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ROAD ROLLER-ROBERTS OF KANDAHAR

A boiler supplies steam to one or two cylinders, and the shaft of such engine is connected by tooth or chain gearing to the driving wheels. These latter are fitted with a very broad tire, to distribute the weight and prevent rutting of soft earth, the tire having grooves to increase adhesion and to avoid difficulties from small inequalities of surface. The front end or truck is pivoted to serve as steering apparatus. There is usually a DIFFERENTIAL GEAR (q.v.) on the drivers to enable them to turn easily. Such machines have also been applied for heavy plowing, with a number of plows abreast or en echelon, on prairie or large colonial farming. See AGRICULTURE.

Road Roller. Heavy cylinder driven by steam power or drawn by horses for consolidating the surface of a road. The

from the person, a capital felony; but modern statutes m
consulted for its definition and punishment in each jurisd
Robbing. In Coal Mining, process of working aw
far as possible without extreme danger, the pillars or
blocks of coal that had been left standing at an earlier
of the operations to prevent a premature falling in
overlying rock.
Grandson of Bruce; Reg
Robert II., 1316-1390.
Scotland 1338-41: King 1371; founder of the Stuart d

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Road Roller.

heaviest weigh from 15 to 20 tons and cost ab. $6,000. A macadam road should be rolled from 50 to 100 times during the process of construction, to form a first-class pavement.

Roads. A road should be so located that the distance may be short and the grade low, but grade is more important than distance. Old roads were usually too steep. Toll roads were introduced in England ab. 1400. Road improvement began in France ab. 1750: the labors of McAdam and Telford ab. 18001820 did much to influence road-construction in Great Britain. Since 1880 the movement for good roads in U. S. has produced much improvement through the introduction of better methods of administration. Road construction is the simplest problem in civil engineering, and the presence of poor roads is always an indication that no engineering talent is employed upon them. The common methods of repair by scraping the mud of the gutters upon the road surface is an extravagant waste of money; a good road can never be made by this process. Broken stone coverings, well rolled, constructed under the supervision of an engineer, form a far more durable and economical surface. In N. Y. during 1893 the repair of common roads cost $2,716,000, nearly all of which was practically wasted. The appointment of road commissioners in several States has proved most advantageous in improving the condition of the public highways. See MACADAM ROAD and PAVE

MENTS.

Roanoke. City of R. co., Va., on the R.; chartered 1884. Its rapid recent growth is due chiefly to iron industries. Pop., 1890, 16,159.

Roanoke College. At Salem, Va.; founded 1853. It has ab. 175 students.

Roanoke Island. On N. C. coast; settled by Sir Walter
Raleigh unsuccessfully 1585. Gen. Wise with three forts and
2,500 men surrendered here to Gen. Burnside Feb. 8, 1862.

Roanoke River. In Va. and N. C. It heads in the
Blue Ridge, flows generally s.e. to the head of Albemarle
Sound, and is navigable to Weldon, N. C. Drainage area 9,237
sq. m., length 250 m.

Roaring Forties. Region of the Southern Ocean lying
s. of 40° S. lat., especially s. of 45°, where there are strong
w.n.w. and n. w. winds. The term is used by sailors, and is
also applied to the region in the N. Atlantic.

Roasting. Consists in exposing the material to be treated
to a temperature above the average red heat with access of
It is done to render the material more friable, as in ore
When lime-
Hortz gangue, more permeable to gases, or to

air.

lphur.

Robert II

Scotland was invaded by the English 1384-85, and
1388.-His son, ROBERT III., ab. 1340-1406, succeeded 1
realm was invaded 1400, and his army overthrown at
Hill 1402.

Robert II., OF NORMANDY, d. 1035. Duke 1028
and ruthless sovereign; father of William I. of Engla
Robert, LOUIS LEOPOLD, 1794-1835. Swiss paint
Founded 1863 at Constant
Robert College.
Americans; named from its benefactor, C. R. Robert,
It has done much for Christian education in that reg
Robert-Fleury, JOSEPH NICOLAS, 1797-1890.
painter, as is his son TONY, b. 1838.

Robert le Diable. See DAMIENS.

Robert of Brunne. Translator of French poe des Pèchés, 1303.

Robert of Gloucester. 13th century. Metr icler of early British affairs. His work was pub. 17 Roberts, BENJAMIN STONE, U.S.A., 1811-1875. U. S. Vols. 1861-65; inventor of a breech-loading rif Roberts, CHARLES GEORGE DOUGLAS, b. 1860. poet and novelist; prof. at Windsor, N. S., 1885-96. Tones, 1887; Songs of the Common Day, 1893; Earth 1896; Forge in the Forest, 1897.

Roberts, DAVID, 1796-1864. Scottish painter, buildings; R.A. 1841. Spain, 1837; Holy Land, 4 vo Italy, 1859.

Roberts, EDMUND, 1784-1836. First U. S. diplo in Asia. Embassy to Eastern Courts, 1837.

Roberts, ELLIS HENRY, LL.D., b. 1827. M.C. 1871-75; Asst. U. S. Treas. at N. Y. 1889-93. Re Empire State, 1887.

Roberts, ISAAC PHILLIPS, b. 1833. Prof. Iow ural Coll. and Cornell Univ.; director of Cornell cultural Experiment Station.

Roberts, JOSEPH JENKINS, 1809-1876. Pres. 1849-53 and 1871-75.

Roberts, ROBERT RICHFORD, 1778-1843. M. E. active in western missionary work.

Roberts, SOLOMON WHITE, 1811-1882. Civ active in constructing railways in Pa.

Roberts, SIR WILLIAM, F.R.S., b. 1830. Engli
and medical writer.

Roberts, WILLIAM HENRY, D.D., LL.D., b.
Lane Sem. 1886-93; clerk Presb. Gen. Assembly
Hist. Presb. Ch. in U. S., 1888.

Roberts, WILLIAM MILNOR, 1810-1881. Ch
Northern Pacific Railway 1870; Pres. American
Engineers 1879.

dobar. FREDERICK SLEI

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ROBERTSON-ROBUSTI

LORD, b. 1832. Anglo-Indian general, made famous by brilliant campaigns in Afghanistan 1878-80, culminating in the relief of Kandahar; knighted 1879, Baronet 1881, Baron 1892; commander in India 1885-93, in Ireland 1895.

Robertson, FREDERICK WILLIAM. 1816-1853. Minister of Trinity Chapel, Brighton, Eng., from 1857; greatest preacher of his time. His fame was merely local during his life, but his Sermons, 5 vols., 1855-63, showed rare insight into spiritual truth, and his Life and Letters, 1865, revealed a character of singular manliness, purity, and beauty. These, with his Lectures and Addresses, 1858, were eagerly read, and exerted a wide and deep influence. He was a solitary figure, disdaining connection with any party: his views resembled those of F. D. Maurice, but his power was more immediately and generally felt in the English Ch., and far beyond, than that of any other leader of liberal thought. Lectures on Corinthians, 1859; Notes on Genesis, 1877.

Robertson, GEORGE CROOM, 1842-1892. Prof. Univ. Coll., London, from 1866; ed. Mind, 1876-91; Hobbes, 1886; Philosophical Remains, 1893.

Robertson, JAMES, ab.1710-1788. British general; Gov. of N. Y. 1780-83.

Robertson, JAMES, 1742-1814. Pioneer and Indian fighter, prominent with Sevier in the settlement of Tenn.; General U.S.A. 1790-96.

Robertson, JAMES. D.D., b. 1840. Missionary in Syria 1864-75; prof. Glasgow 1877. Early Religion of Israel, 1889; The Psalms, 1894.

Robertson, JAMES CRAIGIE, 1813-1882. Canon of Canterbury 1859; Prof. King's Coll., London, 1864-74. Hist. Ch. to Reformation, 8 vols.. 1853-75.

Robertson, JOSEPH, LL.D., 1810-1866. Scottish antiquarian.

Robertson, THOMAS WILLIAM, 1829-1871. English playwright. Garrick, 1864; Society. Ours, Caste, Play, School, Home, Dreams, M.P., 1865-70; Works, 1889.

Robertson, WILLIAM, D.D., 1721-1793. Scottish historian; pastor at Edinburgh from 1759, and principal Univ. Edinburgh 1762. His Scotland, 1758-59, and Charles V., 1769, were long valued. America, 1777; India, 1791.

Robert the Bruce. See BRUCE, ROBERT.

Roberval, GILES PERSONNE DE, 1602-1675. French mathematician, who claimed to have preceded Cavalieri in inventing the method of Indivisibles; best known for his treatment of tangents.

Robeson, GEORGE MAXWELL, 1827-1897. Sec. U. S. Navy 1869-77; M.C. from N. J. 1879-83.

Robespierre, MAXIMILIEN MARIE ISIDORE, 1758-1794. Leader in the French Revolution, lawyer, enthusiast and theorizer; member of the Constitutional Assembly; head of the Jacobins; member of the National Convention for Paris 1792, leader of the Radicals or Mountain; as pres. of Com

Maximilien Robespierre.

mittee of Public Safety, he inaugurated the Reign of Terror, destroyed the King. the Girondists, his own party opponents, and was virtual dictator till accused of tyranny, condemned unheard, and guillotined.

Robin, or RED-BREAST. 1. Merula migratoria. Well known American thrush, length 10 in. It appears in Feb.

on cedar berries. It goes s. in Nov. 2. Erythacus r English Robin, length 54 inches, belonging to the V family. Prof. Pari

Robin, CHARLES PHILIPPE, 1821-1885. 1847; Senator 1875; ed. Journal de l'anatomie et de la logie 1864-85. Traité du microscope, 1871.

Robin, CLAUDE, b. ab.1750. French botanist. T dans La., Fla., etc., 1802-6.

Robin Goodfellow, or PUCK. Fairy of English le exploited in Midsummer Night's Dream. See PUCK. Robin Hood. Legendary English outlaw, robbi rich and helping the poor; hero of many ballads fro 1380.

Robins. BENJAMIN. 1707-1751. English engineer and cist. His Gunnery, 1742, had great effect.

Robinson, CHARLES, 1818-1894. Gov. of Kansas 18

1858-59.

Robinson, CHARLES SEYMOUR, D.D., LL.D., b. Presb. pastor in New York from 1870; compiler of s popular hymnals.

Robinson, CONWAY, 1805-1884. Va. jurist. Prin and Practice, 1855-75.

Robinson, EDWARD, D.D., LL.D.. 1794-1863. Ed. B Repository, 1831-35, and Bibliotheca Sacra, 1843; tr. Ges Hebrew Lexicon. 1836; prof. Union Theol. Sem., N. Y., 1837. Lexicon N. T., 1836. His Biblical Researches in tine, 1841-56, is an important work.-His wife, TH ALBERTINE LUISE, 1797-1869, daughter of Prof. L. H Jacob of Halle, m. 1828, wrote several books in Germa English.

Robinson, EZEKIEL GILMAN, D.D., LL.D., b. 1815. Rochester Theol. Sem. 1853, pres. 1860; pres. Brown 1872-90. Yale Lectures, 1883; Morality, 1888. Robinson, GEORGE DEXTER, 1834-1896. Gov. of Mass. 1883-86.

M. C. 18

Robinson, HENRY CRABB, 1775-1867. English lawye tired 1828. Diary, Reminiscences, and Correspondence, Robinson, HORATIO NELSON, 1806-1867. American a of a series of mathematical text-books.

Robinson, JOHN, ab.1575-1625. English separatist pastor of the Pilgrim Fathers at Leyden 1609; author o eral treatises, and of a memorable saying, "God hat more light to break forth out of his Holy Word." W 3 vols., 1851.

Robinson, JOHN CLEVELAND, U.S.A., 1817-1897. gen. U. S. Vols. 1862; distinguished in the Va. campaign at Gettysburg; Major-gen. 1869; Lieut.-gov. of N. Y. 1872 Robinson, LUCIUS, LL.D., 1810-1891. Gov. of N. Y. Robinson, MONCURE, 1802-1889. Civil engineer; lo of the first railroads of Pa.; chief engineer Phila. and Re R. R.

Robinson, ROBERT, 1735-1790. Baptist pastor at bridge from 1759; tr. Saurin's Sermons, 1774-84; auth "Come Thou Fount," 1758, and other hymns. Arcana, Hist. Baptism, 1790.

Robinson, SOLON, 1803-1880. American journalist. Corn, 1853.

Robinson, STUART, 1814-1881. Presb. pastor and jou ist in Ky.

Robinson, WILLIAM ERIGENA ("RICHELIEU"), 1814 Irish-American journalist, M. C. from N. Y. 1867-69 1882-85.

Robinson, WILLIAM STEVENS ("WARRINGTON"), 1818 Journalist, influential in Mass. Parliamentary Law, 1875 Portraits, 1877.

Robinson's Anemometer. See ANEMOMETER. Robison, JOHN, 1739-1805. Prof. Edinburgh 1774. chanical Philosophy, 1822.

Rob Roy (ROBERT MACGREGOR), 1660-1734. Scottish law, who joined the Pretender 1715, celebrated by Scott. Robsart, AMY, ab.1532-1560. Wife of Dudley, after Earl of Leicester, by whom she is said to have been dered.

Robson, FREDERICK (BROWNHILL), 1821-1864. E actor, eminent in burlesque.

Robson, STUART, b. 1836. American actor. Roburite. Flameless explosive patented by C. Ro 1887. It is composed of a mixture of ammonium nitrat purified chlorinated dinitrobenzene

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1300

ROBY-ROCK FILL DAM

Roby, HENRY JOHN, b. 1830. Sec. to Schools Commissions 1864-75; M.P. 1890. Latin Grammar, 1871-74.

Roc (RUC). See EPYORNIS.

Roca, JULIO, b. 1843. Pres. of Argentina 1880-86. Rocafuerte, VICENTE, 1783-1847. Pres. of Ecuador 183539; publicist.

Roccellin. CH,,N,O,SNa. Sodium salt of the acid, formed by action of the diazo compound of naphthionic acid upon a-naphtholsulphonic acid; brown powder. It dyes wool red in an acid bath.

Roccus. See ACANTHOPTERI and BASS.

Rochambeau, JEAN BAPTISTE DONATIEN DE VIMEUR, COMTE DE, 1725-1807. French general; sent with 6,000 soldiers to America, where he rendered valuable help, especially at Yorktown; Marshal 1791; imprisoned by Robespierre 1793, when he narrowly escaped the guillotine. Memoires, 1809, tr. 1838.-His son, DONATIEN MARIE, 1750-1813, became Lieut.-gen. 1792, was Gov. of St. Domingo 1796 and 1802-3, and long in prison in France and England.

Rocha Pitta, SEBASTIAO DA, 1660-1738. Brazil 1730.

Historian of

Rochdale. Manufacturing borough of Lancashire, Eng., on the Roche, 11 m. n.e. of Manchester. Its leading product is woolen goods. Pop., 1891, 71,458.

Rochdale Pioneers. Group of workingmen who opened a little store on a co-operative basis in 1846, and, achieving great success, have become the classical example and model for co-operative distribution.

Rochefort, HENRI (VICTOR HENRI, MARQUIS DE ROCHEParisian journalist, founder of La FORT-LUÇAY). b. 1832. Lanterne, 1868, and other radical papers; Deputy 1869; repeatedly condemned; deported 1871 to New Caledonia, whence he escaped 1874; in exile till 1880; supporter of Boulanger 1888. Mes Aventures, 1896.

Rochefort-sur-Mer. French seaport, on the Charente, 9 m. from the Atlantic; founded 1665 as a naval station; fortified by Vauban. Pop., 1891, 33,334.

Rochefoucauld. See LA ROCHEFOUCAULD.

Rochefoucauld - Liancourt d'Estrissaè, FRANÇOIS ALEXANDRE FREDERIC, DUC DE LA, 1747-1827. French Lieut.gen. 1790; in U. S. 1794-97; Peer 1815; founder of the first savings-bank in Paris; noted for benevolence. Voyage, 8 vols., 1795-97.

Rochejacquelein. See LA ROCHEJACQUELEIN.

Rochelle, LA. Seaport of w. France, on the Atlantic. As a Huguenot stronghold of the Calvinist party, vainly besieged by Anjou 1573; taken by Richelieu 1628, after a 14

I Rochester. City of Monroe eo., N. Y.. on both ban the Genesee; settled 1812; chartered 1817 and 1834. communications by means of 8 railroads, and has a large and extensive manufactures, especially of clothing and s Pop., 1890, 133,896.

E

Rochester, JOHN WILMOT, EARL OF, 1648-1680. lyric poet, noted for wickedness and wit, but chiefly th Bp. Burnet's account of his late repentance.

Rochester (N. Y.), UNIVERSITY OF. Founded 185 has four courses of study, 15 instructors, 185 students, a endowment of ab. $1,200,000.

B

Rochester (N. Y.) Theological Seminary. established 1850. It has 10 professors and ab. 100 studer Rochet. Surplice without sleeves, worn by bishops Rochet, LOUIS, 1813-1878. French sculptor.

Rock Breaker. Machine in which blocks of rock are reduced in size by being subjected to a crushing act tween powerful movable jaws, or between a movable ja a fixed surface.

Rock-Butter. Butter-like alum efflorescence oozin alum shale. See ALUNITE.

Rock Crystal. Transparent, glassy quartz, fre color or nearly so, whether distinctly crystallized or no largely in jewelry and in the manufacture of ornament Mechanical contrivance of some Rock Drill.

whether for blasting or for prospecting purposes, and by some power other than hand-power. The two pro adapted for boring holes in rock in any desired di types are distinguished as percussion drills and rotar of each many different styles and patterns have bee

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[graphic]

The Harbor of La Rochelle.

months' siege. The fortifications are 34 m. round, with seven
gates and three towers, the oldest dating from 1834, and the
lantern tower having seven stories. Vauban constructed the
present fortifications. Pop., 1891, 26,800.

Sodium

COONa.CHOH.CHOH.COOK.
Rochelle Salt.
potassium tartrate; white crystalline solid, soluble in water;
prepared by neutralizing cream of tartar with soda; used in
dyeing and in pharmacy.

Roches Moutonnées. Name given by Swiss peasants
to the rounded, smooth, hummocky bosses and undulating sur-
f rock, occurring in glacial regions. When seen from
dock of sheep lying down.

e, of

Rock Drill.

In underground mining compressed air has been the
motive power employed, though the application of e
has increased in recent years. The first American p
drill (Couch's) was patented 1849; the earliest Europ
(Cave's) dates from 1851; and the extensive use of dia
rotary drills began with Leschot's invention of 1
DIAMOND DRILL and ELECTRIC DRILL.

Rocker. Piece of apparatus used in washing ing sands, the material to be washed being treated quantities at a time, and subjected to an oscillatory while a current of water carries away the light and portions; a cradle.

Rocket.

Cylindrical paper or metal case con slow burning gunpowder composition, conically bor the axis, so that when ignited a great volume of ga through suitably arranged vents at the base, and by it against the head of the rocket sets it in motion. rocket is maintained in its flight by imparting a rota about its axis: this is accomplished by three or more rocket has a stick attached to give steadiness of fligh vents placed obliquely to the axis. Hale's war roc in the U. S. Service ab.1855, but are now dis adopted k Fill Dam. Dam formed by dumping re

[blocks in formation]

ressed air has been the pr
gh the application of extr
1. The first American p
1849; the earliest Europea
the extensive use of dian
eschot's invention of 15
IC DRILL

ratus used in washing col
e washed being treated

jected to an oscillatory s
ries away the light and
aper or metal case coct
mposition, conically bore
ed a great volume of g
ents at the base, and br
ket sets it in motion.
to give steadiness of th
light by imparting a
plished by three or more
he axis. Hale's war ro

a ra

but are now C

ROCKFORD-RODMAN GUN

sizes so as to make an embankment across a stream. It has the advantage of cheap construction where rock is abundant, and usually its strength and tightness increases with age.

Rockford. Capital of Winnebago co., Ill., on Rock River; founded 1836, chartered 1852, enlarged 1890. Pop., 1890, 23,584.

Rockingham, CHARLES WATSON WENTWORTH, MARQUIS OF, 1730-1782. Whig leader; Prime Minister 1765-66 and 1782; repealer of the Stamp Act 1766.

Rocking Stones, or LOGANS. Druidical stone, often of an immense size, so placed and accurately adjusted on another

Rocking-stone of Tandil, Argentine Republic.

stone as to rock at the slightest touch. They are common in Brittany, France, and Cornwall, England.

Rock Island. Capital of R. I. co., Ill., on the Mississippi. Pop., 1890, 13,634. The adjoining island has a U. S. arsenal and armory.

Rock Oil. See PETROLEUM.

Rock River. Branch of the Mississippi in s. Wis. and n. Ill. Length 386 m., drainage area 9,792 sq. m., average flow 9,944 cu. ft. per second.

Rock Rose. Widely distributed shrubs of the genus Helianthemum, natural family Cistaceae, many of them bearing very showy yellow flowers and cultivated for ornament.

Rock Salt. Common SALT (q.v.) as found in nature. See SODIUM CHLORIDE and HALITE.

Rock Soap. Mineral substances of a clay-like aspect and consistency, which soften in water and have an unctuous feel; product of the alteration and decomposition of older feldspathic rocks.

Rock Temple. Temples cut in rocks in w. India and in Missouri and Ohio in the U. S. See ELEPHANTA and ELLORA.

Rockweed. Common dark-green Algae growing attached to rocks and other solid objects between tide marks, especially Fucus vesiculosus. Also known as Bladder Wrack, from its bladder-like floats.

Rocky Mountain Goat (HAPLOCERUS MONTANUS). Species of antelope found in the mountains of Colorado and Idaho and British Columbia. It has short legs, long, white, woolly hair, horns curved backward, and a short beard. Its flesh is of no value. This and the PRONG BUCK (q.v.) are the only species of antelope found in the New World.

Rocky Mountains. System on the e. border of the summit of the Cordilleran plateau of N. America. It extends from the s. U. S. n. with a w. trend into Canada, as far at least as Peace River. It forms the e. member of what may be called the Cordilleras of N. America. It is composed of numerous individual ranges, arranged for the most part en echelon, as they have a more westerly trend than the system itself. It traverses New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, and Canada. The plateau upon which it stands has its greatest elevation in Colorado, where at the e. base of the mountains it has an elevation of 6,000 ft. Thence it diminishes s. and n., and at Peace River is not higher than 2,000 ft. The mountain ranges conform roughly to this, being in Colorado 13,000 to 15,000 ft. high, in Montana 10,000 to 11,000 ft., and in Canada gradually diminishing.

Rocky Mountain Sheep (OVIS MONTANA). Grayishbrown sheep inhabiting the higher mountains of the w. U. S. It is also called Bighorn, from the immense size of its horns, which curve backward. It stands ab.3 ft. high and is stoutly built. Its flesh is excellent mutton.

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Rococo Ornament.

ments abound; sometimes birds and fishes are combined enormous flowers, and all meaning is sacrificed to a pi effect.

Rocroi. Village of n.e. France, 24 m. n.w. of S Here Condé routed a Spanish army May 19, 1643. Po 1,800.

Rodbertus, JOHANN KARL, 1805-1875. German s man, economist, and Socialist, in the Prussian state se 1827-36; prominent in the events of 1848; in retirement thr most of his life. His works have laid the foundation of m scientific socialism.

Rode, JACQUES PIERRE JOSEPH, 1774-1830. French v ist. pupil of Viotti, first prof. of violin playing at Paris servatory 1794; solo violinist to Alexander I. of Russia 18 Beethoven finished his sonata for pianoforte and violin O A set of variations composed by him achieved great celeb and is still heard at times in a transcription for voice.

Rodentia (GLIRES). Order of placental, deciduate mals, which with the Bunotheria are known as Pro-Ungu They are characterized by having two large chisel-like curved mesial incisors, growing from permanent pulps. nines are absent, and a wide diastema exists in front o flat-crowned molars. The latter have transverse ridges. movement of the mandible is longitudinal or in the axis skull. To effect this the lower jaw is short and the gl cavity is laterally compressed. The feet are usually five and unguiculate. The uterus is completely divided. Th centa is deciduate and discoidal. Rodents are small, a and prolific animals, having several litters each year. brain is smooth. They are widely distributed, but natu absent from the Pacific Islands. In cold regions they us hibernate. The food is principally vegetable (roots, nu seeds). The chisel shape of the incisors is due to the we away of the softer posterior part of the teeth, the front being strongly enameled. Most have but two incisors in jaw, and they constitute the section Simplicidentata, arra into three groups: Sciuromorpha, Myomorpha, and Hys morpha. The families Leporidae (Rabbits) and Lagomyda a small second pair of incisors behind the first, and const the section Duplicidentata.

Roderick, d. 711. "Last of the Goths," King of the goths in Spain 709; killed in the battle of Xeres de la Fro by which the Saracens routed a great Gothic army and g possession of most of Spain.

Rodgers, JOHN, U.S.N., 1771-1838. Captain 1799; d guished in the war with Tripoli and that of 1812.-His JOHN, U.S.N., 1812-1882. Captain 1862, Commodore Rear-admiral 1869, was active in the Civil War.-His co CHRISTOPHER RAYMOND PERRY, U.S.N., 1819-1892, Comma 1861, Rear-admiral 1874, won distinction on the Atlantic c -His brother, GEORGE WASHINGTON, U.S.N., 1822-1863, mander 1862, was killed at Fort Wagner.

Rödiger, EMIL, 1801-1874. Prof. Halle 1835, Berlin Orientalist. Chrestomathia Syriaca. 1838.

Rodin, AUGUSTE, b. 1840. French sculptor. Rodman, ISAAC PEACE, 1822-1862. Brig.-gen. U. S. 1862; killed at Antietam.

Rodman, THOMAS JEFFERSON, U.S.A., 1815-1871. ventor of hollow casting for cannons.

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1302

RODNEY-ROGUE'S MARCH

partment, devised a method by which heavy guns could be cast hollow and cooled from the interior by a stream of water circulating in the hollow core. By his method the unequal and uncertain strains arising in solid castings by unequal cooling from the exterior were held to be obviated. His system was adopted by the Government about the time of the rebellion, and he succeeded in constructing columbiads of 15 and 20 in. caliber, guns greatly exceeding in power and dimensions the solid cast-iron guns previously constructed.

Rodney, CÆSAR, 1728-1784. Delegate to Congress from Del. 1775-76; signer of the Declaration of Independence; Brig.gen. 1775-77; Pres. of Del. 1778-82.-His nephew, CESAR AUGUSTUS, 1772-1824, was M.C. 1803-7 and 1821-22, U. S. Atty.-gen. 1807-11, U. S. Senator 1822-23, and Minister to La Plata 1823.

Rodney, GEORGE BRYDGES, R.N., BARON, 1718-1792. Rearadmiral 1759, Baronet 1764, Baron 1782; victorious over a Spanish fleet near Cape St. Vincent Jan. 16, 1780, and a French one off Dominica April 12, 1782.

Rodriguez.

Volcanic island in Indian Ocean, 370 m. e.n.e. of Mauritius; discovered 1645: held by Britain since 1814. Pop., 1893, 2,068.

Roe, EDWARD PAYSON, 1838-1888. American novelist and horticulturist. Barriers Burned Away, 1872; My Garden, 1873; A Chestnut Burr, 1874; A Face Illumined, 1878; Small Fruits, 1880; Nature's Serial Story, 1884; Miss Lou, 1888. His books had a large sale.

Roe, RICHARD.

See DOE, JOHN.

English ambassador to Civil engineer, India 1615-18, Turkey 1621-28, and other countries. Roebling, JOHN AUGUSTUS, 1806-1869. first to adapt suspension bridges to railroad traffic; builder of the Niagara and Brooklyn bridges. The latter was completed by his son, WASHINGTON AUGUSTUS, b. 1837.

Roe, SIR THOMAS, ab.1568-1644.

Roebuck, JOHN ARTHUR, 1802-1879. M.P. 1832; prominent as a Radical. Colonies, 1849.

Roe Deer (CAPREOLUS CAPREA). European reddish brown deer, 2 ft. high, with erect three-tined antlers in the male;

Roe Deer (Capreolus capræa).

rare, except in parks. They love high, forest-clad regions,
and range east into Syria. The rutting season is midsummer.
Roemer, JOHANN JACOB, 1763-1819. Prof. Zürich. Maga-
zin für die Botanik, 1785-90; Archiv für die Botanik, 1796-1805;
Flora europaea inchoata, 1797-1811; Caroli a Linné Equitis
Systema vegetabilium, 1817-30.

Roentgen Rays. Probable form of radiation discovered
Dec. 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, b. 1856. prof. Giessen
1879 and Würzburg 1888. The name suggested by him and
adopted by the world was "x-rays," indicating the unknown.
The rays are best produced by the impact of the cathode rays
Crookes tube upon a platinum disk placed in the focus
ictor used as the cathode of the
latinum the

a material one. They are transmitted through various
with varying degrees of facility and affect silver salts.
are applicable to medical and surgical diagnosis; and
negatives of bones, bullets, etc., which do not transn
rays readily, in the soft tissues of the bodies, may be pro
This is called a Skotograph or Skiagraph. By interposi
substance to be examined between the Crookes' tube
tube with a diaphragm covered with calcium tungstate
a fluorescope, the effect is heightened, and the bullet
Prof.
may be readily observed.

Roepper, WILLIAM THEODORE, 1810-1880.
Univ. 1865-69; well known among mineralogists for his
of crystalline forms.

Roepperite. 1. Mineral of the chrysolite group, Franklin Furnace, N. J. 2. Mineral carbonate cor large amounts of calcium and manganese with small ing iron, manganese, and zinc, found at Sterling E ties of magnesium and iron.

Roestone. See OōLITE.

Rogation Days. Monday, Tuesday, and Wednes ceding Ascension Day: observed since ab. 450 as litany Roger I., 1031-1101. Brother of Robert Guiscard, successor 1085 in Naples; conqueror 1060-90, and C Sicily. His son, ROGER II., 1097-1154, was crowned and powerful monarch. Sicily 1130, conquered the n. coast of Africa, and wa

Roger OF WENDOVER, d. 1237. English monk, a a Latin chronicle 1189-1235, tr. 1849, and continued thew Paris.

Rogers, FAIRMAN, b. 1833. Prof. Univ. Pa. 1858 engineer. Magnetism, 1883.

Rogers, HENRY, 1806-1877. Prof. Univ. Coll., 1839; pres. Lancashire Coll. 1858. Essays, 1850-55. H Phases of Faith, 1850-53. of Faith, 1852, and its Defense, 1854, answered F. W.

Rogers, HENRY DARWIN, LL.D., 1808-1866. Prof. d survey of N. J., and pub. a report and map 1835, and port 1840; 1836-55 he was engaged in making a surv Univ. Pa. 1835-46; prof. Glasgow 1858. He made a giving especial attention to structural and dynamic

Rogers, HENRY J., 1811-1879. Inventor of the signals adopted by U. S. Navy 1846, modified 1861.

Rogers, HENRY WADE, LL.D., b. 1853. Law P
Mich. 1883; pres. Northwestern Univ. 1890. Illinois
1880; Expert Testimony, 1883.

Rogers, JAMES EDWIN THOROLD, 1823-1890. Pro
Economy at Oxford 1862-68 and 1888; M.P. 1880-
Agriculture and Prices, 6 vols., 1866-88; Economic
tion of History, 1888; Industry and Commerce, 1892
Rogers, JOHN, ab. 1505-1555. Chaplain at Ant
tr. Bible 1537; canon of St. Paul's, London, ab.1549;
Smithfield, first of the martyrs under Mary.
American sculptor, man
Rogers, JOHN, b. 1829.
statuette groups have been largely reproduced in co
Rogers, RANDOLPH, 1825-1892. American sculp
from 1855.

Rogers. RICHARD, ab.1550-1618. English Puri
Treatises, 1605.

Rogers, ROBERT, 1727-1800. Soldier of N. H.,
in the French war, and as a Tory 1776; author of se
Rogers, ROBERT WILLIAM, D.D., b. 1864. Prof
1887, Dickinson 1890, and Drew Theol. Sem. 1893;
Rogers, SAMUEL, 1763-1855. English banker
Pleasures of Memory, 1792; Italy, 1822; Table-talk,
Rogers, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, F.R.S., b. 1832. Pr
1877, and Colby Univ. 1886; astronomer.

Rogers, WILLIAM BARTON, LL.D., 1804-1882.
Henry D.; Prof. of Natural Philosophy and Geol

Va. 1835-53; Pres. Mass. Inst. Tech. 1862-68. H
the region of mineral springs of Va., and organ
Geological Survey 1835-42.-Of his brothers, JAM
1802-1852, was Prof. of Chemistry at Univ. Pa. 184
ERT EMPIC, 1813-1884, at Univ. Va. 1842-52, Univ.
and Jefferson Medical Coll. 1877.

Roget, PETER MARK. F.R.S.. 1779-1869. Londo
prof. Royal Institution 1833. Physiology, 1834; 7
English Words and Phrases, 1852.

Rogue Money. Assessment formerly levied for defraying the expenses of apprehending crimi Rogue River Indians. Tribe of Indians li con and belonging to the ATHAPASCAN (q.v.) fami When a soldier was sen

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