11435 d through various cada affect silver salts. They cal diagnosis; and re nich do not transmit be bodies, may be produx ! aph. By interposing the Crookes' tube and calcium tungstate. ned, and the bullets, et 1810-1880. Prof. Letr mineralogists for his stude chrysolite group, cota : und at Sterling Hila eral carbonate conta. nganese with small qua esday, and Wednesday nce ab. 450 as litary days of Robert Guiscard, and t eror 1060-90, and Con -1154, was crowned K St of Africa, and was a 7. English monk, anbe 1849, and continued by Prof. Univ. Pa. 1858-7 Prof. Univ. Coll., L Essays, 1850-55. His Ext 854, answered F. W. Ne .D., 1808-1866. Prof. of G -w 1858. He made a ge -rt and map 1835, and a ged in making a survey uctural and dynamic g 79. Inventor of the sys 1846, modified 1861. L.D., b. 1853. Law Prof. Univ. 1890. Illinois C OROLD, 1823-1890. Prof. P and 1888: M.P. 1880S., 1866-88: Economic Inter y and Commerce, 1892. 555. Chaplain at Antwer aul's, London, ab.1549; bar rs under Mary. American sculptor, many argely reproduced in comp -1892. American sculpte 50-1618. English Puritan S00. Soldier of N. H., Tory 1776; author of sever AM. D.D., b. 1864. Prof. Ha "rew Theol. Sem. 1893: Orie -1855. English banker Italy, 1822; Table-talk. 186 STUS. F.R.S., b. 1832. Prol. E : astronomer. TON, LL.D., 1804-1882 Br al Philosophy and Geology Inst. Tech. 1862-68. He ings of Va., and organ 2.-Of his brothers, JAS emistry at Univ. Pa. 15. Univ. Va. 1842-52, Cair. P 1. 1877. F.R.S.. 1779-1869. London 33. Physiology, 1834: Th ses, 1852. sessment formerly levied es of apprehending Tribe of Indians ROHAN-ROMAN in front of the command while the drum and fife played a de- with cinnamon color on the wings. Eurystomus of Rohan, LOUIS RENÉ EDOUARD, PRINCE DE, 1735-1803. LACE. Rohillas. Afghan Pathans who rose in power in Rohil- Rohlfs, MRS. ANNA KATHERINE (GREEN), b. 1846, m. 1884. German explorer in Africa; Rojas, JUAN RAMON, 1784-1824. Poet of the Argentine revolution. Poesias patrias, 1820. Rojas y Zorilla, FRANCISCO DE, 1607-ab.1680. Spanish dramatist. Rokitansky, KARL, BARON VON, 1804–1878. Prof. Vienna 1834-75. His Handbook of Pathological Anatomy, 5 vols., 1842-46, tr. 1849-52, is of great importance. Roland. Hero of legend and poetry; warden of Brittany under Charlemagne; killed 778 at Roncesvalles in Spanish Navarre. Roland de la Platière, JEAN MARIE. 1734-1793. French official, author of a Dictionary of Manufactures, 1785.-His wife, MANON JEANNE PHLIPON, 1754-1793, a Girondist leader, was guillotined, leaving Memoirs, pub. 1864, and Letters, 1867. Rolander, DANIEL, 1720-1774. Swedish naturalist, who studied and described the flora of Guiana. Rolfe, WILLIAM JAMES, b. 1827. American editor (1870-83) Roll, ALFRED PHILIPPE, b. 1847. French painter. Roller-Ball. Sport aiming at the propulsion of a large Roller Mill. Form of flouring machine in which the grain is crushed by passing between two rolls either smooth or toothed and revolving in the same or opposite direction at different velocities. The rolls are made of hardened steel or porcelain. See FLOUR. Rollers. Picarian Old World birds of bright colors, common in the Ethiopic-Indian region. They, like the Tumbler Rollin, CHARLES, 1661-1741. French historian, p 1688, and Beauvais 1699-1711 and 1720. His Ancient 13 vols., 1730-38, was widely used. Traité des Etudes 1726-31; Roman History, 16 vols., 1738-48. Rolling Mill. See ROLL TRAIN. Rollin Ledru. See LEDRU-ROLLIN. Rollins, EDWARD HENRY, 1824-1889. M.C. from 1861-67; U. S. Senator 1877-83. Flanders, and in 912 established himself on the Seine, a Rollo, or ROLF, ab.850-930. Chief of the Northm edged Charles III. as his overlord, and founded the d headed piratical expeditions against Scotland, Engla Normandy. volving cylinders, either smooth or corrugated, lying Rolls, or CORNISH ROLLS. Machine used in mining d in which rock or ore is reduced in size by passing betw side, the fine material produced dropping between the cy into proper receptacles below. Roll Sulphur. See SULPHUR. Roll-Train. Machine by which spongy and porous Romagna. N. part of Papal States till 1861; now provin Romaic. Modern Greek, descendant of classical Heller speech. Romaine, WILLIAM. 1714-1795. London divine, promine in the Evangelical party. His Life, Walk, and Triumph Faith, 1763-71-94, were long popular. Works, 8 vols., 1796. Roman and Romanesque Architecture. Roma building employed the arch, but the decorative elements Roman architecture were those of the Grecian construction of which the structural elements were the post and lintel. Th Roman temples were imitations of those of Greece and th Greek colonies, and resembled them in all essentials, althoug they substituted for the simplicity and lugid 1304 ROMAN ARCHEOLOGY-ROMANTIC On maintained that the Roman examples will bear a comparison Courtyard of Diocletian's Palace at Spalato, Dalmatia. See ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE, Roman Aqueducts. See AQUEDUCT. Roman Catholic Church. Aggregate of those churches, Made up of Italian, French, Roman Cement. Hydraulic cement made from vol rock by the Romans. See PUZZOLANA. Romances of Arthur. Originating with Nenn Breton monk of 9th century, these were enlarged by Ge of Monmouth 1140, and completed by Sir T. Malory, Morte d'Arthur, 1470, was the source of Tennyson's Id the King. Romances of Chivalry. Third form of Spanish wi in order of development. They were the literature the 16th century the passion for them was intense. Roman Colonies. See COLONIES, ROMAN. knightly classes, as the ballads were of the people. Roman de la Rose. Allegorical French poem ab.1237 by Guillaume de Lorris, and finished by Jean de ab.1277, in a coarse and satirical vein; tr. by Chaucer. Roman Empire. See HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. Romanes, GEORGE JOHN, LL.D., F.R.S., 1848-1894. Canada; prof. Royal Institution, 1888-91, and Theism, 1878; Animal Intelligence, 1881; Mental Ev 1883-88; Darwin, 1896. Roman Games. at ( See CIRCUS, GLADIATORS, CEST Roman Law. System of jurisprudence developed Roman Republic and Empire. Its earliest records a tained in the Twelve Tables, adopted ab.450 B.C.; its duction into systematic form occurred under Justinian 534, when the Institutes, Digest, and Code were pu This body of rules forms the basis of the modern law country in Europe except England; it has also affec English common law both in Britain and the U. S. Romano, GIULIO. See GIULIO ROMANO. Romanoff, HOUSE OF. Descended from Andrew who came from Prussia to Moscow 1341. Fifth in from him was Roman Juricvitch, d. 1543. whose married Ivan the Terrible, and whose son, Nikita Ju allied himself by marriage with the royal house of Ru Alexei. grandson, Michael Romanoff, was chosen Czar 1612, The succeeding names are: false Dmitri. Feodor, 1676-82; Peter the Great, 1682-1725. After t of Catharine I., Peter II., 1727-30, last of the male li Ivanovna, daughter of Ivan, brother of Peter I., 1730IV., 1740-41; Elizabeth, daughter of Peter I. and C 1741-61; Peter III., 1761-62, assassinated. After Cath Paul I., 1796-1801; Alexander I., 1801-25; Nicholas I. Alexander II., 1855-81; Alexander III., 1881-94; Nic 1894. Roman Roads. These were stone pavements 16 ft. in width, built on a foundation of masonry laid in cement. Twenty-nine roads centered at the Forum in Rome, and the length of these, with their branches, was 52,964 Roman miles. They were laid out for long distances in straight lines with little regard to grade, were built by soldiers and slaves, and under present conditions would be uneconomical. TO THE. Romans, EPISTLE Sixth N. T. Paul ab.58, developing the doctrine of Salvation through Faith, as book, written by St. engendering a more D. TRAVERTINE J.H.M. SECTION Roman Roads: perfect, because inter- Example of early basalt road by nally prompted, obedi Saturn on the Clivus Capitolinus. paving. B. Polygonal basalt block bedding. D. Rain-water gutter. T is taken from another part of the r Title assumed by Henry II. prior to his co emperor, and by his successors till Maximilian. Romantic. In musical criticism, as in litera tithesis of classical; word of inexact meaning, of very arbitrarily. Its origin and significance are plied to operas or other vocal compositions which of chivalry and knighthood, either drawn from ro ROMANTICISM-ROME atures or imitative of them, as the operas of Weber, Marschner, and Wagner. It can be used in instrumental music, in which the composer gives a clew to his aims by means of titles, superscriptions, or mottoes (see PROGRAMME MUSIC); in general it is independent of conventional restrictions in its strivings for expression, or has a preponderance of the subjective element, or its content outweighs form, whereas classical music has been developed to the highest pitch of perfection on its formal side in obedience to generally accepted laws, placing æsthetic beauty over emotional content, or refusing to sacrifice form to characteristic expression. Romanticism. Literary movement opposed ab.1800 to classicism, and more recently to realism. It aimed at a wider range of topics and motives, and a freer admission of the imagination and emotions. In its earlier form it revolted against cold formality, in its later against superficiality and "the deadly commonplace." Though often extravagant, its work has been essential to breadth and health. Victor Hugo, one of its chief apostles, called it simply liberalism in literature. lowed. R. had thus become the virtual mistress of the Her provinces lined the Mediterranean. Meanwhile th nicipal constitution had remained unchanged. The arist had become intrenched in power and enriched with the 1 of the subjugated. The problem of administration was be solved. The strain upon the inadequate municipa stitution became insupportable. The incongruousness municipal empire was evident. Flagrant misgovernme sulted. The provinces were systematically pillaged. enormous increase of slaves, with vicious economic le tion, pauperized free laborers. Small farms were replac latifundia. Millionaires and paupers confronted each oth sullen hate. The rabble of the city had swelled to a dang mob. Greed of wealth corrupted the aristocracy. A cc was inevitable. Tiberius Gracchus began it 133 B.C. b manding a surrender of the public lands illegally occupied their redistribution among the poor. He was murdered b aristocrats, as was his brother Caius, 123 B.C., who foll in his steps. The Jugurthine war, which followed, illust the venality of the administration. Marius, the victor came the popular leader; he utterly failed as a states The murder of Drusus for favoring the admission to cit ship of the Italian allies incited them to arms 90 B.C. social war was ended by the grudging concession of citizen Thus the municipality was virtually destroyed. The op tion of Optimates and Populares continued, and resulted it Civil war, 88-81 B.C., with Sulla and Marius as leaders. Su success in the Mithradatic war. 85 B.C., secured to him army, and he easily destroyed the popular forces, proscr his enemies, and reconstructed the government upon an tocratic basis, subjecting the troublesome tribunate to senate. The antagonism was, however, only aggravated. popular party only awaited a leader. Insurrections of sla and gladiators, the formidable conspiracy of Cataline, rev of provinces, revealed the incapacity of the aristocracy. confusion furnished the opportunity of ambitious men. P pey, a successful general, Crassus, a wealthy politician, Cæsar formed a triumvirate to divide among themselves power and profits of the incapable aristocracy. The deat Crassus was followed by a rupture between Cæsar and Pom whereupon civil war ensued. Cæsar, with a disciplined devoted army, seized R., conquered Pompey at Pharsalia B.C., and established the military monarchy with great and moderation. His assassination by Brutus and oth March 15, 44 B.C., was a grave calamity to the state. war again broke out, and resulted (30 B.C.) in the ultin supremacy of Octavianus, nephew of Cæsar, by whose judic management the foundations of the empire were securely The Augustan age was R.'s most illustrious period. T was, however, no formal revolution. The fiction of a lifel magistracy was successfully maintained until Diocletian, threw off disguise and revealed a monarchy supported by diers. The commonwealth had gradually ceased to exist. inhabitants of the provinces had been admitted to Roman zenship, and all merged in the empire. The succession maintained for a while in the family of Augustus and affilia branches. Peace and wise administration secured the pros ity of the empire. But from the time of Marcus Aurelius, 180, dates the period of decline. Emperors were declared dethroned by the army, or the throne was sold to the hig bidder. Rival emperors contended, provinces revolted, the barbarians were pouring in on all sides. Diocletian vided the empire into four parts. R. was deserted by emperors; Constantine transferred the seat of governmen Constantinople 330, and fixed the absolutism of imperial thority. Accelerated decline followed. Julian fell before Persians, and Valens was destroyed by an irruption of Visigoths 378. Theodosius conquered his rivals and was knowledged ruler of the whole empire 394. Under his imbe successors it was again divided. The barbarians were su dized, and then turned against their incapable rulers. R. sacked by Alaric 410, by the Vandals 451. The emperors came the tools of their generals, and Romulus Augustulus deposed 476. The Eastern empire at Constantinople contin till overthrown by the Turks 1453. The Western empire revived by Charlemagne 800, and continued in the German until terminated by Napoleon 1806. Meantime R. gained importance as the seat of the popes, and suffered heavil the wars between Guelphs and Ghibellines, being repeate taken, sacked, and burned. It was held by the French 1 1814, and was a nominal republic 1799 and 1848. Since 187 has been the capital of Italy. It is celebrated for its ar tectural works, chief among which are the cathedral of Peter and the palace of the Vatican, and its treasures of R. is situated on an undulating plain (85 by 25 m.) of mar and alluvial deposits, intersected by volcanic masses. It chiefly on the left bank of the Tiber. on the plain on the Rome. Capital of Italy, on the Tiber, 14 m. from its mouth. Its history is that of a municipality. Tradition alleges that the city was founded 753 B.C. by Romulus upon the Palatine Hill. The union of the Latins on the Palatine and the Sabines on the Quirinal Hill, tribes belonging to the two great races of Central Italy, Latin and Oscan, was prophetic of the Roman policy of incorporation, which was the source of her strength. Early R. was a non-hereditary monarchy till 510. There was also a council of elders, the Senate, and an assembly of the people, Comitia. After the expulsion of the kings this power fell to two magistrates, Consuls, elected annually. Very early two distinct classes appear in the city; Patricians, heads of families, who alone were citizens and eligible to the magistracies, and Plebeians, a class recruited from former clients, emancipated slaves, refugees, traders, etc. The Plebeians became numerous and prosperous, and were admitted to the citizen army, but not to citizenship. The internal history of the Republic for two centuries is the struggle of the Plebs for political equality. Their secession from the city 494 B.C. secured them the Tribuneship, an inviolable office and independent of the Senate, created for the protection of the Plebs; but politically it separated rather than united the two classes, and was liable to great abuse. The Plebs obtained political equality ab.300 B.C., with a separate assembly, Comitis Tribula, and the right of legislation. R. then became in name a democracy, but in fact it was administered by a narrow aristocracy. The conduct of foreign affairs required some such arrangement. But the aristocrats turned their power to private ends, and the attempt of the popular party to recover its power caused the overthrow of the Republic. The expansion of R. steadily followed upon her numerous successful wars. The Etruscans were conquered 396 B.C., but the city was destroyed by the Gauls of n. Italy 390 B.C. A series of wars began ab.343 with the Samnites and Latins, who were jealous of R.'s growing power. It resulted in Roman supremacy over Central Italy. R. came next in contact with the Greeks of s. Italy, who appealed to Pyrrhus for aid 281. He was conquered and s. Italy subjugated. R. was now neighbor to Carthage, and rivalry was inevitable. The Punic wars began 264 B.C. Carthage was defeated and Sicily annexed 241 B.C.; this was the beginning of R.'s provincial system. The second Punic war, 218-202 B.C., was a desperate life-and-death struggle, noted for Hannibal's march over the Alps to Italy, where he repeatedly defeated the Romans. The fidelity of R.'s Italian allies and her own superb courage saved her; Carthage was subjugated. R.'s power had now become immensely augmented. She bound her allies to herself by a prudent system of colonization and local segregation and a network of military roads; but citizenship was charily granted. R.'s alliance was now courted by rival factions in the East, and the Macedonian wars, 214-168 B.C., broke out, resulting in the subjection of Greece and the Macedonian provinces. R. was now inevitably launched upon her career of conquest. Her commercial rivals Corinth and Carthage were w 1306 ROME-ROOD TOWER was the ancient city; in the Middle Ages these were unin- Romilly, SIR SAMUEL, 1757-1818. London lawyer, k humous. Speeches, 1820; Autobiography, 1840.-His so 1806; M.P. and Solicitor-gen. 1806; active and able r especially of the criminal law, wherein his success w Attorney-gen. 1850, Master of the Rolls 1851-72, an 1802-1874, was M.P. 1832-35 and 1846-52, Solicitor-ge 1866. Romney, GEORGE, 1734-1802. English portrait Romsdal. Mountain valley of s.w. Norway, note wild scenery. It comprises the R. Fiord, an inlet of ranking next to Reynolds and Gainsborough. Since 1870 R. has been fortified by 30 forts in a 30 m. circle. Its manufactures are of little importance, mostly in Under jewelry, silk and the fine arts. The university, founded 1303, had 81 instructors and 1,543 students in 1891. The public libraries have ab. 1,000,000 books and manuscripts. Augustus the population was 1,300,000, one-half slaves; under Vespasian it was 2,000,000; in 1894, it was 463,790. See AQUEDUCT. Rome. City of Oneida co., N. Y., on the Mohawk; char- Rome, RELIGION OF ANCIENT. This was the outgrowth of Römer, OLE, 1644-1710. Prof. of Mathematics and Astron- Romero, MATIAS, b. 1837. Mexican minister at Washing- 60 m. in length and on an arm of which are the villa Romulus Augustulus. Last emperor of Ro Rondeau. Short poem involving a refrain o popular in 17th century, and recently revived verse. Rondeau, José, 1773-1834. Argentine directo 1815 and 1819-20; Pres. 1828-29. Rondo. Musical form, frequently used for the ment of sonatas, concertos and symphonies, copi French verse form, rondeau. In it the principal peated several times, like the literary refrain, the being separated by new themes called episodes. Ronge, JOHANNES, 1813-1887. German-Cath excommunicated 1844, in exile 1849-61. Ronins. Japanese swordsmen, subjects of a mance. Ronsard, PIERRE DE, 1524-1585. French poe the classical school; extremely popular in his 1550-52; Amours, 1552-56; Hymns, 1555. Works, Rood. See HOLY ROOD. Rood. In Gothic Architecture, a crucifix, es placed upon a screen in front of the chancel. Rood, OGDEN NICHOLAS, LL.D., b. 1831. Pro at Columbia 1863; microscopist and inventor. matics, 1881. Rood-Loft, or ROOD-SCREEN. Partition, masonry, but more commonly of wood, between served for the clergy, in a church or cathedral part appropriated to the congregation and choi often of great elaboration and elegance. One famous, a work of the French Renaissance, is of St. Etienne du Mont in Paris. Bood Tower. Name sometimes given to a |