostopchin, FEDOR VASILIWICH, COUNT, 1763-182 sian general, Gov. of Moscow 1812. He denied the bu the city, except his own house. Works, 1853.

Rostra. Name of the pulpit or orator's seat in the Forum, which was decorated with the prows of vesse from the enemy.

Rostrate. In Botany and Zoology, organ extend slender prolongation or beak.

Rostrum. 1. Beak or sucking organ of certain 2. Anterior prolongation of the carapace of Lobsters. Rosulate. In Botany, organs arranged in a rose Rosy Cross. See ROSICRUCIANS.

Rot. See SHEEP ROT.

Rotalidea. Order of perforate Foraminifera, careous shells spirally coiled in such a way that all are discovered upon one side and only the last turn under side, where the terminal aperture is situated.

Rotary Engine. Steam engine in which it is produce continuous rotation of the driving-shaft by of steam upon pistons borne at the end of a revolv in the cylinder. The steam enters at one point, acts

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Rossini.

1832. His best works are Tancredi, 1813; L'Italiana in Algeri,
1813; Il Barbiere di Seviglia, 1816; Otello, 1816; Cenerentola,
His operas number 38, exclusive
1817; La Gazza ladra, 1817; Mosè in Egitto, 1818; Semiramide,
1823; Guillaume Tell, 1829.
of revisions.
Rossiter, THOMAS PRICHARD, 1817-1871. N.A. 1849. Amer-
ican painter.
Rosso, IL, 1494-1541. Italian painter, much employed in
ially in decorating the Château of Fontainebleau.

Rotary Engine.

pistons by means of its pressure, and escapes at
side, being obliged by the presence of an abutment
PUMP) to press so as to turn the shaft always in
and to be prevented from passing from inlet to e
out doing work. The advantages of the rotary t
are direct application of the power on the shaft,
and portability, easy reversibility even from a d
no dead centers; all parts are inclosed within th
not affected by weather or by missiles in quarr
work. The disadvantages are unequal wear g
described by different points; excessive clearanc
room in the cylinder; the difficulty in attaini
pistons and consequent leakage, due to the di
working of the steam, and hence their extray
steam; the difficulty in securing piston-area for
if area is obtained, adequate piston-speed. Expa
of steam has been secured by compounding sever

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