1278

REPHIDIM-REPUBLIC

Rephidim. Scene of a defeat of Amalek by Israel, near Mt. Sinai, Ex. xvii.

Replenisher. Instrument devised by W. Thomson to be used in connection with his quadrant electrometer for keeping the Leyden jar connected with the suspended needle at a conThese may be brought in stant potential. It consists of two small metal plates, one at each end of an insulating bar. alternate contact with the two coatings of the jar: the arrangement is such that by rotating in one direction it raises the potential of the jar, but in the opposite direction it lowers it. Replevin. Common-law action to recover specific goods; now regulated by statute.

Reports. Collections of judicial decisions. In English Law they begin with the Year Books, ab.1300.

Reposianus, 4th cent. Latin poet.

Repoussé. Ornamental metal work, formed in relief by striking up the metal from behind, with a punch or hammer

until the required forms are roughly produced in relief upon
the surface; the work is finished by chasing.

Representation. Idea or image of an object which
stands for it when the object itself is not immediately present
to the senses. We may thus mediately know an object by
means of its image or representation, whereas in sense experi-
ence we know an object immediately by means of its presen-
tation. Representation as a function depends upon a quality
of consciousness called retentiveness, and further upon an ac-
tivity called reproduction. A representation, therefore, is a
reproduction of a past impression, which takes place according
to the laws of ASSOCIATION (q.v.).

Representative Government. See DEMOCRACY. Reprieve. Respite from penalty. Criminals under sentence of death may be granted a reprieve, upon doubt as to the justice of the conviction; to allow time for further investigation; or because the convict has become insane, or is pregnant. Reprisals. In International Law, seizing property of another nation and holding it, until the latter makes reparation for a wrong.

Reprobation. Supposed consignment of some, by divine
decrees, to eternal death; opposed to Election.

Reproduction. In Biology, expression of the power
living organisms have of separating a portion of the proto-
plasm of their bodies, which portion after growth and greater
or less developmental change becomes like the parent. Usu-
ally two primary sorts of reproduction are distinguished,
sexual and asexual. In the latter, the part set free may
be a single cell, as in spores and parthenogenetic ova, or it
may be a bud which includes all the tissues or else undiffer-
entiated tissue, or the process may be effected by fission or
splitting of the organism into two nearly equal parts. Each
part then produces any lacking organs it may need to make it
like the parent, which has disappeared as a separate existence,
or, better, has become two new beings now recognized as its
children. In sexual reproduction the separated protoplasm is
always two cells (gametes) between which division of labor has
been effected. One has taken the function of making more or
less of food yolk for the early nutrition of the future embryo:
this is the egg or ovum. The other (or sperm) has developed
a special organ, the flagellum, by which it is enabled to find
and penetrate the ovum: this process is known as fertilization.
this phenomenon consists in the union of the
with that of the egg-cell; just

The re before union each exists as a pronucleus in the egg, an ally no difference is discernible between them. fertilization or fecundation is a cell which contains prot but also including the characteristics of the opposite sex in each parent. As this egg multiplies by fission during representing two different individuals, the father and n opment, it follows that each cell of the offspring is a res of the union of two different natures. In case of alter of generations, this nature is transferred into all the produced asexually. Comparing the complete history productive and developmental processes among all pla to a simple formula: viz., first, growth of protoplasm animals, all the varieties of reproduction are seen to c zoöids, between which more or less division of labor r tain; and third, at more or less regular intervals, the u similation; second, its fission or separation into ce protoplasm of slightly different character into a single ductive cell, producing a rejuvenating (?) effect that is mitted for an indefinite period by asexual multiplica cells, zoöids, etc. See AMPHIGENESIS, SPOROGENESIS, GENESIS, BIOGENESIS, etc.-In Botany, any sexual pro means of which new individuals are produced throu sperm, or seeds, etc.

Reptantia (see also PROSOBRANCHIATA). Group o toneura, including forms having the foot well develo creeping organ. In the Holochlamyda the lip of the unnotched. In the Siphonochlamyda, which includes forms with operculum and the mouth on a probosc Conchs, the lip of the shell is notched to lodge a siph duced upon the margin of the mantle. In the te Pneumochlamyda the pallial chamber is modified int sac, the mouth is borne on a rostrum, and a gill is These forms are often included with the Pulmona Scaly, or armored, cold-blooded Ver Reptilia. with exclusively pulmonary respiration and incomple ration of the ventricular cavities in the heart. have amnion and allantois. Snakes, Lizards, Tort Crocodiles are included. Thus there is great divers form, development of limbs, etc., but ribs are genera ent and numerous; there is one occipital condyle; a noid bone is present (in place of the parasphenoid);

t, tongue and glottis; a, oesophagus (partly removed to sho etc.); tr, trachea; ca, ca, carotid arteries; c, left auricle; c', cle; vt, ventricle of heart; vc, vena cava inferior; p, p, princ p', rudimentary lung; i, stomach; int, intestines; cl, cl anus; o, ovary; o o', ova.

reproduction, as in Birds, is oviparous (with few but, except with some Pythons, the eggs are left themselves. The males are furnished with intro gans. Many Reptiles pass the winter hibernating, ical forms suffer æstivation, or summer-sleep, dur season. They can exist a long time without foo limited respiration. The living species number 3,400 three sub-classes, Lepidosauria (Snakes and Liza of fossil Reptiles. See LACERTILIA, DINOSAURIA, sauria (Crocodiles), and Chelonia (Turtles), and se

Republic. Form of government in which th power is confided to, and immediately exercised tatives and officers chosen by popular will.

REPUBLICAN PARTY-RESIDUAL CHARGE

1280

RESIDUAL MAGNETISM-RESPIRATION

Residual Magnetism. When the exciting current of an electromagnet is interrupted, the demagnetization is not complete, especially when the magnetic circuit is closed. The remaining magnetization, or residual magnetism, is often strong enough to hold the armature in contact, unless a powerful opposing spring is employed. This fact is of great value in practice in a dynamo electric machine, since the residual magnetism starts the initial current.

Resilience. Physical property of materials of construction, whose presence or absence fits or unfits it for use in springs. It is proportional to the work required to stretch the piece, when undergoing a test, to the point at which the deformations become irregular under constant increment of load (see ELASTIC LIMIT). It is calculated for any material by multiplying the alteration in length up to that point by the mean load which has acted up to that limit of strain.

Resin-Cells. Specialized cells containing resinous substances. They are of various forms, and are found in the parenchyma of numerous plants.

Resin-Opal. See OPAL.

Resinous. See ELECTRIFICATION.

Resins.

Vitreous gums which appear as exudations upon trees, either as free resins or as resins mixed with or dissolved in hydrocarbons. They are mixtures of organic acids, and dissolve in alcohol and alkalies. Tolu balsam, copal, lac, and turpentine are examples. Mineral resins occur in a great variety of form and composition, and in very many localities, especially in connection with brown coal or bituminous coal. They are usually classed with the oxygenated hydrocarbons which,

Resonance. The re-enforcement of sounds by th pathetic vibrations of bodies in the vicinity. The note pr by a tuning fork is often strengthened by mounting box of the proper size and shape containing a colum In this case the column of air is called a resonator. holtz made use of the principle of sympathetic vibr

Resin Gathering in the Pine Forests of the Landes, France.
Amber and asphalt
primarily of vegetable origin, have assumed a mineral char-
acter under the action of natural causes.
The gum-resins are the
are examples. Solutions of resins in alcohol, oil of turpentine,
and drying oils furnish varnishes.
dried juices of certain plants; they are mixtures of gum and
resin, the former soluble in water, the latter in alcohol. They
are used in medicine or perfumery. Asafetida, gamboge, and
myrrh are examples.

Resistance. That passive agent on account of which it
is necessary to apply force to produce momentum. Friction
is the most important resistance in mechanics. When an elec-
tric current passes through a wire, it is said to experience re-
sistance. In this case the resistance is the energy through
which the electric energy is transformed into some other form
of energy; e.g., heat and light. The specific resistance of a
substance is the reciprocal of its specific conductivity, i.e.; the
It
resistance of a cube 1 centimeter square and 1 centimeter long.
Resistance of Materials. Science which treats of the
strength of materials and their behavior under stresses.
includes elastic resistances, where the material springs back
to its original form, and the ultimate resistances which ac-
company rupture. The first investigations were made by Gal-
ileo 1638 on the resistance of beams. Hooke in 1678 stated
the first law of elastic resistance; modern experimental re-
searches begin with the work of Hodgkinson and Tredgold

ab.1810.

Resistivity. Specific RESISTANCE (q.v.).

Res Judicata.

A matter adjudged; meaning that the
subject matter of an action has already been acted upon by
the court, and hence cannot be used as a ground of action
again.

Resolution. Process of ascertaining the structural ele-
of an expression. A quantity is resolved into its fact-
ific values from an equation; resolu-

Koenig's Resonator.

the construction of a set of resonators in the for globes open at the opposite ends of a diameter. Th are of different sizes and are accurately tuned to notes of known pitch. By their means a very com may be analyzed, each component causing the air responding resonator to vibrate and produce a soun Resonator. See RESONANCE.

Resorcin. C,H,(OH),. Metadihydroxybenzen pared by fusing gums with potash; now prepared scale by fusing the benzenedisulphonic acids w hydroxide. It is a white crystalline solid, mpt. 119 used in pharmacy and in the preparation of dye-stu Resorcin Blue. C,,H,NO..? Produced by he cin with sodium nitrite; violet solid, soluble in turns red with acids, and is used as an indicator name of lacmoid.

Resorcin Brown. CH,,N,O,SNa. Brow produced by the action of the diazo compound of tropäoline O; soluble in water.

It

WINDPIPE

Resorcin Phthalein. See FLUORESCEINE. Respiration, ORGANS OF. The apparatus is simplest in insects, where it is merely a series of tubes the process of breathing. of the body, opening externally by small openings along the side branching through the interior of the body. In fishes and many marine animals the process is carried on by means of the gills, which are delicate tufts or combs of membrane so situated that the water has free access to them. The The gills make use of the air dissolved in the water. apparatus for the air-breathing vertebrates are the lungs. The closed in the thorax, consisting, essentially, of a number of small lungs are spongy-like bodies inthe outer air, being minute subdivisions of the bronchial tubes. These cavities are bounded by cavities having free access to thin, elastic walls, over which are spread the capillary bloodvessels. These air-chambers are

BRONCHI

To in. diameter, and their total The Trachea (win number in the lungs of a man and left human I 725 millions, with a total surface of 2,000 sq expansion of the thorax, the outer air is dra lungs (inspiration), where some of the oxyge

RESPIRATORY SOUNDS-RETICLE OF TELESCOPE

Retaining Wall. One nearly vertical and subject to pressure of earth against its back. The top should be 2 thick, and the thickness of the base should be about f tenths of the height, in order to secure proper stability. Restitution, EDICT OF. March 6, 1629, by Ferdinand II., taining walls fail either by sliding on the base or by overt ordering all the property of the R. C. Ch. acquired or secular-ing, the latter being the more liable to occur. ized since the peace of Passau 1552, to be restored. Restitution Pressure. See COEFFICIENT OF RESTITU

1282

RETICULARIA-REUCHLIN

ject glass and eye-piece, forming fine sharp lines, over which the transits of stars or other bodies may be observed. Sometimes lines ruled on glass are used instead.

Reticularia. Marine Rhizopods or FORAMINIFERA (q.V) proper. They have usually a calcareous, perforated shell with one chamber (Monothalamia), or several chambers (Folythalamia). They may be perforate or imperforate, and they have slender anastomosing pseudopodia.

Reticulate Veined. Leaves in which the veins anastomose so as to form a network, as in most dicotyledonous plants.

Reticulum. 1. Special network of protoplasmic fibrillæ in cells and nuclei. 2. Second chamber in the stomach of a ruminating or cud-chewing animal. In this the wall is lined with compartments, into which the food from the paunch is pressed and molded into pellets or cuds, which are regurgitated to be more thoroughly chewed.-In Botany, fibrous membrane at base of palm-leaves.

Retimo. The ancient Rhithymna; seaport of Turkey, on the n. coast of the Isle of Crete, 38 m. w. of Candia. The

Retimo, seen from the Anchorage.

Pop. 9,100.
citadel is in ruins and the port is full of sand banks. Its
It is here
bazaars and streets have a Turkish appearance.
Retina. Innermost coating of the eye, composed essen-
tially of the net-like expansion of the optic nerve.
that the light motion is transposed into nervous energy, which,
being carried to the visual center of the brain, gives the sen-
sation of vision. See EYE.

Retinacula. Lateral retractor muscles of the proboscis
of the Acanthocephala.

Retinaculum. System of hooks that hold the anterior
and posterior wings together by their edges in certain moths.
-In Botany, one of the arms supporting the pollen-masses in
Milkweeds and Orchids.

Retinalite. Variety of massive serpentine, found in
Canada, and having a resinous luster.

Retinophora. See OMMATIDIUM.

Retinulæ.

Nerve-rods, made up of several elongated
cells placed side by side behind the crystalline cones in com-
pound eyes. See ŎMMATIDIUM.

It may be
One having retinulæ.
Retinulate Eye.
monomeniscous (central eye of Limulus), or polymeniscous
(lateral eyes of Limulus, compound eyes of insects, etc.).
Each sort may again be either monostichous or diplosti-
chous.

Retio-Choir, or BACK CHOIR. In Gothic Architecture,
the space between the back of the high altar and the wall of
the chancel, or the chapel at the rear of the church.

Retired List. In U. S. Army Register there are published lists of officers retired from active service: an unlimited list comprising mainly those who have passed beyond 64 years of age, and a limited list, 350 in number, of those who have been retired from various causes incident to the service: when those on the limited list reach 64 years of age they are transferred to the unlimited list. At present, 1897, there are 647 officers and 1,034 men upon the retired list.

Retirement. The honorable cessation of the active military service of an officer or soldier by reason of reaching the legal age, or on account of sickness, wounds or other cause incident to faithful service. In U. S. army, soldiers are retired their own application after 30 years' active service. When od 40 years either as an officer or soldier in the he shall, if he makes applibos served

Retired
of the President; when he becomes 64 years of age his
ment is compulsory. Retired pay is 75 per cent of the
the actual rank held by the officer or soldier.
are withdrawn from command and line of promotion, t
An officer may be wholly retired and thus ce
martial.
connection with the military service, upon the recom
subject to the rules and articles of war, and to trial by
tion of an Army Retiring Board, approved by the War
ment: in this case one year's pay and allowances are
him.

Retitelariæ (INÆQUITELA). See SPIDERS.
Retort. Vessel made of glass, earthenware, or n
which distillation is effected by means of heat.

Retreat. Time or place of brief retirement for r
exercises; long observed in R. C. Ch., and of late by

cans.

Return o

Retreat of the Ten Thousand.
mercenaries in Cyrus' army after the battle of Cunax
the Tigris and through Armenia to Trapezus (Trebi
the Black Sea. The story is told by Xenophon, who
of the officers.

Retriever. Dog that is trained to seek out and
game that is shot; there are two breeds, crosses with
foundland, the wavy-coated with the setter, and th
coated with the spaniel or poodle. Attention was
these breeds ab. 1850.

Retrograde Motion of Planets. The plane
at certain times to move backward among the sta
motion is only apparent, and is caused by the comp
the planet's motion with that of the earth.

Retrogressive Development, or RETROGRES
AMORPHOSES. The ontogeny of organisms that ha
degraded through a secondary habit of parasitis
habit has rendered the presence of locomotor, preb
gestive, etc., organs unnecessary; so these organs,
the larva, become lost in the later stages of dev
The law governing this change is similar to that
these organs were acquired; ontogenetically, such
to be looked on as a progress, as more involved an
cated, the life-history passing beyond that of the la
which, if no cenogenetic changes have occurred.
the state of development of the ancestors. Shou
vidual fail to undergo this retrogressive metamor
retain the more perfect organs of the larva, it woul
of atavism or reversion.

Retting. Process to which the stems of flax ar
to facilitate the separation of the woody part from
fiber. This consists in the fermentation of the resin
present in the plant, by exposing it to the weather
siderable time; or by soaking it in soft water f
days; the former is practiced in Russia and the
where.

Returned-Letter Office. See DEAD-LETTER Retuse. Leaves or other organs with a r notched apex.

Retz, or Rais, GILLES DE, 1396-1440. Marshal executed for many murders and other crimes.

Retz, JEAN FRANÇOIS PAUL D' GONDI, 1614-16 intriguer, coadjutor to Abp. of Paris 1643; Ca imprisoned by Mazarin 1652, in exile 1654-62; A Denis 1662. His Memoirs, pub. 1717, extend to 165 Retzius, ANDERS JOHAN, 1742-1821. Prof. Florce Scandinavia Prodromus, 1779; De pla Romanorum, 1808: Flora Virgiliana, 1809. Retzius, MAGNUS GUSTAV, b. 1842. Swedish gist.

Retzsch, FRIEDRICH AUGUST MORITZ, 1779-18 artist, whose highly poetical outline illustration Faust, Schiller's Song of the Bell, Burger's ballad of Shakespeare, etc., are widely known. In this many imitators but no equal.

Reuben. Eldest son of the patriarch Jacob one of the twelve tribes of Israel.

Reuchlin, or Capnio, JOHANN, 1455-1522. manist, promoter of Hebrew and Greek study; lanchthon; prof. Ingolstadt 1520; accused of her cuted by Dominicans. Among his works are a 1476, a satirical play, Sergius. ab.1495, and a Hebr