1278 REPHIDIM-REPUBLIC Rephidim. Scene of a defeat of Amalek by Israel, near Mt. Sinai, Ex. xvii. Replenisher. Instrument devised by W. Thomson to be used in connection with his quadrant electrometer for keeping the Leyden jar connected with the suspended needle at a conThese may be brought in stant potential. It consists of two small metal plates, one at each end of an insulating bar. alternate contact with the two coatings of the jar: the arrangement is such that by rotating in one direction it raises the potential of the jar, but in the opposite direction it lowers it. Replevin. Common-law action to recover specific goods; now regulated by statute. Reports. Collections of judicial decisions. In English Law they begin with the Year Books, ab.1300. Reposianus, 4th cent. Latin poet. Repoussé. Ornamental metal work, formed in relief by striking up the metal from behind, with a punch or hammer until the required forms are roughly produced in relief upon Representation. Idea or image of an object which Representative Government. See DEMOCRACY. Reprieve. Respite from penalty. Criminals under sentence of death may be granted a reprieve, upon doubt as to the justice of the conviction; to allow time for further investigation; or because the convict has become insane, or is pregnant. Reprisals. In International Law, seizing property of another nation and holding it, until the latter makes reparation for a wrong. Reprobation. Supposed consignment of some, by divine Reproduction. In Biology, expression of the power The re before union each exists as a pronucleus in the egg, an ally no difference is discernible between them. fertilization or fecundation is a cell which contains prot but also including the characteristics of the opposite sex in each parent. As this egg multiplies by fission during representing two different individuals, the father and n opment, it follows that each cell of the offspring is a res of the union of two different natures. In case of alter of generations, this nature is transferred into all the produced asexually. Comparing the complete history productive and developmental processes among all pla to a simple formula: viz., first, growth of protoplasm animals, all the varieties of reproduction are seen to c zoöids, between which more or less division of labor r tain; and third, at more or less regular intervals, the u similation; second, its fission or separation into ce protoplasm of slightly different character into a single ductive cell, producing a rejuvenating (?) effect that is mitted for an indefinite period by asexual multiplica cells, zoöids, etc. See AMPHIGENESIS, SPOROGENESIS, GENESIS, BIOGENESIS, etc.-In Botany, any sexual pro means of which new individuals are produced throu sperm, or seeds, etc. Reptantia (see also PROSOBRANCHIATA). Group o toneura, including forms having the foot well develo creeping organ. In the Holochlamyda the lip of the unnotched. In the Siphonochlamyda, which includes forms with operculum and the mouth on a probosc Conchs, the lip of the shell is notched to lodge a siph duced upon the margin of the mantle. In the te Pneumochlamyda the pallial chamber is modified int sac, the mouth is borne on a rostrum, and a gill is These forms are often included with the Pulmona Scaly, or armored, cold-blooded Ver Reptilia. with exclusively pulmonary respiration and incomple ration of the ventricular cavities in the heart. have amnion and allantois. Snakes, Lizards, Tort Crocodiles are included. Thus there is great divers form, development of limbs, etc., but ribs are genera ent and numerous; there is one occipital condyle; a noid bone is present (in place of the parasphenoid); t, tongue and glottis; a, oesophagus (partly removed to sho etc.); tr, trachea; ca, ca, carotid arteries; c, left auricle; c', cle; vt, ventricle of heart; vc, vena cava inferior; p, p, princ p', rudimentary lung; i, stomach; int, intestines; cl, cl anus; o, ovary; o o', ova. reproduction, as in Birds, is oviparous (with few but, except with some Pythons, the eggs are left themselves. The males are furnished with intro gans. Many Reptiles pass the winter hibernating, ical forms suffer æstivation, or summer-sleep, dur season. They can exist a long time without foo limited respiration. The living species number 3,400 three sub-classes, Lepidosauria (Snakes and Liza of fossil Reptiles. See LACERTILIA, DINOSAURIA, sauria (Crocodiles), and Chelonia (Turtles), and se Republic. Form of government in which th power is confided to, and immediately exercised tatives and officers chosen by popular will. REPUBLICAN PARTY-RESIDUAL CHARGE Republican Party. Term first applied in American politics to the anti-Federalists, the Federalists advocating a strong central government, the Republicans favoring the Sovereignty of the States and the rights of the people. During the War of 1812, the Republicans were stigmatized by their opponents as Democrats. The Federalists adopted the name National Republicans, and afterward that of Whigs. The present Republican party came into existence in 1856, and grew up mainly out of the elements opposing slavery and secession. It was the party of Union and Freedom during the Civil War, and has continued in power for the greater part of the time since. Its present tendencies are toward a strong centralized government and the advocacy of a high protective tariff. See DEMOCRAT. Repudiation. Disowning of national debts, in whole or part, as by sundry States after the panic of 1837 and the war of 1861-65. The partial operation has been called readjustment. Such action destroys for a time the credit of the state or nation. Repulsion. See FORCE. Repulsive Crystal. See NEGATIVE CRYSTAL. Reputation, RIGHT OF. Moral and legal right to have one's good name protected from the results of malicious or slanderous words spoken or published. Requiem Mass. R. C. mass for the dead, so called from the beginning of the introit. It omits the Gloria and Credo of the ordinary missal text, and in musical settings, of which the most famous are those of Mozart and Cherubini, it generally has the following sub-divisions: Introit, Kyrie, Graduale (with the tractus Absolve and the sequence Dies ira); Offertory, Domine Jesu Christe; Sanctus, and Benedictus with the Communion Lux æterna. See MASS. Requisitions. Formal demands by one government upon another for a criminal, or for military supplies. Reredos. Wall or screen at the back of an altar or chancel, usually ornamented with paneling, sometimes with pinnacles, tories. Resawing is best done by a band saw which can a very thin blade and hence entail small loss in kerf sp It is also done by circular saws, either segmental or w heavy flange on one side to admit of very thin gauge of for the blade. Less desirable is the reciprocating resaw, v is slower. The lumber is fed on edge by vertical feeding to the saw. Rescission, Abrogation of a contract, either by a the parties to it, or by judicial decree. Rescripts. Declarations on points of law by emperor popes, answering inquiries; important in the Middle Ages Resedaceæ. Natural family of flowering plants of class Angiospermae, and sub-class Dicotyledons, comprisi genera and ab.50 species of herbs, distributed throughout rope, w. and middle Asia, n. and s. Africa; called the Mi nette family. Resentment. Natural repulsion or sentiment of a awakened by an attack or show of hostility toward us. Reservation, MENTAL. Keeping back some essential tion of a statement; e.g., "I do not know (officially)"; prac justified by some Jesuits, and denounced by Pascal in his. vincial Letters, 1656. Reservation, MILITARY. Land set aside from the pu domain for military purposes, such as for the erection of f fications, the establishment of the Military Academy, etc. this land may be ceded by a State to the general governm for military purposes. Reservations, PAPAL. Right of appointment to benefi claimed by the popes in certain cases, as (1265) when the inc bent died in Rome or (1286) made his resignation to the po Reserve, ARMY. Portion of the army held in reserve strengthen the main line, to retrieve disaster or to dec victory at the supreme moment: generally composed of tr and experienced soldiers not easily affected by panic. Reservoir. Artificial basin for collecting, storing, or tributing water. The earliest were those built in Egypt India for irrigating purposes, earthen embankments be universally used. There are now in India 40,000 reservo one of which has a dam 30 m. long and a storage area of sq. m. In the U. S. many reservoirs are built with rock dams and with solid masonry dams, one in California being ft. high. The collecting reservoirs of the Croton water sup for New York have a total capacity of 15,000 million gallo Distributing reservoirs are usually built on hillsides rat of a Serpent. gus (partly removed to show arteries; c, left auricle; d, r na cava inferior, p, p, principal ich; int, intestines; d, clea viparous (with few except or summer-sleep, dures Reredos of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. niches and statues, and brilliantly painted. Also the iron plate in the open fireplace in 15th century. Resaca. Village in Gordon co., Ga., scene of a Union victory May 14-15, 1864. Resaca de la Palma. In s.e. Texas; scene of Gen. Taylor's victory over a superior Mexican force May 9, 1846. Resaw. Machine for cutting thin boards from thick plank, with least loss of wood in kerf and sawdust. It is not advisable to saw lumber thin at the forest mills, because of the action of sun and water on thin stuff, and the danger to tools from the Nethertrees Reservoir Embankment, Paisley, Scotland. than by impounding streams, and puddle bottoms are mad prevent leakage; the new one in Central Park, New Yo holds 1,500 million gallons. Distributing reservoirs allow portunity for the purification of water by sedimentation aeration, and may be cleaned more easily than collecting re voirs. Failures of embankments have resulted in great struction of life and property; notable failures are those of Dale Dyke dam near Sheffield, Eng., 1861; of one at Willia burg, Mass., 1874; and of the South Fork dam at Johnsto Pa., 1889. See JOHNSTOWN, FLOODS, and DAMS. Reshid Pasha, 1802-1858. Turkish Foreign Minister 18 41; Vizier 1846-52 and 1853-56. Residence. One's fixed place of habitation; genera synonymous with domicile, but often a more transient pl of abode. Residence OF CLERGY IN THEIR BENEFICES. Required Councils of Nice, 325, and Antioch, 341; disregarded by plu ists and others in most ages. The evils of non-residence w vainly attacked by the Council of Trent, and existed in E land, Sweden, and elsewhere, till 1800 or later, many regard their posts as sinecures. Residual Charge. Phenomenon frequently obser in Leyden jars or electric condensers. When a jar previou charged is discharged and then allowed to stand a short ti it exhibits a second charge comparatively feeble, which called the residual charge or electric residue. The magnit of this depends upon the initial charge, the thickness and r ure of the dielectric, and the interval of time between 1280 RESIDUAL MAGNETISM-RESPIRATION Residual Magnetism. When the exciting current of an electromagnet is interrupted, the demagnetization is not complete, especially when the magnetic circuit is closed. The remaining magnetization, or residual magnetism, is often strong enough to hold the armature in contact, unless a powerful opposing spring is employed. This fact is of great value in practice in a dynamo electric machine, since the residual magnetism starts the initial current. Resilience. Physical property of materials of construction, whose presence or absence fits or unfits it for use in springs. It is proportional to the work required to stretch the piece, when undergoing a test, to the point at which the deformations become irregular under constant increment of load (see ELASTIC LIMIT). It is calculated for any material by multiplying the alteration in length up to that point by the mean load which has acted up to that limit of strain. Resin-Cells. Specialized cells containing resinous substances. They are of various forms, and are found in the parenchyma of numerous plants. Resin-Opal. See OPAL. Resinous. See ELECTRIFICATION. Resins. Vitreous gums which appear as exudations upon trees, either as free resins or as resins mixed with or dissolved in hydrocarbons. They are mixtures of organic acids, and dissolve in alcohol and alkalies. Tolu balsam, copal, lac, and turpentine are examples. Mineral resins occur in a great variety of form and composition, and in very many localities, especially in connection with brown coal or bituminous coal. They are usually classed with the oxygenated hydrocarbons which, Resonance. The re-enforcement of sounds by th pathetic vibrations of bodies in the vicinity. The note pr by a tuning fork is often strengthened by mounting box of the proper size and shape containing a colum In this case the column of air is called a resonator. holtz made use of the principle of sympathetic vibr Resin Gathering in the Pine Forests of the Landes, France. Resistance. That passive agent on account of which it ab.1810. Resistivity. Specific RESISTANCE (q.v.). Res Judicata. A matter adjudged; meaning that the Resolution. Process of ascertaining the structural ele- Koenig's Resonator. the construction of a set of resonators in the for globes open at the opposite ends of a diameter. Th are of different sizes and are accurately tuned to notes of known pitch. By their means a very com may be analyzed, each component causing the air responding resonator to vibrate and produce a soun Resonator. See RESONANCE. Resorcin. C,H,(OH),. Metadihydroxybenzen pared by fusing gums with potash; now prepared scale by fusing the benzenedisulphonic acids w hydroxide. It is a white crystalline solid, mpt. 119 used in pharmacy and in the preparation of dye-stu Resorcin Blue. C,,H,NO..? Produced by he cin with sodium nitrite; violet solid, soluble in turns red with acids, and is used as an indicator name of lacmoid. Resorcin Brown. CH,,N,O,SNa. Brow produced by the action of the diazo compound of tropäoline O; soluble in water. It WINDPIPE Resorcin Phthalein. See FLUORESCEINE. Respiration, ORGANS OF. The apparatus is simplest in insects, where it is merely a series of tubes the process of breathing. of the body, opening externally by small openings along the side branching through the interior of the body. In fishes and many marine animals the process is carried on by means of the gills, which are delicate tufts or combs of membrane so situated that the water has free access to them. The The gills make use of the air dissolved in the water. apparatus for the air-breathing vertebrates are the lungs. The closed in the thorax, consisting, essentially, of a number of small lungs are spongy-like bodies inthe outer air, being minute subdivisions of the bronchial tubes. These cavities are bounded by cavities having free access to thin, elastic walls, over which are spread the capillary bloodvessels. These air-chambers are BRONCHI To in. diameter, and their total The Trachea (win number in the lungs of a man and left human I 725 millions, with a total surface of 2,000 sq expansion of the thorax, the outer air is dra lungs (inspiration), where some of the oxyge RESPIRATORY SOUNDS-RETICLE OF TELESCOPE by the blood vessels and carbonic anhydride and some other substances given off. The contraction of the thorax (expiration) expels the vitiated air. The oxygen is carried by the blood to all parts of the body and is given up to the body at all points. The tissues give to the blood carbonic anhydride, urea, water and other blood products and the blood returns to the lungs to be oxygenized again. The inspired air contains 21 parts oxygen, 79 nitrogen, 0.03 carbonic anhydride. The expired air contains 15 to 16 parts oxygen, 79 nitrogen, and 4.7 carbonic anhydride. The amount of air passing through the lungs in 24 hours is variable, depending upon habits and bodily condition; it has been estimated to be from 466 to 908 cu. ft. The water given off in the same time amounts to 11 oz., and the carbonic anhydride from 7.1 to 11.7 OZ. The number of respirations of a healthy adult is 16 to 20 per minute, and the amount of air at each inspiration 20 cu. in., which may be forced to 120 cu. in. The total capacity of the respiratory organs is 230 cu. in. See BLOOD, CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD, and HEART. Respiratory Sounds. The various sounds produced by the respiratory organs in the processes of breathing. They are made use of in that form of physical diagnosis called AUSCULTATION (q.v.). See also RALES. Respiratory Trees. Two tree-like, hollow, gill-like organs, attached to the cloaca of Holothurians, which water is alternately drawn into and expelled from. Respond. Half-column attached to the wall at the end of a series of free standing columns forming an arcade. Respondentia. Loan of money for which a ship's cargo or a part thereof is hypothecated, but is hazarded on the safe arrival of the ship. The contract is usually in the form of a bond. Rest. One point is said to be relatively at rest with respect to another when the straight line joining them has a constant length and direction. We have no conception of absolute rest, as we know of no point of reference fixed in space. Rest Cure. Method of treatment devised by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, of Philadelphia, for certain classes of patients having abnormal conditions of the nervous system; e.g., neurasthenia and certain forms of hysteria. It includes rest, isolation, systematic feeding, massage, and electricity. Restiaceæ. Natural family of flowering plants, of the class Angiosperma and sub-class Monocotyledons, comprising 20 genera and ab. 240 species, natives of s.w. Africa and Australia. Restif de la Bretonne, NICOLAS EDMOND, 1734-1806. French novelist, author of some 200 volumes. Restigouche. River of Quebec and New Brunswick, noted for its salmon. Length ab. 200 m. Resting-Spore. Spore which takes on a thick cell-wall and does not germinate for a considerable time. Resting Stage OF NUCLEI. Period intervening between the times of nuclear activity during cell-division. In the latter the chromatin granules are concentrated into definite bodies; in the resting stage they are scattered throughout the nuclear sap as much as possible, suggesting that in this stage the processes of nutrition and granular reproduction take place. Resultant. Any directed physical quantity wh equivalent in effect to two or more similar quantities is their resultant, and these quantities are called compo e.g, the resultant of two or more forces is that force can replace them and can produce the same effect. Resultant Tone. See COMBINATIONAL TONE. Resumption. Return to a par of value between g silver coin and a previously inconvertible paper mone complished by the U. S. for its legal tender notes 1879. Resupinate. In Botany, inverted organs. Resurrection. Return to life of the human body spirit, in ways necessarily unknown; subject of much speculation; matter of faith, based on the recorded rising promise of Christ. Resurrection, CONGREGATION OF THE. Society, fou by Rev. J. Kajsiewicz in 1836 at Rome, consisting of priests. A few missions are in the U. S. Resurrection Plant. In Cal. and Arizona, Selagi lepidophylla, which curls up into a round ball when dry, but expands when wet; also Anastetica hierochuntia, a plant of the Crucifero, native of Arabia and Syria, which has a similar habit, and is known also as Rose of Jericho. Resuscitation. Restoration of suspended respiration to one apparently dead from suffocation. The effort is made to inflate the lungs with air, then to empty them in a rhythmical manner, simulating the respiratory process. The person is placed upon his back, with a roll of clothing under it, and hand pressure applied to both sides of the chest between the short ribs, with sudden release, and repeated five times a minute, increasing to twelve. In another method the elbows are elevated outwardly two secRose of Jericho. onds, then depressed to the sides the same time, fourteen times a minute. These eff should be prolonged two hours. After breathing is natu give stimulants and keep warm. Retained Pay. The U. S. government retains one do per month of the pay of a re-enlisted soldier until his discha from this re-enlistment. It is subject to forfeiture for de tion and unless he serves honestly and faithfully to the t of his discharge: retained pay draws interest at the rat 4 per cent. Retaining Wall. One nearly vertical and subject to pressure of earth against its back. The top should be 2 thick, and the thickness of the base should be about f tenths of the height, in order to secure proper stability. Restitution, EDICT OF. March 6, 1629, by Ferdinand II., taining walls fail either by sliding on the base or by overt ordering all the property of the R. C. Ch. acquired or secular-ing, the latter being the more liable to occur. ized since the peace of Passau 1552, to be restored. Restitution Pressure. See COEFFICIENT OF RESTITU TION. Restoration. By the accession of Charles II. to the throne of Gt. Britain, May 29, 1660, monarchial government was restored after eleven years of republican rule, which followed the death of Charles I., beheaded Jan. 30. 1649. It was a festival of the Church of England till 1859. Restoration. Doctrine held by Origen, and now by many, which substitutes temporary punishment and probation hereafter for an endless hell; sometimes called "the larger hope." Restraint of Trade. Evil which was supposed to give its criminality to a conspiracy to raise the rate of wages, in English common law. Restrepo, José MANUEL, 1780-ab.1860. Historian of the Colombian Revolution, 1827. Restriction, IN ECONOMIC HISTORY. Permission or requirement imposed by government on the Bank of England, 1797-1821, to refuse to redeem its notes in coin. Resultant. Determinant the elements of which are the coefficients of the variables in "n" homogeneous equations of "n" variables. It must equal zero if the equations are simul Retardation oF THE EARTH'S ROTATION. Theoretica the tidal waves must act as a break upon the earth to dimi its angular velocity. There are some indications that diminution has reached an appreciable value, but it is still decided. Rete Mirabile. Net formed by the breaking up of artery into branches and reuniting into an arterial trunk ag More particularly the network formed by the intercranial tion of the internal carotid artery of some animals. Retene. CH18. Solid hydrocarbon, found in the hi boiling oils obtained by the distillation of coal tar. Retention of Urine. Inability to empty the blad voluntarily. It may be due to obstruction (as a stone in bladder), a spasm of the muscles employed, or their paraly It may be caused by the prolonged voluntary retention of urine and overdistention of the bladder. A warm hip ba or the application of cloths wrung out of hot water over Failing this, the services of a surgeon will be required. distended bladder and to the perineum will often bring re Retentivity. See SATURATION POINT. Rethel, ALFRED, 1816-1859. German painter. Reticla 1282 RETICULARIA-REUCHLIN ject glass and eye-piece, forming fine sharp lines, over which the transits of stars or other bodies may be observed. Sometimes lines ruled on glass are used instead. Reticularia. Marine Rhizopods or FORAMINIFERA (q.V) proper. They have usually a calcareous, perforated shell with one chamber (Monothalamia), or several chambers (Folythalamia). They may be perforate or imperforate, and they have slender anastomosing pseudopodia. Reticulate Veined. Leaves in which the veins anastomose so as to form a network, as in most dicotyledonous plants. Reticulum. 1. Special network of protoplasmic fibrillæ in cells and nuclei. 2. Second chamber in the stomach of a ruminating or cud-chewing animal. In this the wall is lined with compartments, into which the food from the paunch is pressed and molded into pellets or cuds, which are regurgitated to be more thoroughly chewed.-In Botany, fibrous membrane at base of palm-leaves. Retimo. The ancient Rhithymna; seaport of Turkey, on the n. coast of the Isle of Crete, 38 m. w. of Candia. The Retimo, seen from the Anchorage. Pop. 9,100. Retinacula. Lateral retractor muscles of the proboscis Retinaculum. System of hooks that hold the anterior Retinalite. Variety of massive serpentine, found in Retinophora. See OMMATIDIUM. Retinulæ. Nerve-rods, made up of several elongated It may be Retio-Choir, or BACK CHOIR. In Gothic Architecture, Retired List. In U. S. Army Register there are published lists of officers retired from active service: an unlimited list comprising mainly those who have passed beyond 64 years of age, and a limited list, 350 in number, of those who have been retired from various causes incident to the service: when those on the limited list reach 64 years of age they are transferred to the unlimited list. At present, 1897, there are 647 officers and 1,034 men upon the retired list. Retirement. The honorable cessation of the active military service of an officer or soldier by reason of reaching the legal age, or on account of sickness, wounds or other cause incident to faithful service. In U. S. army, soldiers are retired their own application after 30 years' active service. When od 40 years either as an officer or soldier in the he shall, if he makes applibos served Retired Retitelariæ (INÆQUITELA). See SPIDERS. Retreat. Time or place of brief retirement for r cans. Return o Retreat of the Ten Thousand. Retriever. Dog that is trained to seek out and Retrograde Motion of Planets. The plane Retrogressive Development, or RETROGRES Retting. Process to which the stems of flax ar Returned-Letter Office. See DEAD-LETTER Retuse. Leaves or other organs with a r notched apex. Retz, or Rais, GILLES DE, 1396-1440. Marshal executed for many murders and other crimes. Retz, JEAN FRANÇOIS PAUL D' GONDI, 1614-16 intriguer, coadjutor to Abp. of Paris 1643; Ca imprisoned by Mazarin 1652, in exile 1654-62; A Denis 1662. His Memoirs, pub. 1717, extend to 165 Retzius, ANDERS JOHAN, 1742-1821. Prof. Florce Scandinavia Prodromus, 1779; De pla Romanorum, 1808: Flora Virgiliana, 1809. Retzius, MAGNUS GUSTAV, b. 1842. Swedish gist. Retzsch, FRIEDRICH AUGUST MORITZ, 1779-18 artist, whose highly poetical outline illustration Faust, Schiller's Song of the Bell, Burger's ballad of Shakespeare, etc., are widely known. In this many imitators but no equal. Reuben. Eldest son of the patriarch Jacob one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Reuchlin, or Capnio, JOHANN, 1455-1522. manist, promoter of Hebrew and Greek study; lanchthon; prof. Ingolstadt 1520; accused of her cuted by Dominicans. Among his works are a 1476, a satirical play, Sergius. ab.1495, and a Hebr |