at the crossing or intersection of the nave and transepts of a Gothic church. Roof. In Mining, rock overlying a seam of coal or any nearly horizontal ore deposit; corresponding to the hangingwall of veins or the more highly inclined deposits. Roofs. The largest roof ever constructed was that over the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. Its total width was 787 ft., supported by three trusses, and its length 1,687 ft., the total area being 30 acres. The central court was covered with arches 210 ft. high and 368 ft. in span, and the entire floor area, including galleries, nearly 40 acres. The train shed of the Pa. R.R. at Philadelphia has a roof 304 ft. span and 598 ft. long, while that at Jersey City is 256 ft. span and 653 ft. long. Roof Truss. Truss, containing tensile and compressive members, for supporting the roof covering of a building. See ROOFS. Rooke, SIR GEORGE, R.N., 1650-1709. Rear-admiral 1689; knighted and pensioned for a battle with the French off Cape La Hogue 1692; prominent in war with Spain 1702 and the taking of Gibraltar 1704; engaged in a severe but indecisive battle with a French fleet off Malaga Aug. 1704; retired 1705. Room. Portion of a coal mine in which the actual work of getting the coal is carried on; a breast or stall. Roon, ALBRECHT THEODOR EMIL, GRAF VON, 18031879. Prussian Minister of War 1859-72 and of Marine 1861-71; reorganizer of the army; Count 1871, Field-marshal 1873. Roosevelt, ROBERT BARNWELL. b. 1829. N. Y. Fishery Commissioner 1867; M.C. 1871-73; Minister to the Netherlands 1888-89; author of Game Fishes, 1860; Game Birds, 1866; Florida, 1868. His nephew, THEODORE, b. 1859, U. S. Civil Service Commissioner 1889, Asst. Sec. Navy 1897, has pub. Hunting Trips, 1883; War of 1812, 1885; Life of Benton, 1887; Ranch Life, 1888; Winning of the West, 4 vols., 1889-95; Hist. New York City, 1891; The Wilderness Hunter, 1893. Root. Descending axis of a plant. It is the organ which is most efficient in the absorption of water. It is generally entirely subterranean, but portions, or all of it, may be aerial. See SECONDARY ROOTS, AERIAL ROOTS, EPIPHYTES and PARASITES. Root. In Philology, essential and primitive part of a word; monosyllabic, uninflected, without modifications of any sort, expressing the general idea at the basis of the word. It is the germ or nucleus of all later formations. Root OF AN EQUATION. Value which, substituted for the unknown quantity, satisfies the equation. Root OF A QUANTITY. One of its equal factors. The index of the root shows how many such factors enter into the quantity. A root is indicated by the radical sign. Having the index of the root to the left and slightly above, as Ja, indicates the cube root of a; or by a fractional exponent having the index as the denominator, as a. , indicates the cube root of a. Roots are real or imaginary. Even roots of a negative quantity are imaginary: as two or any even number of negative factors give a positive product, there is no real factor, which, repeated an even number of times, will give a negative quantity. Any quantity has as many roots, real or imaginary, as the order of the root. Root, GEORGE FREDERICK, Mus. Doc., 1820-1895. American composer of many popular songs. Root, JESSE, 1736-1822. Delegate to Congress 1778-83; Chief-justice of Conn. 1796-1807. Reports, 1789-1802. Root, OREN, D.D., L.H.D., b. 1838. Prof. Univ. Mo. 186671; pres. Pritchett Coll. 1871-80; Prof. of Mathematics, Hamilton Coll., 1881.-His brother, ELIHU, b. 1845, was U. S. Dist.atty. in New York 1883-85. Root and Branch Men. Opponents of Episcopacy in House of Commons 1641. Root-Cap. Tip of an advancing subterranean root, composed of empty cells, pushed ahead by the formation of new ones immediately behind. Root-Hairs. Cellular prolongations from the epidermis of roots. They form a very large portion of the absorbing surface. Bootlets. Small roots. especially when the Root Parasites. Plants which grow upon a their nourishment from the roots of other plants. Such are species of Thesium, the Rafflesias, and the broom rape or strangle weed, Orobanche minor, which develops upon the roots of many plants, especially that of clover in its second year. Rootstock. See RHIZOME. Ropes. Ropes are made of manilla, of hemp, and of iron or steel with a hemp center. A hemp rope 1 in. in diameter has an ultimate strength of ab. 15,000 lbs., while one of wrought iron has 125,000 lbs. (see WIRE ROPE). Yarns are spun righthanded. Several yarns, formed into a strand or "ready," make it lefthanded. Three strands laid up righthanded are called plain-laid or hawser-laid rope: four strands around a central core or heart of ab. size of the strands are called shroud-laid; cable-laid is a left-handed rope of nine strands, each three being laid up in a group. Hemp makes the best ropes. To find strength of hemp rope in pounds, multiply the square of circumference in inches by 1371.4; or the breaking weight in tons = Strangle Wee square of half the circumference. Ropes are known circumference measure. Ropes, JOHN CODMAN, b. 1836. American writer tary history. Roque, ST., d. 1327. Patron of plague patients. Beziers; noted for its white cheeses. Roquefort. Village of s.e. France, 44 m. n. by Roqueplan, JOSEPH ÉTIENNE CAMILLE, 1802-1855. genre and landscape painter. Roraima. Isolated mountain in British Guiana Venezuelan frontier, rising on an immense parallelogram 1,600 ft. high, with walls cut to the summit. Altitude Rorke's Drift. In S. Africa, on the Tugela; d by 80 British soldiers against 4,000 Zulus Jan. 22-23, 18 cluding Humpbacks, Finbacks, the California Gray W Rorquals. Whales with short, broad baleen pla to 70 ft. long), and the Sulphur Bottom or Razorba largest of living animals, ranging in length from 60 to Rosa, CARL, 1842-1889. German violinist and m producer of English operas. See PAREPA-ROSA. Rosa, PIETRO, ab. 1815-1891. Italian archæolog Senator, who did much for the study of Roman anti Rosa, SALVATOR, 1615-1673. Most romantic and painter of the School of Naples; best in battle scenes a Salvator Rosa. scapes. His two best landscapes are in the Pitti Ga Florence, and have no superiors. Rosacea. Natural family of flowering plants of t Angiosperma and sub-class Dicotyledons, comprising genera and 1,200 species. widely dienowed th Their characteristics are shrubby growth, prickly stem Rose, ERNESTINE LOUISE LASMOND (POTOWSKI), 181 Rose, GUSTAV, 1798-1873. German mineralogist, known for his researches on the relations between crys form and physical properties. His Mineral System, based on crystallographic and chemical principles. nated with him. and he was the first to teach the me studying_rocks by means of their microscopic section brother, HEINRICH, 1795-1864, prof. Berlin from 1822, w der Krystallographie, 1833. The science of Petrograph nent as an analytical chemist. Handbuch, 1829. Rose, HUGH JAMES, 1795-1838. Prof. Durham 183 Col. U. S. Vo Rose-Acacia. Robinia hispida. Bristly-stemm Roseala. Bright, usually dark-red rash accompa little or no fever. It occurs usually in children and times mistaken for scarlet fever or measles. The ab the throat symptoms distinguish it from the former a cold in the head from the latter. The eruption lasts days, is never severe, and hardly needs any treatmen Rose Apple. Eugenia jambos. Small tree of th family, native of the E. Indies, and cultivated in tropi tries for its ornamental flowers and fruit. Rose-Bay. See RHODODENDRON and OLEANDER. Rose Bengal. C,H,C,I,O,K,. Potassium salt Rosebery, ARCHIBALD PHILIP PRIMROSE, LL.D., Rosebug, or ROSE-CHAFER. Beetle, in. long, brown. It feeds on leaves, fruit, and flowers, preferring the rose. They appear on grapes about the time Concords are in bloom, and may be water at 130° F., or whaleoil soap; or they can be checked by spraying with collected by knocking off into sheets and killing with kerosene. natural family Rosacea, widely distributed throughout the n. larva and cocoor gen. U. S. Vols. 1862. He Rosebug, or Rose-chafer (Cet the Mississippi 1862, winning the battles of Iuka a Gall produced on roses by an Rosegger, PETRI KETTENFEIER, b. 1843. Aust Roselius, CHRISTIAN, 1803-1873. Head of La Roselli, CoSIMO, 1439-1507. Florentine pain Roselly de Lorgues, b. 1805. French au before the Age, 1835; The Cross, 1844; Columbus, Rosemary. Rosmarinus officinalis. Shrub ROSEN-ROSSBRUNN family, native of s. Europe; cultivated for its essential oil, Rosen, FRIEDRICH AUGUST, Ph.D., 1805-1837. Prof. Univ. Rosenkranz, JOHANN KARL FRIEDRICH, Ph.D., 1805-1879. Prof. Halle 1831, and Königsberg from 1833; historian of poetry and philosophy. Hegel, 1844-70; Pedagogics, 1848, tr. 1886. Rosenmüller, JOHANN GEORG, 1736-1815. Prof. Erlangen Rosenmüller's Organ. See EPO-OPHORON. value ab. $1.65. Rosin Bible. Name given to the Douay Bi Jeremiah viii. 22. See DOUAY VERSION. Rosini, GIOVANNI, 1776-1855. writer of historical romances. Italian critic, juice, natives of N. America. Rosmini, ANTONIO, 1797-1855. Tyrolese priest, fo Rosny, LEON DE, b. 1837. Prof. Paris 1868; writer nese and Japanese philology and antiquities. Rosolan. See MAUVE. 16 Rosolic Acid. C2H,,O,. Methylaurine. The p can be made from rosaniline by diazotizing it. Comme English gold coin, minted ab. 1340-1420: present. It is used as an indicator in volumetric a it is not to be distinguished from AURINE (q.v.), in whi See CORALLIN. Prof. Erlangen 1867; writer Rosenthal, ISIDOR, b. 1836. Rose of Jericho. See RESURRECTION PLANT and ALTHEA. Roseroot. Sedum roseum. Fleshy herb of the natural family Crassulaceae, growing in rocky places in the colder and Alpine regions of the n. hemisphere. Roses, WAR OF THE. 1455-85, between princes of the houses Rose's Metal. Easily fusible alloy consisting of lead 1, Rose Quartz. Pink or pale red variety of quartz, trans- Rosetta. Town of Egypt, near the Nile's mouth; taken Rosette. 1. Ambulacral areas of the dorsal surface of Rosette. In Botany, tuft of leaves arranged something Rosetti, CONSTANTIN, 1816-1885. Roumanian poet, journal- Product obtained when rose petals and Rose Window, or WHEEL WINDOW. In Gothic Architecture, a circular opening decorated with tracery, sometimes composed of circles and segments of circles, and sometimes arranged with reference to base radiating from the center like the spokes of a wheel. Rosewood. Timber of numerous trees of tropical regions. Rosherville Gardens. Pleasure resort near Gravesend, Rosicrucians. Mystification, describing the disciples of Rosin. See COLOPHON Ross, ALEXANDER, 1699-1784. Scottish poet. H 1768. Ross, ALEXANDER MILTON, b. 1832. Canadian natur Ross, EDMUND GIBSON, b. 1826. U. S. Senator from 1866-71; Gov. of New Mexico 1885. 1774-77; signer of the Declaration of Independence. pressing the whisky rebellion of 1794; U. S. Senator 1794 Rear-admiral Sir John Ross, K.C.B. nephew, SIR JAMES CLARK, R.N., F.R.S., 1800-1862, bore pa ing the removal of his tribe from Ga. 1835. Ross, SIR JOHN, b. 1829. English general, prominent Ross, LUDWIG, 1806-1859. Prof. Halle 1845; student Greek archæology. Ross, ROBERT, 1770-1814. British officer, who won an action at Bladensburg, Md., Aug. 24, 1814, burned Washington, an was killed near Baltimore. Ross, SIR WILLIAM CHARLES, R.A., 1794-1860. English painter, chiefly of miniatures, knighted 1842. Rossall College. Public school founded 1844 on the Leipzig; scene of a rout of French and Austrians, Nov. 5, 1757, 1310 ROSSE-ROTARY ENGINE M.P. Rosse, WILLIAM PARSONS, 3D EARL OF, 1800-1867. 1821; Earl 1841; Peer for Ireland 1845; pres. Royal Society 1848-54; noted for his scientific researches, especially in Optics and Astronomy. In 1842 he constructed his great reflecting telescope of 6 ft. aperture, which is mounted at his observatory, Parsonstown, Ireland. Rossel, ELIZABETH PAUL EDOUARD DE, 1765-1829. French Rear-admiral 1822; editor of several books of voyages and discoveries. Rosselli, COSIMO. See ROSELLI. Rossellini, BERNARDO, 1409-1464. Florentine sculptor and architect, restorer of many churches. Brig.-gen. C.S.A. Rossetti, CHRISTINA, 1830-1894. English poet, eminent for delicacy of style and depth of feeling; daughter of Gabriele. Goblin Market, 1862; Prince's Progress, 1866; Singsong, 1872; A Pageant, 1881. In prose, Stories, 1870; Speaking Likenesses, 1874; Letter and Spirit, 1883. Her poems, collected 1890, are mainly lyrical and often devotional. Rossetti, GABRIEL CHARLES DANTE, called DANTE GABRIEL, 1828-1882. Son of Gabriele; English poet and painter; one of the founders of the preraphaelite school; a mystic and transcendentalist, whose pictures have a markedly individual stamp and character, but are not wholly free from affectation and self-consciousness. As a poet he ranks best. The Blessed Damozel is his most noted lyric. Letters, 1896. Rossetti, GABRIELE, 1783-1854. Italian poet and patriot, proscribed 1821; prof. King's Coll., London, 1827. Dante, 1826; Anti-papal Spirit, 1832.-His oldest child, MARIA FRANCESCA, 1827-1876, pub. A Shadow of Dante.-His second son, WILLIAM MICHAEL, b. 1829, tr. Dante's Hell, 1865, ed. Shelley, 1869, and other poets, and pub. Fine Art, 1867, and Life of Keats, 1887. Rossi, ERNESTO, 1829-1896. Italian actor, noted in Shakespearian parts: in the U. S. 1881. Rossi, FRANCESCO DE, 1510-1563. Italian painter. Italian archæolo- Rossi, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, 1822-1894. Rossini, GIOACCHINO ANTONIO, 1792-1868. Italian operatic Rost, REINHOLD, 1822-1896. German-English Oriental Rostellum. Conical projection, armed with hook the head of Cestodes, as in the Tapeworm.-In Orchid projection from the column of the flower which bea pollen-masses. Roster. 1. Army list. 2. List of classes and studi college or school. Rostock. City and river-port of Mecklenburg-Sch on the Warnow, 9 m. from the Baltic; old Hanse tow small coinage is abundant ab. 1600-1865. Its university, f 1418, rebuilt 1867, has 40 instructors, ab. 420 students library of 140,000 vols. Pop., 1890, 44,388. Rostoff. 1. Town of s. Russia, on the Don, near its Rostopchin, FEDOR VASILIWICH, COUNT, 1763-182 sian general, Gov. of Moscow 1812. He denied the bu the city, except his own house. Works, 1853. Rostra. Name of the pulpit or orator's seat in the Forum, which was decorated with the prows of vesse from the enemy. Rostrate. In Botany and Zoology, organ extend slender prolongation or beak. Rostrum. 1. Beak or sucking organ of certain 2. Anterior prolongation of the carapace of Lobsters. Rosulate. In Botany, organs arranged in a rose Rosy Cross. See ROSICRUCIANS. Rot. See SHEEP ROT. Rotalidea. Order of perforate Foraminifera, careous shells spirally coiled in such a way that all are discovered upon one side and only the last turn under side, where the terminal aperture is situated. Rotary Engine. Steam engine in which it is produce continuous rotation of the driving-shaft by of steam upon pistons borne at the end of a revolv in the cylinder. The steam enters at one point, acts Rossini. 1832. His best works are Tancredi, 1813; L'Italiana in Algeri, Rotary Engine. pistons by means of its pressure, and escapes at |