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REFORMED EPISCOPAL CHURCH-REGIMENTAL COLORS

Reformed Episcopal Church. Founded 1873 by the secession of Bp. Cummins of Ky. from the P. E. Ch. It acknowledges non-episcopal ordination, has 8 bishops, ab. 110 ministers, and ab. 11,000 members.

Reformed Presbyterians, CAMERONIANS, or COVENANTERS. Organized in Scotland 1680, and in America 1774; connected with Associate Pres. 1782. See PRESBYTERIANS. Refracting Angle. In an optical prism, angle between the face upon which the radiation is incident and that from which it is emergent. See PRISM.

Refracting System. Mode of lighting a lighthouse. A central lamp is used, the rays from which are transmitted through a combination of lenses surrounding it. Also called the Dioptric System.

Refraction. In general, when any form of wave motion passes from one medium into another, the direction of the propagation is changed; this bending or change of direction is refraction. It takes place notably in the case of sound, as demonstrated by the experiments of M. Sondhaus; also in the case of radiant energy, which presents by far the most scientific interest. The laws governing the refraction of light were first stated by Snell, but were made more generally known by Descartes. The INDEX OF REFRACTION (q.v.) is usually indicated by u. The diamond is one of the most refractive media known, and owes its brilliancy to this property. The index

Regelation. Phenomenon noticed 1850 by Farada two pieces of ice at 0° C. if brought in contact would free one piece. The cause has been the subject of wide discu As the melting point of ice is lowered by 0.0074° C. for atmosphere of pressure applied, a slight pressure up pieces in contact will melt a very thin layer of liquid be them, which will immediately refreeze if the pressure moved. The motion of the glaciers in the Alps has beel posed by Tyndall to be dependent on this principle of r tion, instead of being due to ice viscosity, as contended D. Forbes.

Regeneration. New birth or awakening to spi life; by some connected with baptism, by others with co sion. Like every other doctrine, it has been variously but in all views except the Pelagian it implies innate depr and divine grace.

Regensburg. See RATISBON.

Regent. One who temporarily exercises royal autho as during the minority of Louis XIV., when his mother, of Austria, was regent; or the madness of George III., v the Prince of Wales was appointed to this position; or no insanity of King Otto. Bavaria, where Prince Luitpold is regent, on account of

Reggio. Anciently Rhegium; town of s.w. Italy Strait of Messina; founded from Chalcis ab.725 B.C.; ru by Syracusans 387 B.C.; restored under Roman rule; taken

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Total Reflection.

he necessary intervention e of the foot be ticke foreign body approach s. The necessary elener ong a sensory tract, a r ind organ. The great cent Certain parts of the bra The most marked feature haracter, the kind of acti ind of sensory inpulse. I for the theory that rednents of a purposeful in ntary, and are now inhe ment is also influenced by ht stimulus calling out at s at the same spot calling her, the movement vares stimulated; e.g., a cinde ing, while the same boy rynx will bring about re 1 the expulsion of the i ay be partly or wholly arst nsory impulse. The times th the act and with the s le time being taken up in sensory is transformed f this central function i tes are absent in disease t in health. Cousequest 1 determining the prese

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Appearance of Stick in Water.

varies from 2.44 to 2.75. The index for water is 1.33, and that for crown glass ab. 1.56. The refractive power of organic substances has been found to be closely related to their composition. If a substance whose density is p contains carbon, m(μ—1) hydrogen, and oxygen, the numerical quantity, which m is the molecular mass, is constant. This quantity is called the MOLECULAR REFRACTIVE (q.v.) energy of the substance. This number may be predicted from the chemical formula of the substance, CaHbOc, by finding the value of (5a+1.3b+3c). See LAWS OF REFRACTION.

ρ

in

Refractional Focus, NODAL POINT, and PRINCIPAL POINT. Three of the six CARDINAL POINTS (q.v.), of an optical lens system.

Refractory Ores. Ores, especially of silver and lead, that are difficult to treat by the simpler smelting processes, owing to the presence of antimony or other chemical element, that is liable to form an undesirable alloy with the metal sought, or will necessitate an unusually high heat in the fur

naces.

Refugees. Those who fled to England from persecution in the Low Countries under Philip II., and in France 1685; thence any exile from religious or political reasons.

Refunding. Process of substituting for interest-bearing bonds representing a national debt other bonds bearing a lower rate of interest. The option is generally given to the holders of the bonds of either receiving their face value or accepting the reduced rate of interest.

Regaldi, GIUSEPPE, 1809-1883. Italian poet, noted in early life as an improvisator; prof. Bologna from 1866.

Regalia. Crown. scepter. and other emblems of royalty, used chiefly at coronations. Those of England are mostly kept in the Tower of London, and valued at £3,000,000.

Regel. EDUARD VON, 1815-1892. Director of the botanical gardens in St. Petersburg 1875. Die Parthenogenesis_im

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Reggio.

Goths 410 and 549, by Saracens 918, by Normans 1060, and Ottomans 1552 and 1597; destroyed by an earthquake 1 Pop., with suburbs, ab. 43,000.-Another Reggio, 17 m. of Parma, gave birth to Ariosto. and has a notable ca dral.

Regicides. 150 commissioners appointed to try K Charles I. of England: 70 acted, 59 signed the death war Jan. 1649; of these, 29 were tried and 10 executed Oct. 1 others were imprisoned. Three of them, Whalley, Goffe, Dixwell, escaped to New England. The first two were cealed for some two years at New Haven and Milford, Co and afterward in Hadley, Mass. Whalley d. 1674; Goff 1679.

Regillus, LAKE. In Latium, Italy; scene of a vict of Romans over Latins, 498 B.C., celebrated in Macaul Lays.

Regiment. Military organization composed of offic non-commissioned officers and men, forming a relatively manent association, and commanded by a colonel. It is also: it is the center of instruction and recruiting and the unit of administration in all armies and often the tactical ganization referred to in historical and other records. R ments are combined into brigades, brigades into divisions, divisions into corps. A battalion comprises two or more c panies of a regiment. In the U. S. service the infantry r ment consists at present of 35 commissioned officers and enlisted men. A German regiment had, until recently, th battalions of four companies each. There are now four rank and file. During war and during the maneuvers talions. On the peace footing, a company numbers 150 effective strength is raised to 250 men. A German regim is thus 4,000 strong.

Regimental Colors. In U. S., a silken standard car in battle, upon campaigns, and at reviews and inspecti For Infantry, the colors are of blue silk bearing the coat arms of the U. S. and on a red scroll the name of the

1274

REGIMENTAL COURTS-MARTIAL-REINDEER

appropriate emblems of crossed cannon or the castle embroid-
ered upon them. The cord and tassels of the regimental colors
correspond in color to that of the arm of service, but the
Courts composed of
fringes are yellow for all except engineers, which is white.
Regimental Courts-Martial.
regimental officers to try soldiers for offenses not capital: juris-
diction does not extend to capital cases nor for the trial of
officers: they cannot inflict a fine exceeding one month's pay,
nor can they sentence a soldier to imprisonment or to hard
labor for a longer period than one month.

German Regiomontanus (JOHANN MÜLLER). 1436–1476. mathematician, at Rome from 1474. He introduced a number of important improvements into practical astronomy, as the employment of clocks driven by weights. The calendars computed by him were of great service to Columbus and other navigators of that day. His work De Triangulis was the first modern systematic discussion of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry.

Registration of Land. Compulsory entry on a public register of sales and mortgages of land, to facilitate transfers and assure the validity of titles.

Regma. Fruits of plants of the family Euphorbiacea. Regnard, JEAN FRANÇOIS, 1656-1709. French dramatist of the school of Molière; noted for broadly humorous dialogue.

Regnault, HENRI VICTOR, 1810-1878. French chemist and physicist, pupil of Liebig; prof. Coll. de France 1841; director porcelain works at Sevres 1854; best known by his investigations in organic chemistry and physico-chemistry. Cours Élémentaire de Chimie, 1847-49.-His son, ALEXANDRE GEORGES HENRI, 1843-1871, a painter of great power and promise, was killed in the war with Germany.

Regnault, JEAN BAPTISTE, BARON, 1754-1829. painter, eminent in classical subjects.

French

Regnier, MATHURIN, 1573-1613. French satirical and elegiac

poet.

Regular. Flowers in which the parts of each circle are alike in form and size.

Regular Clergy. In R.C. Ch., members of a monastic order, as opposed to the secular or ordinary parish priests.

Regular Figure. One in which the elements of each kind are equal; e.g., a regular polygon is equilateral and equiangular. A regular pyramid has its lateral faces equal and its base a regular polygon.

Regularia (SEA URCHINS). See ENDOCYCLICA.

Regulars. Catholic Christians, male or female, lay or clerical, who follow a regula pietatis, and take at least the three vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience to special superiors. Nuns in U. S. usually take simple vows, from which they are more easily released.

Regulus. Alchemistic term meaning the little king; first applied to antimony. In Metallurgy, an impure metal obtained from its oxide or sulphide by fusion with a reducing

agent.

First magnitude star. Right asRegulus = α-LEONIS. cension 10h. 2m. 28s., declination 12° 30′ 34′′ N.

Regulus, MARCUS ATILIUS. Consul of Rome 267 and 256 B.C.; general in first Punic war, taken prisoner 255. The tale of his dissuading the Senate from making peace or exchanging prisoners, and of his tortures and death at Carthage, is not now accepted.

Rehan, ADA, b. 1859 in Ireland. American actress, prominent in comedy parts since 1876; well known in England since

1888.

Rehoboam. King of Judah ab.975-958 B.C.; son and successor of Solomon. By his harshness of reply to a popular demand for a reduction of taxes he lost all his kingdom except the tribes of Judah and Benjamin.

Rehoboth. 1. Name of one of the four Assyrian cities founded by Asshur (Gen. x. 11). 2. Well dug by Isaac, 20 m. s. of Beersheba (Gen. xxvi. 22). 3. City of an Edomite king, supposed to be Rachaba, 4 m. e. of the Euphrates (Gen. xxxvi. 37).

Reichenbach. Town of Silesia, s.e. Prussia; scene of a
defeat of Austrians under Daun by Frederic II., Aug. 16,
1762.

Reichenbach, HEINRICH GOTTLIEB LUDWIG, 1793-1879.
Taschenbuch für Gartenfreunde, 1827;
Prof. Dresden 1820.
ica exotica, 1827-30; Iconographia botanica,

seu critica, 1823-32; Flora germanica, 1830-32; Flora e 1834-36; Icones Flora media europea, with H. G. R bach, 1834-70.

G Reichenbach, KARL, BARON VON, 1788–1869. chemist, discoverer of paraffin, creosote, and the odid prolific writer.

Reichenhall. Summer resort in s.e. Bavaria, 10 of Salzburg; noted for its springs and salt-works.

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most important salt mines of Bavaria.
ruginous springs of Achselmannstein are much fr
and have been famous since the 8th century.
4,000.

Germa

Reichensperger, AUGUST, 1808-1895. leader in Reichstag; writer on archæology and art Reichert, EDWARD TYSON, M.D., b. 1855. Prof. 1886. Physiology, 1894.

Reichstadt, DUKE OF.

See NAPOLEON II.

Reichstag. See GERMANY.

Reid, CHRISTIAN. See TIERNAN, MRS.

Reid, GEORGE, b. 1841. Scottish portrait and flow and illustrator.

Reid, MAYNE, 1818-1883. Born in Ireland; resid U. S. 1838-49; Captain in the war with Mexico; aut 50 tales of adventure for boys.

Reid, ROBERT RAYMOND. 1789-1841. Judge Ga Court 1816-19 and 1823-25; M.C. 1819-23; Gov. of 1839.

Reid, SAMUEL CHESTER, 1783-1861. Seaman, w privateer at Fayal fought three British vessels Sept 1814; sailing-master U.S.N. from 1815; designer of flag in its present form.

Reid, THOMAS, 1710-1796. Prof. Aberdeen 1752
gow 1763-81; founder of the Scottish school of
His system is an attempt to refute the skepticis
and the idealism of Berkeley by an appeal to com
Active Powers, 1788.
Inquiry into the Human Mind, 1764; Intellectual P

Reid, WHITELAW, b. 1837. Ed. New York T
chief owner 1872: U. S. Minister to France 1889-
Ambassador to Queen Victoria's Jubilee 1897. New
dencies, 1879.

Reign of Terror. In France 1793-94, under
and the Jacobins.

Reimarus, HERMANN SAMUEL, 1694-1768.
of the extreme rationalist school.
burg from 1729. His Wolfenbuttel Fragments, p

Reims. See RHEIMS.

Rein, JOHANNES JUSTUS, b. 1835. Prof. Marbu Bonn 1883. Japan, 1881-86, tr. 1884-89. Rein, WILHELM, Ph.D., b. 1847. Prof. Jena on pedagogy.

Reinaud, JOSEPH TOUSSAINT, 1795-1867. F

talist.

Reindeer (RANGIFER TARANDUS). Arctic dee on both sexes, antlers palmated at tip, and one or a palmated brow-antler. The horns are cast fully restored by Sept., the time of rut. The hoo ing, adapted for walking on bogs and frozen snow mane is present in winter. There is one wild va the Old World, also two domesticated and sma Mountain and Forest Reindeer; the latter pastur

It

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REINDEER MOSS-RELIGION

in woods, which are shunned by the former in summer because of gad-flies and bot-flies. The food in winter consists of buds and lichens. These animals are polygamous; the stronger males secure large harems through contest. The female drops a single fawn, often on a snowdrift, in April or May. The average herd of the Lapp does not exceed 500; but herds of 50,000 are known among other tribes. Wild Reindeer also go in large herds. A female yields half a pint of rich milk, equal to eight times as much cow's milk. Reindeer are used also for draft purposes, and are even ridden by the Kamchatdales. The Caribou, which is the American Reindeer, is found in the northern parts of Canada. There are two species. 1. Rangifer grænlandicus, the Barren-ground Caribou, is smaller than (2),

Rejuvenescence. In Biology, formation of a n from the contents of an old one.

Reland, HADRIAN, 1676-1718. Prof. Utrecht 1699. tine from Old Monuments, 1714.

Relapsing Fever. Specific disease manifested febrile paroxysm lasting about six days, followed by a sion of the same length, and a second paroxysm. The oxysms and remissions may be repeated three or four whence the name. Also called Famine Fever. Classed: the infectious diseases and caused by the spirilum of meier.

Relation. Connection of some kind between two or phenomena; reducible to three fundamental for space, time, and cause.

Relative Ethics. Distinguished from absolute system concerning the conduct of imperfect men living present imperfect social conditions.

Relative Humidity. See HYGROMETRY.

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Relativity. Psychological principle according to change of some sort is necessary to consciousness. Th pendence was formulated by Hobbes in his famous di "Semper idem sentire ac non sentire ad idem revertunt," is, roughly, the presence of always the same sensation be the same as the presence of no sensation at all. The p ple is spoken of usually as the Law of Relativity. It i extended to the whole subject of the variability of sens according to preceding and accompanying circumstances, the phenomena of contrast.

Relay. Device employed on long telegraph lines for t lating the signals of a feeble current from a distance into of a stronger current from a local battery. It consists electromagnet of many turns of fine wire, the armatu which is carried upon a lever, forming a part of the new

aria. The saline and tein are much frequen e 8th century. Pop:

1808-1895. German R chæology and art.

D., b. 1855. Prof. Un

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NAPOLEON II.

AN, MRS.

ish portrait and flower par

rn in Ireland: resident ar with Mexico; author

789-1841. Judge Ga. St J. 1819-23; Gov. of Fa

33-1861. Seaman, who British vessels Sept. 3 >m 1815; designer of the

Prof. Aberdeen 1759, an Scottish school of ph refute the skepticism of by an appeal to common 1764; Intellectual Pres

. Ed. New York Triba

ster to France 1889-92 S a's Jubilee 1897. Nergy

France 1793-94, under B

AMUEL, 1694-1768. Pr nbuttel Fragments, pa 1001.

b. 1835. Prof. Marburg tr. 1884-89.

b. 1847. Prof. Jena 18

SSAINT. 1795-1867. Fre

ARANDUS). Arctic deer.
ated at tip, and one or bot
The horns are cast in
The hoofs

Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus).

but with larger horns. The summer coat is reddish-brown, whiter in winter. The does migrate toward Greenland in May, drop their young, and lose their horns. They live on grasses. In Sept. the deer return to the southwest and live on lichens on the trees or under the snow. After the rut the bucks lose their horns in Nov. 2. Woodland Caribou, (R. caribou) is more southern in habitat; dun gray in color in summer. They migrate at night in spring and autumn, average 42 in. high at shoulder and are much hunted, especially in Dec. U. S. Government has introduced reindeer into Alaska from Siberia, as a food supply for the Eskimos, and Lapps to instruct them in rearing them (1892-95).

Reindeer Moss. Cladonia rangiferina. Finely-branched lichen, native of the n. hemisphere, and especially abundant in sub-arctic regions. It is an important food plant to the reindeer.

Reinecke, KARL, b. 1824. German composer and teacher of music; prof. Leipzig Conservatory 1860.

American

Reinhart, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 1829-1885. painter, especially of portraits.-His nephew, CHARLES STANLEY, 1844-1896, was noted as an illustrator.

Reinick, ROBERT, 1805-1852. German lyric poet. Reinkens, JOSEPH HUBERT, D.D., 1821-1896. Prof. at Breslau 1853; suspended for his protest against papal infallibility 1870; Old Catholic bishop 1873. Revolution and Church, 1876; Unity, 1877.

Reinmar, ab.1160-ab.1207. German minnesinger.

Reis Effendi. Presiding effendi. Medium of communication between the Turkish government and the representatives of foreign powers. The office has been abolished. See EFFENDI.

Reiset, JULES, 1818-1896. French chemist.

Reisig, CHRISTIAN KARL, 1792-1829. German philologist, prof. at Halle 1824.

Reiske, JOHANN JACOB, 1716-1774. Head of the gymnasium at Leipzig 1759; tr. Plutarch, 1782; editor of sundry Greek classics.

Reiss WILHELM b 1838 German traveler in S America

Relay.

cuit. Whenever the armature is attracted toward the of the magnet, the local circuit is closed by a contact po the top of the lever, and a current from the battery through the local circuit containing the sounder.

Release. Legal extinguishment of a right, by act o parties or by operation of law.

Relics. Remains or belongings of saints and ma valued in the Ch. from an early period; held in extreme r ence and endowed with wonder-working powers in the M Ages; hence fraudulently multiplied on so large a scale several Councils attempted to restrict their use except of approved genuineness.

Relief. In Architecture. raised carving.

Relief, PRESBYTERY OF. Formed in Scotland 1761; s constituted 1774; merged, with the Secession Ch., into United Presbyterian Ch. 1847. See PRESBYTERIANS.

Relieving Arch. One constructed at the back of taining wall to prevent the full pressure of the earth brought against the wall.

Religion. Belief in and worship of supernatural for beings. Mere belief in their existence does not go beyon philosophic stage of thought, and hence a cult, mode of ship, propitiation, or attitude of reverence toward divine b is necessary to complete religion and to give it the pra influence upon life which it actually exercises. The ins of worship is almost universal, and has found vent in inn able forms of belief. Christianity, in its various shapes, is inant in Europe and America, Islamism in s. w. Asia and of Africa. Brahminism, Jainism, and Buddhism arose in

the lotton

1

1276

RELLY-RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

tribes. The science of Comparative Religion has arisen of late
years, largely from the study of Hindu, Persian, and Chinese
Father of Universalism in
sacred books, and is as yet scarcely beyond its infancy.
Relly, JAMES, 1729-ab.1780.
England; zealous and prolific but feeble writer in prose and
Union, 1759.

verse.

Remainder. Estate which is not to take effect and be enjoyed until another estate is determined.

Remaining Velocity. The velocity that a projectile has at the instant of striking.

Remak, ROBERT, 1815-1865. Prof. Berlin; microscopist

and electrician.

Remakian Schema OF CELL DIVISION. Form of division in which the nucleolus constricts into two pieces, followed successively and similarly by the nucleus and later by the cytoplasm; also called direct cell division.

Remarque Proofs. The first proofs of a regular published edition of an engraving er etching. A sketch is made in the margin of the plate, which shows in the proof; this is erased after a certain number of impressions are taken.

Rembrandt van Ryn, 1607-1669. Greatest of Dutch painters. Besides his masterly portraits, of which a number are in the U. S., especially in the N. Y. Metropolitan Museum, his best known works are the Night Watch and the Cloth Masters in Amsterdam, and the Anatomy Lesson at the Hague. His forte in painting was the use of light and shadow in such ways as to bring out character and accent thought. As a colorist and brush painter Velasquez is his only rival among men of his time. Aside from the pictures named, the Hague, St. Petersburg, and Cassel probably have the finest examples.

The hammer is cocked and the block rotated to the r
withdraws the empty cartridge case.
a recess cut on the left side of the chamber.
pressing the thumb on a projection on the block, whi
fired by a firing pin located in the block.

The extractor w
The cart

Remittent Fever. Form of malarial fever wh between the paroxysms. The fever remits in intens does not intermit. temperature does not become normal during the inter

Remonstrance. Moved by Pym, Nov. 22, 1641, ing-point in the struggle for liberty. sundry acts of Charles I., and carried in the Commons:

Remonstrants. Followers of Arminius, who p to the States of Holland 1610 against their condemn heretics by the Synod of Dort.

Remora. See DISCOCEPHALI.

Remsen, IRA, M.D., LL.D., b. 1846. Prof. Willia 1872-76, and Johns Hopkins Univ. since 1876; founder American Chemical Journal, 1879; author of five te on chemistry, several of which have been tr. in Eur Asia.

Remus. See ROMULUS.

Rémusat, MME. CLAIRE ELISABETH JEANNE (GRA VERGENNES), COMTESSE DE, 1780-1821, m. 1796. Lady 80, and Letters, 1881, have an important place in the h Napoleon. Her son, CHARLES FRANÇOIS MARIE, 1797-1 ing on Empress Josephine. Her Memoirs, pub. in 3 vo government posts, was exiled 1851. and wrote on Abel St. Anselm, 1853; Bacon, 1857; Wesley, 1870; and P PAUL, 1831-1897, was a jo in England, 1875.-His son, Deputy, and Senator.

Sinolog

Rémusat, JEAN PIERRE ABEL, 1788-1832. Coll. de France 1814. Langues Tartares, 1820; Chine mar, 1822; Melanges Asiatiques, 4 vols., 1825-28. Rémy, JULES, b. 1826. French traveler, chiefly in Hawaii, 1859-62; Mormon Country, tr. 1860. Rémy, PAUL EDOUARD, 1711-1784. writer.

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French

Renaissance, or RENASCENCE. Revival of Art a ing, dating, in Italy, from ab.1420; style of Archite introduced in France ab.1530, in England and Ger 1550.

Renaissance Architecture. That which in Italy in the 15th century, and was an attempt to modes of building of classical Rome. It is also kno Revived Classic and sometimes simply as Modern Arc

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Anatomical Lecture of Dr. Tulp, by Rembrandt.
He was also the greatest master of etching that ever lived.
He put his thoughts on the copper in the simplest and most
His best known plate is Christ Healing the
artistic manner.
Sick, also known as the Hundred Guilder Print, because R.
sold one for that sum, ab. $40. An impression in good pres-
ervation has recently been sold for nearly $6,000. Hagar dis-
missed by Abraham is one of the most delicate and valued of
his works, and The Descent from the Cross and The Death of
the Virgin are important plates. He etched several fine por-
traits of himself.

Remenyi, EDWARD, b. 1830.
in U. S. and Europe from 1849.

Hungarian violinist, known

Remiges. Quill feathers of the wing of birds.

Remigius. 1. 437-533; Bp. of Rheims 459; converter of 3. Monk of Auxerre, the Franks; canonized. 2. Abp. of Lyons 853; supporter of Gottschalk's predestinarian doctrine.

teacher at Rheims 882; commentator; d. ab.908.

Remington, FREDERICK, b. 1861. American artist, illustrator, and writer, noted for his delineations of cowboys, Indians, and soldiers in the West.

Remington, PHILO, b. 1816. American inventor or improver and manufacturer of breech-loading rifles and typewriters.

Remington Rifle. Breech-loader whose block is practically a circular steel sector hinged at the center of the circle to the frame in rear of the barrel. When the block is rotated to the front it closes the breech. In this position it is locked by The hammer, which in falling to fire the cartridge bears against surface on the rear radial surface of the tridge locks the block.

Chateau of Chambord, France.

unless in direct reproduction or imitation of Greel in contradistinction to the Medieval Architecture buildings, is loosely called Renaissance. It was ceded it. All modern building which employs the cla

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RENAL DISEASES-REPHAIM

part from an actual inspection of the remains of ancient buildings and in part from the account of ancient methods of design given by Vitruvius. Its introduction was due to Alberti and Brunelleschi, and it was extended by Bramante, Palladio, Vognola, Serlio, Michelangelo and other Italians. In France the Renaissance took a special character, on account of the stronger tradition in that country of mediæval methods of design and workmanship, and at first consisted of little more than the addition of classic or classicized detail to Gothic buildings. In Germany, and in England also, the Italian Renaissance was much modified, becoming in England the style known as Elizabethan and subsequently Jacobean. Queen Anne is applied to the modification of Renaissance architecture practiced in England during the reign of that sovereign and indeed throughout the 18th century. An attempt was made in England and the U. S. ab. 1876 to revive the so-called style, especially for domestic purposes, but its vogue was shortlived.

Renal Diseases. A variety of diseases may attack the kidneys. Those most frequently thought of are the various forms of Bright's disease (characterized by the presence of albumen in the urine) and renal and nephritic colic, which is caused by the passage of a calculus from the kidney to the bladder.

Renal Portal System. Seen in the Frog, most reptiles, and some vertebrate embryos. In these a portion of the blood from the hind limbs passes through the kidney and joins the capillary system that transfers blood from the renal arteries to the renal veins, and thence to the postcava.

Renan, JOSEPH ERNEST, 1823-1892. French critic, Orientalist, and historian, eminent for learning, imagination, and descriptive power; educated as a Jesuit; prof. Hebrew Coll. de France 1860-62 and from 1870; Academician 1878. His chief work, Hist. Origins of Christianity, includes the famous Life of Jesus, 1863, which caused an immense sensation and called forth many answers; The Apostles, 1866; St. Paul, 1867; Antichrist, 1873; The Gospels, 1877; The Church, 1878: Marcus Aurelius, 1880; Hist. People of Israel, 4 vols, 1887-93. In these he attempts to reconstruct the sacred history with a free hand from scanty materials. Among his other works are Recollections of Youth, 1883; Philosophic Dramas, 1888: Future of Science, 1890. Most of his books have been tr., widely read, and have exerted great influence. Opinions vary as to the value of his teachings, but not as to his genius and style.

Renard, GUSTAVE HENRI, 1673-1741. French explorer of Central America, New Granada, and Guiana, 1718-24. De naturalibus Antillorum, 1739.

Renauld, CÉSAR AUGUSTE, 1701-1734. Negro poet of Martinique. Romances et Mélodies, 1761.

Renault, PHILIPPE FRANÇOIS. d. ab. 1750. French colonist in Illinois 1719-44; introducer of slaves from W. Indies. Traces of his settlement on the Mississippi, 15 m. n. of Kaskaskia, Ill., remain.

Rendel, SIR ALEXANDER MEADOWS, b. 1829. English civil engineer, active in India: constructor of many docks and railroads.

Rendel, GEORGE WHITWICK, b. 1832. English engineer, prominent in connection with ordnance.

Rene I., "THE GOOD," 1409-1480. Count of Provence; titular King of the Two Sicilies; patron of letters and art. Works, 4 vols., 1845.

Renegade. Deserter from military service: faithless to the principles of honor or to the obligations which have been freely assumed by him.

Reni, GUIDO. See GUIDO RENI.

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tinued and extended by his sons, GEORGE, 1791-1866, ar JOHN, F.R.S., 1794-1874, embracing public works of every description. Sir John pub. British and Foreign bors, 1854; and Autobiography, 1875.

Reno, JESSE LEE, U.S.A., 1823-1862. Brig.-gen. U. S. 1861, Major-gen. 1862; killed at South Mountain, Va.

Reno, MARCUS A., U.S.A., 1835-1889. Major of cay associated with Custer in the campaign against the Sioux but not engaged in the fatal battle of Little Big Horn. Renouf, ÉMILE, b. 1845. French painter. Renouf, PETER LEPAGE, b. 1824. English archæol noted chiefly for his writings on Egypt.

Rensselaerite. Variety of the mineral talc, fou considerable quantity in n. N. Y. and Canada, and evide product of the alteration of anhydrous magnesian silica the pyroxene type.

Rent. The remuneration received by the owners of for the use of the native and indestructible powers of th including pasture, timber lands, mineral deposits, water leges, and building sites; at common law, definite profit ing at stated intervals out of real property. The ter been modified by statute.

Rent, LAW OF. Rent exists because of the difference productiveness of different soils under cultivation at the time for the supply of the same market: its amount in given case is determined by the difference between the a yield and that of the least productive land cultivated fo same market, other conditions being normal.

Renwick, JAMES, 1662-1688. Scottish martyr of the

nant.

Renwick, JAMES, LL.D., 1790-1863. Prof. Columbia 53. Natural Philosophy, 1822-23; Steam Engine, 1830; M ics, 1832-40.-His son, JAMES, 1818-1895, was the archit Grace Ch., 1845, St. Patrick's Cathedral, 1858-79, and notable buildings in New York.

Reordination. Catholic theology teaches the eff true ordination to be indelible. The R.C. Ch. ignores, bu not decisively denied the validity of Anglican orders, ar

Reniform. Leaves or other organs which are kidney- knowledges all Oriental orders.
shaped in outline.

Renilla. See PENNATULIDÆ.

Rennell, JAMES, F.R.S., 1742-1830. English geographer, long in India; Surveyor-gen. of Bengal till 1777; father of oceanography. Geog. of Africa, 1792; Geog. System of Herodotus. 1800; Plain of Troy, 1814; Expedition of Cyrus, 1816; Western Asia, 1831; Atlantic Currents, 1832.

Rennes. City of France, at the junction of the rivers Ille and Vilaine; once capital of Brittany. It has a large trade and varied manufactures. Pop., 1891, 69.232.

Rennet. Digestive unorganized ferment found in the stomachs of the young of all mammals. It has the power of rendering the casein of milk insoluble, and is used to cause coagulation of milk in the process of cheese making. Commercial rennet is usually prepared from the stomachs of calves, though those of swine are sometimes used. The best

rennets are now imported from Bavaria

Repanel. See UNDULATE.

Repeated Stresses. Stresses applied at regular vals, such as those caused by the passage of trains o bridge. These produce molecular changes in the mate they approach the elastic limit in intensity. The fac safety should be higher for repeated than for steady stre

Repentance. Sorrow for sin, issuing in turning fro distinguished from remorse, which is merely emotiona ineffectual.

Repercussion of Taxes. Process by which in taxes are supposed to diffuse themselves evenly on the lation, irrespective of the persons on whom they are orig laid.

Repetend. Sequence of figures which recur in re order in a circulating decimal.

Rephaim. 1. Tribe e of Jordan

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