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REAL QUANTITY-RECIPROCALLY

the Catholic and Lutheran Churches, that Christ is corporeally, or at least spiritually, present in the elements consecrated and administered in Holy Communion.

Real Quantity. One involving in its combination no impossible operations.

Real Wages. See NOMINAL WAGES.

Reamer. Steel tool for enlarging a hole that has been made. Taper reamers have this as their primary function, and are much used in riveted work, where the hole is made

intentionally too small, so that the metal fatigued by punch-
ing may be reamed away (see PUNCH). Also where holes in
a riveted seam do not come opposite, but are "half-blind," a
taper reamer enlarges both holes till the rivet will pass
through. The reamer also appears as a cylindrical bar into
which flutes have been milled, so that the tool, when intro-
duced into an untrue hole, will cut it cylindrical, straight, and
of exact diameter to gauge. Standard tapers for assembling
work are also produced by the use of similar reamers of exact
taper and size.

Reaper. Machine used for harvesting grain. It delivers the grain in loose bundles or gavels at the side of the machine.

Rebellion. Rising, not permanently successful, ag a government; as that of the Parliament against Charl 1642, the results of which were overthrown 1660 by the Lasting success, as in En tablishment of the Stuarts. 1688-89, and in America 1775-83, converts rebellion into lution.

Rebolledo, BERNARDINO, COUNT DE, 1597-1676. Sp poet and official, Envoy to Denmark and Sweden. fied Job and the Psalms.

He

Rebus. Puzzle in which words or phrases are repres to the syllables or words intended. The picture-writing by pictures of objects, the names of which are similar in Aztecs was of this character, they not having advanc the alphabetic stage.

Récamier, JEANNE FRANÇOISE JULIE ADELAIDE (BER MME., 1777-1849. French beauty of high character, hea famous salon; exiled 1811-14; friend of Mme. de Sta Chateaubriand.

St Recaption. Remedy, which the common law allo to enforce, of retaking. without legal process, goods child, or servant wrongfully taken and withheld. and modern judicial decisions have limited its exercise. Recapture. In International Law, taking of a ca vessel by one of the same state or of an ally. It entit recaptor to salvage.

Receipt. Taking possession of a thing, or writt knowledgment of such taking. It is not a contract, an be explained by parol evidence.

Receiver. Court appointee whose duty is to tal hold the property of another, in the interest of all part terested therein. The power of appointment is genera fined by modern statutes: the exercise of the power i case is largely a matter of judicial discretion. Receive tificates are non-negotiable instruments for the payn money, issued by receivers under the order of a cou Instrument employed o Receiver, TELEPHONE. A con phone lines to receive the electric currents and delive energy to the air in the form of sound waves. form is that invented by Bell, consisting of a straigh magnet upon one pole of which is a bobbin of fine in copper wire. In front of and very near to this pole is

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Sweep-rake Reaper.

It was the forerunner of the binder, which has now superseded
it, except on small farms in the rougher portions of the coun-
try, where but little grain is raised.

Reason. In its most general sense, conscious intelligence,
which is able to adapt means to a given end; also loosely used
in many other senses, but most particularly to designate that
logical faculty by which the mind arrives at a judgment by
any process of inference from previous judgments. In a simple
perform
process of reasoning the main steps are assimilation and asso-
ciation; e.g., I see the flame of a candle, and believe that if I
place my finger in the flame it will be burned. If
this process with conscious reflection, the steps are these: I
first recognize and identify, i.e., assimilate, the presentation
of the flame; I next associate it with previous experiences of
other similar flames accompanied by painful sensations of heat
under certain circumstances, and from these premises draw
the conclusion that the flame in question will produce a simi-
lar sensation under similar conditions; viz., a sufficiently close
approximation of the flame and finger. The process is even in
its simple form a complex one, involving recollection and dis-
crimination, but the chief factors are assimilation and asso-
ciation.

Réaumur, RENÉ ANTOINE FERCHAULT

DE, 1683-1757.

French physicist, pensioned 1722; discoverer of methods of
making steel and opaque glass; inventor of the thermometer
named from him, of which zero is the freezing point of water
and 80° is the boiling point of alcohol. Hist. des Insectes, 6
vols., 1734-42.

Reaumur's Porcelain. Opaque glass, devitrified by
sudden heating and cooling, invented by R. 1739. It is tougher
and less fragile than ordinary glass.

Rebecca Riots. Series of outbreaks in England 1843-44.
due to the indignation of the people at the great increase of
toll-gates on the public highways. Men in female attire tore
down the toll-bars by night. Their motto was from Gen.
xxiv. 60.

In Genesis, daughter of Bethuel, greatniece of
of Jacob and Esau.

Bell's Telephone Receiver.

circular iron diaphragm, capable of vibrating to and lowing the fluctuations in the strength of the magnet by the varying current which passes round the bobbin sound waves are started in the air by the vibrations plate.

AIR-PUMP.-Bell-glass in connection with an air-pur which the air may be exhausted. Its lower edge is gro and it rests on a flat metal or ground glass plate. PUMP.

Receptacle. In Botany, end of the peduncle. Se Rechabites. 1. Tribe or family of Midianite o Jerusalem ab. 600 B.C.; they lived in tents and used 2. Order of total abstainers in Engl Jer. xxxv. 2-19. the U. S.

Recife. See PERNAMBUCO. Reciprocal OF A QUANTITY. Unity divided by t tity. It is indicated either in fractional form or by p minus sign before its exponent.

Reciprocal Equation. One in which the sub of the reciprocal of the variable for the variable will the equation. If a be a root, then will be also a roo

1

a

Reciprocally Proportional. Quality of when their product is constant.

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RECIPROCAL RECTANGLES-REDAN

Reciprocal Rectangles. Those equivalent and not equal; so called since altitudes are proportional to reciprocals of bases.

Reciprocity. Treaty relation between states, by which each is bound to accord to the other certain privileges, chiefly commercial. in return for like benefits.

Reciprocity, PRINCIPLE OF. Idea assumed to unite the interests of the individual with the good of society, his good actions gaining him esteem and advantages, and benefiting society by leading others to imitate his example.

Reciprocity Treaty. Between U. S. and Canada; concluded June 5 and ratified Sept. 9, 1854; abrogated 1866, on notice given by U. S. 1865.

Recitative. Kind of music used in opera, oratorio, and cantata, between plain speech and melody, and connecting the set or more highly organized forms of the work. In its simplest form it foregoes the raised rhythms used in artificially constructed pieces, and depends chiefly on variety of pitch: its most useful purpose is to hasten the action. When accompanied simply by an occasional chord on double bass and violoncello or pianoforte, it is called recitativo secco or dry recitative; when treated more melodiously and accompanied by the orchestra, it is recitativo stromentato or accompanied recitative. It came in with the invention of the opera.

Recke, ERNST VON DER, b. 1848. Danish dramatist, poet, and critic.

Recklinghausen, FRIEDRICH DANIEL VON, b. 1833. Prof. Würzburg 1866, and Strassburg 1872; writer on pathology.

Reclinate, or INFLEXED. Method of vernation where the upper part of a leaf is bent on the lower, as in the Tulip

tree.

Reclus, JEAN JACQUES ÉLISÉE, b. 1830. French geographer and communist, banished 1871-79. The Earth, 1887, tr. 1871; Geographie Universelle, 19 vols., 1874-94.

Reclus, PAUL, b. 1847. French surgeon. Clinics, 1887. Recluse. 1. Monk or nun occupying a sealed cell, ab. 1000-1200. 2. Nun of Port Royal. 17th century. 3. Any one living in retirement.

Recognition. Feeling of familiarity accompanying the presentation of an object which has already affected consciousness. It implies reproduction and comparison. When one recognizes a familiar face, the present object of consciousness, viz., the face itself, is compared with an image which is the result of previous experiences of the same face, and is itself recognized: this comparison results in the recognition, which is clear and complete according as the image is clear and complete. The object of recognition may be either a material object or an image. The recognition of an image depends upon the completeness of the reproduction of the circumstances and associations attendant upon the original perception.

Recognizance. Common law obligation entered into before a court of record or authorized magistrate, by which the obligor acknowledges or recognizes his liability; now regulated by statute.

Recollection. See MEMORY.

Recollet. Branch of the Franciscan order, established 1592 in France; also of Augustinians, founded 1530, and others. The name marks a return to the original rule.

Reconciliation. Removal of estrangement between God and man, through the mediation or atonement of Christ.

Reconnaissance. Rough preliminary survey of a country to select an approximate location for a road or canal. Levels are taken by the barometer, angles measured by the prismatic compass, and distances determined by the pedometer or odometer.

Record, ROBERT, M.D.. 1510-1558. Physician to Edward VI. and Mary; introducer of the sign of equality in algebra; author of an arithmetic. Grounde of Artes, 1540, and an algebra, Whetstone of Wit, 1557.

Recorder. 1. Class of judicial officers, having original criminal jurisdiction within a locality. 2. Officer, charged with making and keeping official written memorials and transcripts of transactions.

Recording Acts.

Modern statutes providing for the public record of conveyances of property, and prescribing the legal effect of such records.

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Rectangle. Parallelogram having right angles only Rectification. Determination of the length of any c or arc in terms of the rectilinear unit. Some familiar cu may be rectified geometrically, but the processes of the culus are generally required.

Rectifying. Second and subsequent distillations volatile liquid, to free it from impurities which may have carried over in the first distillation; particularly applie alcohol.

Rectilinear, or RECTILINEAL. Composed of or bour by straight lines.

Rectipetality. Tendency of vegetable organs to g in straight lines when all external directive influences removed.

Rector. In English Ch. and P. E. Ch.. incumbent a parish; also in Scottish Episcopal Ch. since 1890; so times head of a ch., school, or other establishment. VICAR.

Rectrices. Long tail-feathers of birds.
Rectum, DISEASES OF.

Those affecting the last divisio the intestines. Inflammation of the part is known as p titis; it may be the seat of malignant growths. See PROI SUS ANI and HEMORRHOIDS.

Recurring Equation. One in which the coefficient terms equidistant from the extremes are the same, having signs of the corresponding terms either all like or all unl e.g., x5-3x+8x3+8x2-3x+1=0. A recurring equation odd degree has +1 or -1 as a root, as the corresponding ter have unlike or like signs; one of even degree, having all signs, can be transformed to an equation of one-half the gree: one of even degree, having unlike signs and the mic term missing, has both +1 and -1 as roots.

Recurring Sines. One each of whose terms after a tain number is related to a number of preceding terms thro a sequence of multipliers which remains unchanged through the series. This sequence of multipliers is called the scale relation, and the number of terms in the scale determines order of the series. A geometrical progression is a recur series of the first order, the constant ratio being the scale. recurring series of the second order will have a scale of terms and two terms given as a basis for the series. The so of a recurring series of the nth order can be determine 2n terms be known.

Recurvirostridæ. See LIMICOLE.

Recusants. Those who fail to attend services of an tablished Ch. Statutes of Elizabeth were in force agai Protestant Dissenters till 1688, and against R. Catholics 1791.

Redan, BATTLE OF. At Sevastopol, Sept. 8, 1855; the

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glish made a successful attack on the Great R., and the Fre Recoupement. Legal defense which cuts down plain- on the Little R., but were compelled to retire with great

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Red Cedar. River ab. 120 m. in length, rising in a series of small lakes in Wis., flowing s. w. and emptying into the Chippewa.

Red Chalk. See HEMATITE.

Red Copper Ore. See CUPRITE.

Red Cross. Societies organized to succor the wounded At a conference in Geneva, Oct. and dying in time of war. 1863, a treaty was drawn up which, after some modifications in the convention of Aug. 1864, was signed before adjournment by representatives of 12 governments, a number now more than trebled. All hospitals, ambulances, materials, etc., under the Red Cross are treated as neutral. The American association (Clara Barton. pres.) aims also to relieve sufferers from fires, cyclones, famine, and other far-reaching calamities. The symbol of the various relief societies is a red cross on a white ground.

Red Deer. See STAG.

Reddle. See HEMATITE.

Redemption. Work of Christ for his people; variously interpreted in different ages and schools of theology; nearly equivalent to salvation, which is sometimes of more personal application. See ATONEMENT.

French order, conRedemptionists, or TRINITARIANS. firmed by the Pope 1199, for the ransom of Christian slaves in the Barbary States.

Redemptorists. Severe monastic order founded by Liguori in Italy 1732, confirmed 1749. It has many houses in the U. S.

Redesdale. Valley of Northumberland, near the Scottish frontier, famous in border legends. The battles of Otterburn and Redeswire, 1575, were fought in the vicinity.

Redfield, ISAAC FLETCHER, LL.D., 1804-1876. Judge Vt. Supreme Court 1835, Chief-justice 1852-60; prof. Dartmouth 1857-61. Law of Railways, 1857; Law of Wills, 1864-70; Law of Carriers, 1869.

Redfield, JUSTUS STARR, 1810-1888.

lisher.

American pub

Redfield, WILLIAM C.. 1789-1857. American meteorologist, prominent also in connection with steamboats, railroads, and street railways.

Red Fire. Used in pyrotechnics; usually consisting of an intimate mixture of dry strontium nitrate, sulphur, potassium chlorate, and lampblack.

Redgrave, RICHARD, 1804-1888. English landscape and genre painter, R.A. 1851, Inspector-gen. of art schools 1857-80. Manual of Colors, 1863; Century of Painters, 1866; Reminiscences, 1891.

Red Hand, IN HERALDRY.

Sinister hand granted to baronets in England and Ireland 1611, and now to those of the United Kingdom.

Red Hematite. Fe,O,. One of the commonest of iron ores, in which the red color of the mineral or of its powder is a prominent character. See HEMATITE.

Red-hot Shot. Spherical shot heated to a red heat and fired from smooth-bore muzzle-loading cannon, to set vessels, wooden buildings, etc., on tire. Many of the masonry forts constructed in U. S. before the Civil war were provided with hot-shot furnaces: the use of rifled guns and elongated projectiles have made hot shot an obsolete projectile.

Redia. See DISTOMUM.

Redif Pasha, b. 1827. Turkish officer, prominent in the war with Russia 1877; since in exile. Reding, ALOYS VON, 1755-1818. Swiss patriot, who dench at Morgarten 1798, opposed the Helvetic of Canton Schwyz 1803

Seneca
Red Jacket, or SAGOYEWATHA, 1751-1830.
distinguished for his eloquence and for his services
U.S.

Red Lead. See MINIUM.

Red-Letter Days. In the Anglican Calendar, th of the greater feasts were printed in red letters, and th in black, whence the Black-Letter Saints' Days.

Red Liquor. Solution of aluminium acetate in usually prepared by the action of solutions of acetate and alum upon each other, when sulphate of lime is tated; used in dyeing.

Redoubt. Important earthen field work, comple closing a position to be defended: generally of four faces, with sufficient interior space to lodge the tempor

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Taking a Turkish Redoubt at Loftcha, Bulgaria. rison. When it is commanded by the defenses in rear is often stockaded, to prevent its being used by the the event of its capture. See FIELD WORKS.

Redpath, JAMES, 1833-1891. Scottish-American ist and author; active against slavery; founder o bureaus in Boston. John Brown, 1860.

Red-Polled. See CATTLE.

Red Precipitate. See MERCURIC OXIDE.
Red Prussiate of Potash. See POTASSIU
CYANIDE.

Red River. Branch of the Mississippi. It hea
Staked Plains of Texas, flows generally e. between
Indian Territory, then s.e. across a corner of Ark., an
La. to its mouth. Length 1,550 m., drainage area
sq. m., average flow 57,000 cu. ft. per second.

Red River Expedition. Planned by Gen. conducted by Gen. Banks, who started March 25, wa at Sabine Cross-Roads by Kirby Smith April 8, and retreat; defeated the Confederates at Pleasant Hil and reached Alexandria April 22.

Red River of the North. Heads in Lake Elb

boundary between Minn. and Dakota, flows n. int

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REDROOT-REES

Redroot. 1. Gyrotheca tinctoria. Woolly herb of the natural family Hæmodoraceae, growing in swampy places in the e. U. S. 2. Certain shrubs of the genus Ceanothus, natural family Rhamnaceæ, natives of N. America.

Redruthite.

Cu,S. Variety of the mineral chalcocite, occurring in well-formed crystals at Redruth in Cornwall.

Red Sea. Long narrow arm of the Indian Ocean, between Asia and Africa, separating Arabia from Egypt, the Soudan and Abyssinia. It connects with the Indian Ocean by the Strait of Babel Mandeb and the Gulf of Aden. Length 1,450 m., maximum breadth 230 m.

Red Seaweeds. See ALGE and SEAWEEDS.

Red Silver Ore. Common name for the minerals PYRARGYRITE and PROUSTITE (q.v.). The former is known as the dark red, the proustite as the light red ore.

Protococcus nivalis.

Minute red plant

Red Snow.
of the sub-kingdom Protophyta, occurring abundantly in
arctic and alpine regions, and superstitiously regarded as
blood.

Red Sulphur Springs. Watering place in W. Va.. 38
m. s.w. of White Sulphur Springs. The water contains phos-
phorus and a gelatinous sulphur compound which is its dis-
tinctive feature.

Red Sunset. Peculiar rich and long-enduring sunset phe-
nomena, observed, as also a red sunrise, throughout the
n. temperate zone 1883, and enduring for three years, but
slowly diminishing in intensity.
less extensively distributed, were observed 1831 and other
Similar phenomena, but

years.

Red Top. Agrostis vulgaris. Pasture grass of n. hemisphere; in its habits somewhat similar to blue grass, but taller and finer. It is especially adapted to moist and wet soils, and makes a fine hay of excellent quality.

Red Top, FALSE. Poa serotina. Tall meadow grass of the n. hemisphere, known also as Fowl Meadow-Grass.

Reduced Length OF AN ELECTRIC CONDUCTOR. Length of a column of mercury of one square millimeter cross section which offers the same resistance as the conductor.

t

k'

Reduced Thickness OF A DIELECTRIC. Thickness of a
layer of air that would have the same inductive capacity as
the dielectric. It is equal to in which t is the thickness of
the dielectric and k its specific inductive capacity.
Reducing Agent.
stract oxygen from other substances; e.g., hydrogen and
Substance which will readily ab-
carbon.

Reductio ad Absurdum.

which a proposition is proved by proving the falsity of its con-
Process of reasoning by
tradictory opposite.

Reduction.

Process occurring when a chemical compound containing oxygen gives up a portion or all of its oxygen to some other compound or element. When compounds containing other elements give up these, reduction is also said to have taken place; e.g., when FeCl, becomes FeClg.

Reduction, IN MATHEMATICS. 1. Process of changing form without changing value or relations. 2. Process of reaching a result in general terms applicable to all cases under the form which is discussed.

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a, Bagpipe Reed. b, Bassoon Re called a free reed; e.g., that of a harmonium or concerti it is larger than the orifice and strikes against the ed each oscillation, it is called a beating reed; e.g., that clarionet or bassoon. See ORGAN PIPE.

Reed, ANDREW, D.D., 1787-1862. Cong. pastor in don 1811-61. Some of his hymns, 1817-25-42, are used. — His wife, ELIZA (HOLMES), 1794-1867, hymnist.

was a

Reed, DAVID BOSWELL, M.D., 1805-1864. Scottish ch and writer, interested especially in ventilation; in the from 1856.

Reed, SIR EDWARD JAMES, b. 1830. English design ironclads; chief constructor of the navy ab.1860–70; 1874-92; knighted 1878. Japan, 1880.

Reed, HENRY, LL.D., 1808-1854. Grandson of Jo prof. Univ. Pa. from 1831. ture, 1855, and on the British Poets, 1857, were edited b His Lectures on English L brother, WILLIAM BRADFORD, 1806-1876, prof. Univ. Pa. Minister to China 1857-60, and biographer of Joseph F 1847.-Henry's son, HENRY, 1846-1896, was Judge of mon Pleas in Phila. from 1886. Statute of Frauds, 3 v 1884.

Reed, JOSEPH, 1741-1785. 1775-78; active in several battles; Brig.-gen. 1777; delegat Sec. and aid to Washing Congress 1778; Pres. Pa. Executive Council 1778-81, and p tically Governor. When offered a bribe of £10,000, he repl "I am not worth purchasing, but, such as I am, the kin not rich enough to do it."

Reed, THOMAS BRACKETT, b. 1839. Attorney-gen. of 1870-72; M.C. since 1877, and Speaker of the House 1889-91 1895-97; Republican leader.

Reed Bird. See BOBOLINK.

Reeder, ANDREW HORATIO, 1807-1864. First Gov. of K sas 1854-55. He denounced the fraudulent Legislature, and the Freesoilers was elected to Congress and the U. S. Sena but not admitted.-His son, FRANK, b. 1845, is prominent Pa. Republican politics.

Reduction Factor. See GALVANOMETER.
Reduplication. In Botany, regular doubling of flowers.
Reduplication. Repetition of part of the root of a verb
in order to express change of tense; common in Greek and
Latin, and even in Gothic; best shown in English by the pret-See ORGAN, HARMONIUM, and MELODEON.
erit did from the present do.

Redwald. King of East Angles 597; Bretwalda.
Redwitz-Schmölz, OSCAR, FREIHERR VON, 1823-1891.
Bavarian poet and novelist. Amaranth, 1849; Odilo, 1878;

Hymen, 1887.

Red-Wood. Sequoia sempervirens. Very large tree of
the natural family Coniferæ, native of the Pacific coast of the
U. S.; extensively lumbered.

Redwood, ABRAHAM, 1709–1788. Founder of the Redwood
Library at Newport, R. I., 1747–50.

Reed. Phragmites phragmites. Large grass, growing in
swamps in the n. temperate zone.

Reed Instruments. Generic name of a class of inst ments, the tones of which are produced by a reed. They we known among the Chinese, but most are of modern inventio

Reed-Mace. See CAT-TAIL.

Reef. See CORAL.-In Australia, auriferous quartz vein.
Reel. Scottish dance, varied in the Va. form.
Re-entrant Angle. Interior angle of a polygon greate
than 180°.

Re-entrant Polygon. One having one or more re-en trant angles.

Rees, or ARICKAREES. Indian tribe of Pawnee origin which lived on the upper Missouri, whither they had mi grated; unfriendly to the whites. They now number ab.1,000 on a reservation with the Mandans. See PAWNEES.

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Reeve, HENRY, D.C.L.. 1813-1895. Registrar of Privy (q.v.) is equal to the ed. Edinburgh Review 1855; historical

Council 1837-87; writer.

Reeve, TAPPING, LL.D., 1744-1823. Founder and head of the first law school in the U. S., at Litchfield, Conn., 17841820. Law of Baron and Femme, 1816; Law of Descents, 1825.

1791-92

Reeves, JOHN, 1752-1829. Chief-justice of Newfoundland History of the Law of Shipping, 1792; History of English Law, 5 vols., 1784-1829.

Reeves, JOHN SIMS, b. 1822. English singer, highly popular as a tenor 1847-91.

Reeving. Passing a rope through a hole or channel of a block made to receive it.

Re-exchange. Loss resulting from the dishonor of a bill of exchange in a different country from that where it is drawn or indorsed.

Refectory. Dining hall or fratery, of a convent or college. The arrangements were similar to those of the ordinary

Refectory, Convent of St Catherine, Mt. Sinai.
domestic halls. It was usually provided with a pulpit, from
which one of the inmates read to the others during meal
time.

Referendum, Submission by the legislature of a pro-
posed law to popular vote.

Reflecting-Anemometer. Aime's apparatus, invented
1846, for observing the direction and velocity of motion of the
clouds, i.e., of the upper winds. This and similar apparatus
are now styled NEPHOSCOPE (q.v.).

Reflecting Power. Property of a surface by which it
reflects regularly a greater or less proportion of the radiant
This quantity is
energy incident upon it. Its value is the ratio of the energy
reflected to the whole amount incident.
always inversely proportional to the absorbing power of the
medium beyond the surface. The reflecting power increases
with the angle of incidence. That for water at a perpendicular
incidence, according to Bouguet, is ab. 0.018; for an incidence of
89.5° it is 0.721. Again the differences in the reflecting powers
of different substances are much more marked at small than
at great incidences. Thus water and mercury reflect about
the same proportion of the incident light at 89.5°, while at a
perpendicular incidence mercury has a far higher reflecting

power.

Reflecting Telescope. The image is formed by means
mirror; the eye-piece may be placed in the focus
Dutor may be employed to throw

to the eye

ANGLE

OF INCIDENCE
(q.v.): (2) the incident
ray, the reflected ray, and
the normal are all in the
same plane. In the case
of radiant energy these
two laws apply to specu-
lar or regular reflection,
The
polished surfaces.
such as takes place from
phenomenon of total re-
flection takes place when
a ray of radiant energy
is incident upon the sur-
face of a medium optically
less dense, and at
angle greater than the
critical angle for that
particular wave length.

an

Total Reflection.

Reflex Action.
Muscular or other activ-
ity caused immediately
by a sensory impulse without the necessary inter
of consciousness; e.g., if the sole of the foot be
the foot will be withdrawn; or if a foreign body appro
cornea of the eye, the eyelid winks. The necessary e
are a sensory impulse carried along a sensory tract,
nervous center, and a motor tract and organ. The grea
for reflex action is the spinal cord. Certain parts of t
however have reflex functions. The most marked fe
reflex actions is their purposeful character, the kind of
being determined largely by the kind of sensory impul
characteristic is a strong support for the theory that
were originally voluntary movements of a purposef
which became habitual and involuntary, and are now in
The character of the reflex movement is also influence
intensity of the stimulus, a slight stimulus calling
movement, and a strong stimulus at the same spot ca
a response quite different. Further, the movement v
cording to the part of the body stimulated; e.g., a
the eye may cause active winking, while the same
the mucous membrane of the larynx will bring abou
reflex coughing, directed toward the expulsion of th
ing substance. Reflex actions may be partly or wholly
by act of will or by another sensory impulse. The
quired for a reflex act varies with the act and with t
lus, the greater part of the whole time being taken
central change by which the sensory is transforme
Conseq
motor impulse. The nature of this central functi
known. Certain of these reflexes are absent in dise
ditions, others are not present in health.
study of the reflexes assists in determining the pr
some diseases.

Reflex Sentiments. Those feelings and desi
glory.
arise from our recognition of other men's feeling
ourselves, as our desire of esteem, the love of fa

Reformation. Movement, first conspicuous und
1517, by which a great part of western Christendom
away from ecclesiastical obedience to Rome. It
effective in Germany, Switzerland, Holland, the Sca
countries, Scotland, and England. In Spain and Ita
stamped out; in France it occasioned the Hugueno
fruits were destroyed, as in parts of Germany, by t
Years' War.
Bohemia, where it had been anticipated by a ce

Reformatories. See PRISON and PRISON DISCI
Reformed Church IN THE UNITED STATES.
1747; called German Reformed till 1867. It has ab.
ters and 225,000 communicants.

Reformed Church OF AMERICA. Organize Amsterdam 1628; called Reformed Protestant Duto especially strong near the Hudson. Ministers ab municants above 100,000.

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