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d through various cada affect silver salts. They cal diagnosis; and re nich do not transmit be bodies, may be produx ! aph. By interposing the Crookes' tube and calcium tungstate. ned, and the bullets, et

1810-1880. Prof. Letr mineralogists for his stude

chrysolite group, cota : und at Sterling Hila eral carbonate conta. nganese with small qua

esday, and Wednesday nce ab. 450 as litary days of Robert Guiscard, and t eror 1060-90, and Con -1154, was crowned K St of Africa, and was a

7. English monk, anbe 1849, and continued by Prof. Univ. Pa. 1858-7 Prof. Univ. Coll., L Essays, 1850-55. His Ext 854, answered F. W. Ne

.D., 1808-1866. Prof. of G -w 1858. He made a ge -rt and map 1835, and a ged in making a survey uctural and dynamic g 79. Inventor of the sys 1846, modified 1861. L.D., b. 1853. Law Prof. Univ. 1890. Illinois C

OROLD, 1823-1890. Prof. P and 1888: M.P. 1880S., 1866-88: Economic Inter y and Commerce, 1892.

555. Chaplain at Antwer aul's, London, ab.1549; bar rs under Mary.

American sculptor, many

argely reproduced in comp -1892. American sculpte 50-1618. English Puritan

S00. Soldier of N. H., Tory 1776; author of sever AM. D.D., b. 1864. Prof. Ha "rew Theol. Sem. 1893: Orie -1855. English banker Italy, 1822; Table-talk. 186 STUS. F.R.S., b. 1832. Prol. E : astronomer.

TON, LL.D., 1804-1882 Br al Philosophy and Geology Inst. Tech. 1862-68. He ings of Va., and organ 2.-Of his brothers, JAS emistry at Univ. Pa. 15. Univ. Va. 1842-52, Cair. P 1. 1877.

F.R.S.. 1779-1869. London 33. Physiology, 1834: Th ses, 1852.

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ROHAN-ROMAN

in front of the command while the drum and fife played a de-
risive tune, called the rogue's march: this sentence has of late
years been entirely abrogated in the U. S. Service.
Rohan, HENRI, DUC DE, 1579-1638. French soldier, leader Forms of Animal Life, 1870.
in Huguenot revolts. Mémoires, pub. 1644-1758.

with cinnamon color on the wings. Eurystomus of
Australia includes the Broad-billed Rollers.
Rolleston, GEORGE, F.R.S., 1829-1881. Prof. Ox

Rohan, LOUIS RENÉ EDOUARD, PRINCE DE, 1735-1803.
Cardinal 1778; Bp. of Strassburg 1779. See DIAMOND NECK-

LACE.

Rohillas. Afghan Pathans who rose in power in Rohil-
cund, India, ab.1750. They were subdued in 1773.

Rohlfs, MRS. ANNA KATHERINE (GREEN), b. 1846, m. 1884.
American writer of detective stories. The Leavenworth Case,
1878; X Y Z, 1883; Mill Mystery, 1886; Behind Closed Doors,
1888; Marked Personal, 1893.
Rohlfs, GERHARD, 1832-1896.
author of many books of travel.
sinia, 1869, tr. 1883.

German explorer in Africa;
Morocco, 1868, tr. 1874; Abys-

Rojas, JUAN RAMON, 1784-1824. Poet of the Argentine revolution. Poesias patrias, 1820.

Rojas y Zorilla, FRANCISCO DE, 1607-ab.1680. Spanish dramatist.

Rokitansky, KARL, BARON VON, 1804–1878. Prof. Vienna 1834-75. His Handbook of Pathological Anatomy, 5 vols., 1842-46, tr. 1849-52, is of great importance.

Roland. Hero of legend and poetry; warden of Brittany under Charlemagne; killed 778 at Roncesvalles in Spanish Navarre.

Roland de la Platière, JEAN MARIE. 1734-1793. French official, author of a Dictionary of Manufactures, 1785.-His wife, MANON JEANNE PHLIPON, 1754-1793, a Girondist leader, was guillotined, leaving Memoirs, pub. 1864, and Letters, 1867. Rolander, DANIEL, 1720-1774. Swedish naturalist, who studied and described the flora of Guiana.

Rolfe, WILLIAM JAMES, b. 1827. American editor (1870-83)
and critic of Shakespeare. Shakespeare the Boy, 1896.

Roll, ALFRED PHILIPPE, b. 1847. French painter.
Rolled Sections OF IRON. The usual sections of struct-
ural iron are the I-BEAM (q.v.), channel-iron, angle-iron (of
equal and unequal legs), tee-iron, deck-beam (or bulb-iron), 'and
rail rolled from iron or steel billets. The usual merchant sec-
tions are the flat, square, round. hexagon, and octagon. The
usual strength per sq. in. of these sections is from 50,000 to
55,000 lbs.

Roller-Ball. Sport aiming at the propulsion of a large
ball between two goals. Attempts have been made to develop
this in many ingenious ways, but no great advance has been
made.

Roller Mill. Form of flouring machine in which the grain is crushed by passing between two rolls either smooth or toothed and revolving in the same or opposite direction at different velocities. The rolls are made of hardened steel or porcelain. See FLOUR.

Rollers. Picarian Old World birds of bright colors, common in the Ethiopic-Indian region. They, like the Tumbler

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Rollin, CHARLES, 1661-1741. French historian, p 1688, and Beauvais 1699-1711 and 1720. His Ancient 13 vols., 1730-38, was widely used. Traité des Etudes 1726-31; Roman History, 16 vols., 1738-48.

Rolling Mill. See ROLL TRAIN.

Rollin Ledru. See LEDRU-ROLLIN.

Rollins, EDWARD HENRY, 1824-1889. M.C. from 1861-67; U. S. Senator 1877-83.

Flanders, and in 912 established himself on the Seine, a Rollo, or ROLF, ab.850-930. Chief of the Northm edged Charles III. as his overlord, and founded the d headed piratical expeditions against Scotland, Engla Normandy.

volving cylinders, either smooth or corrugated, lying Rolls, or CORNISH ROLLS. Machine used in mining d in which rock or ore is reduced in size by passing betw side, the fine material produced dropping between the cy into proper receptacles below.

Roll Sulphur. See SULPHUR.

Roll-Train. Machine by which spongy and porous
produced from rectangular billets, blooms, or ing
of weld-metal are compacted and welded, and market
pressure. A roll consists of a body smooth and cyli
for plate metal, but with grooves and fillets of various
for shapes. At the ends of the body are the two necks,
are the journals on which the roll turns, and beyond the
are the pods by which rolls are coupled by junction-roo
boxes. These junction-rods permit vertical adjustment
accident to the rolls. The rolls are carried in a housi
set of rolls without distress to the next set, and the jun
boxes are calculated so as to break under undue strain,
each end, and are two-high or three-high. Where bu
rolls are used, the rolling engine must be reversed, or the
passed back over the top roll, so as always to be entered
the same side. The three-high train involves the use of a
for heavy work, where rolls are large for stiffness. The
ing part in one roll and part in the other is called a
ing, drawing, edging, flatting, and polishing passes; ac
Passes are classified according to function, as welding,
ing to shape, as flat. box, gothic, square, round, polygona
shape passes; according to construction, as open or closed
centric, spiral and intermittent. The first set of rolls for
ating on hottest and roughest work is called the roughin
breaking down rolls, and in England the cogging rolls.
perfecting the profiles, the train is called the finishing t
For adjusting the spaces between rolls, the brasses under
necks of the rolls are adjusted by screws in the housings.
middle roll of three may be screwed up and down, or the u
and lower roll may move together toward the middle
The weight of the roll or rolls is largely borne by coun
weights below the floor level. Reversing trains are driven
a double engine without fly-wheel and with cranks at 90°,
valve-gear link-motion being operated by a hydraulic cylin
Similarly the feeding tables of three-high trains are raised
lowered by hydraulic power, and the feeding rolls in them
driven by a smaller engine with link-motion. Turning of
piece is done by sets of fingers coming up between the rolls
the table is lowered. The largest roll-trains in this coun
are those of Carnegie, Phipps & Co., which are 32 in. by 115
long. Krupp's large rolls, at Essen, Prussia, are 34 in. diam.
120 in. long.

Romagna. N. part of Papal States till 1861; now provin
of Bologna, Ravenna, Ferrara, and Forli.
Romagnosi, GIAN DOMENICO, 1761-1835.
Parma 1802, and Milan 1807; legal and philosophical writ
Law prof.
Works, 19 vols., 1832-35.

Romaic. Modern Greek, descendant of classical Heller speech.

Romaine, WILLIAM. 1714-1795. London divine, promine in the Evangelical party. His Life, Walk, and Triumph Faith, 1763-71-94, were long popular. Works, 8 vols., 1796. Roman and Romanesque Architecture. Roma building employed the arch, but the decorative elements Roman architecture were those of the Grecian construction of which the structural elements were the post and lintel. Th Roman temples were imitations of those of Greece and th Greek colonies, and resembled them in all essentials, althoug they substituted for the simplicity and lugid

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1304

ROMAN ARCHEOLOGY-ROMANTIC

On

maintained that the Roman examples will bear a comparison
with those of Greece. In other works than temples the Romans
undertook to combine the Greek architecture with an arched
construction. This was done both on exteriors and in interiors,
and in both cases with awkwardness and want of success.
the exterior they employed a system of columns and entabla-
tures to decorate a wall pierced with arched openings. Some-
times, as in the temple at Baalbec, the order extended through
several stories or stages, and sometimes, as in the Colosseum
at Rome, it was repeated with or without variations at every
stage. In the interiors, the entablature was retained and the
arches opening from it. In the case of a detached column a
fragment of entablature was interposed under the springing of
the arch or vault. The omission of this undermost fragment,
and the imposition of the arch directly upon the column, was
the beginning of ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE, the architecture
of the column and round arch. This was derived from classical
Roman architecture, and obtained in w. Europe after the fall
of the Roman Empire. The earliest building to which this
innovation has been traced is the palace of Diocletian at

Courtyard of Diocletian's Palace at Spalato, Dalmatia.
Spalato, which is accordingly regarded as the beginning of
Romanesque architecture. From Italy the Romanesque spread
until it prevailed in Spain, France, Germany, and England.
The local variations were numerous and so important that
many of them are treated as separate styles, under the names
of Italian, Provençal, Rhenish, and Norman. But all the vari-
ations had in common the use of the Roman features of con-
struction, the column and the round arch, with a divergency
from the forms of classical Roman, increasing with the dis-
tance, in space and time, from the Roman examples. For
nearly a thousand years the influence of Roman architecture
is more or less distinctly perceptible in all the ambitious and
important buildings of w. Europe. The modifications in it
produced in the 13th century, beginning in France, by the
development of groined vaulting, were so great as to deserve
and obtain the name of a new style, the Gothic; but this was
nevertheless the product as well as the successor of Roman-
esque, and the transition from the style of the round arch to
that of the pointed arch affords one of the most interesting
chapters in the history of architecture. See ARCHITECTURE.

See ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE,
Roman Archæology.
PAINTING, THERMA, TRIUMPHAL ARCH, CARACALLA, FORUM, AM-
PHITHEATER, COLOSSEUM, PANTHEON, etc.; also BATHS, ROMAN.

Roman Aqueducts. See AQUEDUCT.
Roman Baths. See BATHS, ROMAN.

Roman Catholic Church. Aggregate of those churches,
forming about half of Christendom, which, under their bishops,
acknowledge the Pope as having by divine right, as defined
1870, "ordinary and immediate" episcopal authority. Most of
these follow the Latin rite. The number of Roman Catholics
in the world in 1892 was estimated to be as follows: Europe,
160,165,000; America, 58,393,882; Oceanica, 6,574,481; Africa,
2,655,920; Asia, 3,007,250; total, 230,866,533. Total number of
Christians in the world was estimated to be 477,080,158. In U. S.
1895 there were 7,474,850 members of R. C. Ch. out of a total
of 23,231,490 members of all denominations.

Made up of Italian, French,
Romance Languages.
Provençal, Spanish, Portuguese, Rhæto-Romanic, Wallachian
or Roumanian, and other dialects, all descended from the lingua
rustica or vulgar tongue of the Romans. Rhaeto-Romanic and
Roumanian play but a small part, and have few monuments.
French, with its enormous literature and linguistic influences,
is reckoned from the Strassburg Oaths 842. Italian begins
The Romance Languages are re-
ab.1200. Spanish and Portuguese begin as independent and
literary tongues ab. 1200.
ceiving increased attention at universities everywhere, and
inent part of philological investigation.

Roman Cement. Hydraulic cement made from vol rock by the Romans. See PUZZOLANA.

Romances of Arthur. Originating with Nenn Breton monk of 9th century, these were enlarged by Ge of Monmouth 1140, and completed by Sir T. Malory, Morte d'Arthur, 1470, was the source of Tennyson's Id the King.

Romances of Chivalry. Third form of Spanish wi in order of development. They were the literature the 16th century the passion for them was intense. Roman Colonies. See COLONIES, ROMAN. knightly classes, as the ballads were of the people. Roman de la Rose. Allegorical French poem ab.1237 by Guillaume de Lorris, and finished by Jean de ab.1277, in a coarse and satirical vein; tr. by Chaucer. Roman Empire. See HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. Romanes, GEORGE JOHN, LL.D., F.R.S., 1848-1894. Canada; prof. Royal Institution, 1888-91, and Theism, 1878; Animal Intelligence, 1881; Mental Ev 1883-88; Darwin, 1896.

Roman Games.

at (

See CIRCUS, GLADIATORS, CEST

Roman Law. System of jurisprudence developed Roman Republic and Empire. Its earliest records a tained in the Twelve Tables, adopted ab.450 B.C.; its duction into systematic form occurred under Justinian 534, when the Institutes, Digest, and Code were pu This body of rules forms the basis of the modern law country in Europe except England; it has also affec English common law both in Britain and the U. S. Romano, GIULIO. See GIULIO ROMANO.

Romanoff, HOUSE OF. Descended from Andrew who came from Prussia to Moscow 1341. Fifth in from him was Roman Juricvitch, d. 1543. whose married Ivan the Terrible, and whose son, Nikita Ju allied himself by marriage with the royal house of Ru Alexei. grandson, Michael Romanoff, was chosen Czar 1612, The succeeding names are: false Dmitri. Feodor, 1676-82; Peter the Great, 1682-1725. After t of Catharine I., Peter II., 1727-30, last of the male li Ivanovna, daughter of Ivan, brother of Peter I., 1730IV., 1740-41; Elizabeth, daughter of Peter I. and C 1741-61; Peter III., 1761-62, assassinated. After Cath Paul I., 1796-1801; Alexander I., 1801-25; Nicholas I. Alexander II., 1855-81; Alexander III., 1881-94; Nic 1894.

Roman Roads. These were stone pavements 16 ft. in width, built

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on a

foundation of masonry laid in cement. Twenty-nine roads centered at the Forum in Rome, and the length of these, with their branches, was 52,964 Roman miles. They were laid out for long distances in straight lines with little regard to grade, were built by soldiers and slaves, and under present conditions would be uneconomical.

TO THE.

Romans, EPISTLE Sixth N. T. Paul ab.58, developing the doctrine of Salvation through Faith, as book, written by St. engendering a

more

D.

TRAVERTINE
CURB

J.H.M.

SECTION
5.

Roman Roads:

perfect, because inter- Example of early basalt road by nally prompted, obedi

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Saturn on the Clivus Capitolinus. paving. B. Polygonal basalt block bedding. D. Rain-water gutter. T is taken from another part of the r

Title assumed by Henry II. prior to his co emperor, and by his successors till Maximilian. Romantic. In musical criticism, as in litera tithesis of classical; word of inexact meaning, of very arbitrarily. Its origin and significance are plied to operas or other vocal compositions which of chivalry and knighthood, either drawn from ro

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ROMANTICISM-ROME

atures or imitative of them, as the operas of Weber, Marschner, and Wagner. It can be used in instrumental music, in which the composer gives a clew to his aims by means of titles, superscriptions, or mottoes (see PROGRAMME MUSIC); in general it is independent of conventional restrictions in its strivings for expression, or has a preponderance of the subjective element, or its content outweighs form, whereas classical music has been developed to the highest pitch of perfection on its formal side in obedience to generally accepted laws, placing æsthetic beauty over emotional content, or refusing to sacrifice form to characteristic expression.

Romanticism. Literary movement opposed ab.1800 to classicism, and more recently to realism. It aimed at a wider range of topics and motives, and a freer admission of the imagination and emotions. In its earlier form it revolted against cold formality, in its later against superficiality and "the deadly commonplace." Though often extravagant, its work has been essential to breadth and health. Victor Hugo, one of its chief apostles, called it simply liberalism in literature.

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lowed. R. had thus become the virtual mistress of the Her provinces lined the Mediterranean. Meanwhile th nicipal constitution had remained unchanged. The arist had become intrenched in power and enriched with the 1 of the subjugated. The problem of administration was be solved. The strain upon the inadequate municipa stitution became insupportable. The incongruousness municipal empire was evident. Flagrant misgovernme sulted. The provinces were systematically pillaged. enormous increase of slaves, with vicious economic le tion, pauperized free laborers. Small farms were replac latifundia. Millionaires and paupers confronted each oth sullen hate. The rabble of the city had swelled to a dang mob. Greed of wealth corrupted the aristocracy. A cc was inevitable. Tiberius Gracchus began it 133 B.C. b manding a surrender of the public lands illegally occupied their redistribution among the poor. He was murdered b aristocrats, as was his brother Caius, 123 B.C., who foll in his steps. The Jugurthine war, which followed, illust the venality of the administration. Marius, the victor came the popular leader; he utterly failed as a states The murder of Drusus for favoring the admission to cit ship of the Italian allies incited them to arms 90 B.C. social war was ended by the grudging concession of citizen Thus the municipality was virtually destroyed. The op tion of Optimates and Populares continued, and resulted it Civil war, 88-81 B.C., with Sulla and Marius as leaders. Su success in the Mithradatic war. 85 B.C., secured to him army, and he easily destroyed the popular forces, proscr his enemies, and reconstructed the government upon an tocratic basis, subjecting the troublesome tribunate to senate. The antagonism was, however, only aggravated. popular party only awaited a leader. Insurrections of sla and gladiators, the formidable conspiracy of Cataline, rev of provinces, revealed the incapacity of the aristocracy. confusion furnished the opportunity of ambitious men. P pey, a successful general, Crassus, a wealthy politician, Cæsar formed a triumvirate to divide among themselves power and profits of the incapable aristocracy. The deat Crassus was followed by a rupture between Cæsar and Pom whereupon civil war ensued. Cæsar, with a disciplined devoted army, seized R., conquered Pompey at Pharsalia B.C., and established the military monarchy with great and moderation. His assassination by Brutus and oth March 15, 44 B.C., was a grave calamity to the state. war again broke out, and resulted (30 B.C.) in the ultin supremacy of Octavianus, nephew of Cæsar, by whose judic management the foundations of the empire were securely The Augustan age was R.'s most illustrious period. T was, however, no formal revolution. The fiction of a lifel magistracy was successfully maintained until Diocletian, threw off disguise and revealed a monarchy supported by diers. The commonwealth had gradually ceased to exist. inhabitants of the provinces had been admitted to Roman zenship, and all merged in the empire. The succession maintained for a while in the family of Augustus and affilia branches. Peace and wise administration secured the pros ity of the empire. But from the time of Marcus Aurelius, 180, dates the period of decline. Emperors were declared dethroned by the army, or the throne was sold to the hig bidder. Rival emperors contended, provinces revolted, the barbarians were pouring in on all sides. Diocletian vided the empire into four parts. R. was deserted by emperors; Constantine transferred the seat of governmen Constantinople 330, and fixed the absolutism of imperial thority. Accelerated decline followed. Julian fell before Persians, and Valens was destroyed by an irruption of Visigoths 378. Theodosius conquered his rivals and was knowledged ruler of the whole empire 394. Under his imbe successors it was again divided. The barbarians were su dized, and then turned against their incapable rulers. R. sacked by Alaric 410, by the Vandals 451. The emperors came the tools of their generals, and Romulus Augustulus deposed 476. The Eastern empire at Constantinople contin till overthrown by the Turks 1453. The Western empire revived by Charlemagne 800, and continued in the German until terminated by Napoleon 1806. Meantime R. gained importance as the seat of the popes, and suffered heavil the wars between Guelphs and Ghibellines, being repeate taken, sacked, and burned. It was held by the French 1 1814, and was a nominal republic 1799 and 1848. Since 187 has been the capital of Italy. It is celebrated for its ar tectural works, chief among which are the cathedral of Peter and the palace of the Vatican, and its treasures of R. is situated on an undulating plain (85 by 25 m.) of mar and alluvial deposits, intersected by volcanic masses. It chiefly on the left bank of the Tiber. on the plain on the

Rome. Capital of Italy, on the Tiber, 14 m. from its mouth. Its history is that of a municipality. Tradition alleges that the city was founded 753 B.C. by Romulus upon the Palatine Hill. The union of the Latins on the Palatine and the Sabines on the Quirinal Hill, tribes belonging to the two great races of Central Italy, Latin and Oscan, was prophetic of the Roman policy of incorporation, which was the source of her strength. Early R. was a non-hereditary monarchy till 510. There was also a council of elders, the Senate, and an assembly of the people, Comitia. After the expulsion of the kings this power fell to two magistrates, Consuls, elected annually. Very early two distinct classes appear in the city; Patricians, heads of families, who alone were citizens and eligible to the magistracies, and Plebeians, a class recruited from former clients, emancipated slaves, refugees, traders, etc. The Plebeians became numerous and prosperous, and were admitted to the citizen army, but not to citizenship. The internal history of the Republic for two centuries is the struggle of the Plebs for political equality. Their secession from the city 494 B.C. secured them the Tribuneship, an inviolable office and independent of the Senate, created for the protection of the Plebs; but politically it separated rather than united the two classes, and was liable to great abuse. The Plebs obtained political equality ab.300 B.C., with a separate assembly, Comitis Tribula, and the right of legislation. R. then became in name a democracy, but in fact it was administered by a narrow aristocracy. The conduct of foreign affairs required some such arrangement. But the aristocrats turned their power to private ends, and the attempt of the popular party to recover its power caused the overthrow of the Republic.

The expansion of R. steadily followed upon her numerous successful wars. The Etruscans were conquered 396 B.C., but the city was destroyed by the Gauls of n. Italy 390 B.C. A series of wars began ab.343 with the Samnites and Latins, who were jealous of R.'s growing power. It resulted in Roman supremacy over Central Italy. R. came next in contact with the Greeks of s. Italy, who appealed to Pyrrhus for aid 281. He was conquered and s. Italy subjugated. R. was now neighbor to Carthage, and rivalry was inevitable. The Punic wars began 264 B.C. Carthage was defeated and Sicily annexed 241 B.C.; this was the beginning of R.'s provincial system. The second Punic war, 218-202 B.C., was a desperate life-and-death struggle, noted for Hannibal's march over the Alps to Italy, where he repeatedly defeated the Romans. The fidelity of R.'s Italian allies and her own superb courage saved her; Carthage was subjugated. R.'s power had now become immensely augmented. She bound her allies to herself by a prudent system of colonization and local segregation and a network of military roads; but citizenship was charily granted.

R.'s alliance was now courted by rival factions in the East, and the Macedonian wars, 214-168 B.C., broke out, resulting in the subjection of Greece and the Macedonian provinces. R. was now inevitably launched upon her career of conquest. Her commercial rivals Corinth and Carthage were w

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ROME-ROOD TOWER

was the ancient city; in the Middle Ages these were unin-
habited. On the right bank is the smaller portion of the city,
connected with the greater by several bridges. The Tiber
flows through the city in an artificial channel, constructed in
The first walls of R. were
1876. The average width of the river is 195 ft. and its depth
20 ft., sometimes rising 35 ft. more.
about the Palatine hill, 48 ft. high, with 3 gates; under Servius
Tullius they were 7 m. long, across the valleys only, with 37
gates; under Aurelian, they were 11 m. long, with 14 gates
and 8 bridges across the Tiber; under Vespasian, they were 13
m. long, with 13 gates; they were built of tufa concrete, faced
with brick, 55 ft. high. The walls now are 10 m. on the left bank
and 4 m. on the right. The area within the walls is 3,880

Romilly, SIR SAMUEL, 1757-1818. London lawyer, k humous. Speeches, 1820; Autobiography, 1840.-His so 1806; M.P. and Solicitor-gen. 1806; active and able r especially of the criminal law, wherein his success w Attorney-gen. 1850, Master of the Rolls 1851-72, an 1802-1874, was M.P. 1832-35 and 1846-52, Solicitor-ge

1866.

Romney, GEORGE, 1734-1802. English portrait Romsdal. Mountain valley of s.w. Norway, note wild scenery. It comprises the R. Fiord, an inlet of ranking next to Reynolds and Gainsborough.

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Since 1870 R. has been fortified by 30 forts in a 30 m. circle. Its manufactures are of little importance, mostly in Under jewelry, silk and the fine arts. The university, founded 1303, had 81 instructors and 1,543 students in 1891. The public libraries have ab. 1,000,000 books and manuscripts. Augustus the population was 1,300,000, one-half slaves; under Vespasian it was 2,000,000; in 1894, it was 463,790. See AQUEDUCT.

Rome. City of Oneida co., N. Y., on the Mohawk; char-
tered 1819 and 1870: site of Fort Stanwix, besieged by the
British 1777. Gen. Herkimer, going to its relief, was ambus-
caded at Oriskany, 6 m. s.e. Pop., 1890, 14,991.
Prize given by the Conservatory and the
Rome, PRIX DE.
School of Fine Arts in Paris. The recipient is expected to study
painting at Rome and to lodge in the Villa Medici. It con-
tinues for four years. The second prize is a gold medal.

Rome, RELIGION OF ANCIENT. This was the outgrowth of
the mythological and legendary beliefs of the various peoples
The
who migrated to Italy. The predominant features were those
of the Etruscans, Sabines, and Latins, later influenced by the
Greeks, and the gods were derived from these sources.
Romans regarded the highest duty to be submission to author-
ity, they worshiped an abstraction. Every event, act, thing,
and person had a tutelary deity, and the promises to the gods
were carried out to the letter. They had prayers, vows, offer-
ings, sacrifices, libations, songs, dances, and games. Their
sacred places were hallowed spots on hills or in groves; or
special temples were provided with altars for libations and
A priesthood grew up, which gradually
burnt offerings.
acquired privileges; the Augurs, Vestal Virgins, Pontifices,
Sibyls, Fetiales, and Salii. The gods were grouped in sets
as Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, the Capitoline deities of power,
womanliness, and wisdom; Sol, Luna. Tellus, the stars; Or-
cus, Dives, Libitina, the infernal regions; Vulcan, Fire, and
Vesta, the domestic hearth; Saturnus and Ops, agriculture;
Pales, flocks: Faunus and Fauna, oracles; Parcæ, fates; For-
tuna, luck; Lares, life, Manes, death, Penates, after death,
the household gods; Mars, war, comes next to Jupiter. The
Romans addressed their prayers directly to the god, without
any mediator. This religion held firm hold of the people until
the Roman simple and industrious life degenerated into luxuri-
ous ease, when it was replaced by unbelief, sectarianism, and
mysticism, under mercenary and ignorant priests. Constan-
tine the Great established Christianity as the state religion,
and abolished the last trace of the Roman religion.

Römer, OLE, 1644-1710. Prof. of Mathematics and Astron-
omy at Copenhagen 1681; inventor of the transit instrument,
and discoverer of the fact that light occupies an appreciable
time in its passage through space.

Romero, MATIAS, b. 1837. Mexican minister at Washing-
1000 co 1882, and since 1884; Sec. Treasury 1868-73 and

60 m. in length and on an arm of which are the villa
Veblungsnaes. Area 6,030 sq. m., pop. 117,200.
Mythical founder of Rome. He a
Romulus.
sons of the Vestal Rhea Silvia by Mars, were suckle
and reared by a shepherd. Disagreeing as to the s
name of Quirinus.
city, Remus was slain by R., who reigned 37 year
taken to heaven in a fiery chariot and worshiped

Romulus Augustulus. Last emperor of Ro
In the Pyrenees: place wh
Roncesvalles.
Charlemagne's paladin, is said to have been defeat
deposed by Odoacer.
by the Basques 778. The French under Soult we
here July 25, 1813.

Rondeau. Short poem involving a refrain o popular in 17th century, and recently revived

verse.

Rondeau, José, 1773-1834. Argentine directo 1815 and 1819-20; Pres. 1828-29.

Rondo. Musical form, frequently used for the ment of sonatas, concertos and symphonies, copi French verse form, rondeau. In it the principal peated several times, like the literary refrain, the being separated by new themes called episodes. Ronge, JOHANNES, 1813-1887. German-Cath excommunicated 1844, in exile 1849-61. Ronins. Japanese swordsmen, subjects of a

mance.

Ronsard, PIERRE DE, 1524-1585. French poe the classical school; extremely popular in his 1550-52; Amours, 1552-56; Hymns, 1555. Works, Rood. See HOLY ROOD.

Rood. In Gothic Architecture, a crucifix, es placed upon a screen in front of the chancel.

Rood, OGDEN NICHOLAS, LL.D., b. 1831. Pro at Columbia 1863; microscopist and inventor. matics, 1881.

Rood-Loft, or ROOD-SCREEN. Partition, masonry, but more commonly of wood, between served for the clergy, in a church or cathedral part appropriated to the congregation and choi often of great elaboration and elegance. One famous, a work of the French Renaissance, is of St. Etienne du Mont in Paris.

Bood Tower. Name sometimes given to a

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