esembling those of mouth one or more musi. from a poison gat E and ELAPIDE qr. stigmas mature bel s, thus preventing St Lizards, having bice es. It includes the el AGELLATA. Troy. See LAODANI a demand, as agains t by a notary upon ¦tion formed in German d progress; stigmat> nd not favored by he 16th century deta 29 at the Diet of Spr ns, and Reformed of C ot of the R. C. or G s in the world is estima -7.294.014, Oceanica 29 tal 143.237,625. ay 4, 1608, by Frederic 77 rtemburg, and the rg. for mutual prote f Augsburg. who tended the flo dday and slept in thes It him must seize hint various forms he mig resumed his proper s PROTOCOL-PROVOST undeveloped conditions of Algo; also known as Chlorophyllo- Protocol. Original draft of any document, as a treaty; Protodont Dentition. Molar teeth of mammals, whose crowns are compressed and fitted for cutting, rudimentary tubercles being developed on the edges of a main tubercle. The loss of these accessory serrations converts the tooth into the haplodont type. Protogenes, 4th cent. B.C. Greek painter of Caria, active at Rhodes. Protogenesis. In Biology, propagation by budding. Protogenic. In Plant Anatomy, intercellular spaces in plants which are formed coincidently with the growth of surrounding tissues. Protohydra. See ARCHEGASTRULA. Protonema. First filamentous growth from the germinating spore of the mosses, on which the moss-plant is subsequently developed from a lateral bud. Protophyta. Sub-kingdom of plants, including the smallest and simplest members of the vegetable kingdom; usually restricted to those whose increase is effected only by vegetative propagation. Protoplasm (BIOPLASM). Jelly-like substance contained Protoplast. Plant or animal cell in its simplest form. Protopterus. See DIPNEUMONA. Prototheria (AMASTA, ORNITHODELPHIA, MONOTREMATA). Sub-class of non-placental Mammalia, including the single order Monotremata. The jaws are toothless in the adult, and sheathed with a beak. Marsupial bones (and pouch) are present. There is a large coracoid. The reproductive organs are bird-like; the testes remain in the body cavity; a cloaca is present, and meroblastic eggs are laid. Two genera are included, ORNITHORHYNCHUS and ECHIDNA (q.v.). Prototracheata. See ONYCHOPHORA. Protozoa. First animals, and lowest in scale of organization. They are single cells or colonies of similar cells, and reproduction takes place by cell-division or by spore formation, sometimes preceded by conjugation or by copulation. They are divided into Rhizopods and Infusoria, or more broadly into Gymnomyxa and Corticata. The group includes most of the animalcules. Protractor. Circular or semi-circular sheet of paper or metal, graduated along its edge, and used for plotting angles. Proud, JOSEPH, 1745-1826. of above 300 hymns, of which 164 are used by the New Ch English Swedenborgian, a Proud, ROBERT, 1728-1813. Historian of Pa. 1797-98. Proud Flesh. Granulations of an inflamed wound. form part of the process of repair and only when exce should they be interfered with. Proudhon, PIERRE JOSEPH, 1809-1865. French soci repeatedly fined, imprisoned, or exiled for his publicat Sociale, 1852. Qu'est-ce que la Proprieté? 1840; Contradictions Economi 1846; Confessions d'un Révolutionnaire, 1849; La Révol Pro-ungulata. See UNGULATA. Proust, JOSÈPHE LOUIS, 1755-1826. French chemist; tea Prout, FATHER. See MAHONY, F. Romance dialect of s. France, the lan d'oc and tongue of the troubadours, flourishing as a liter language chiefly ab.1100-1300. Provence. Former French province, on the Mediterrane famous in the Middle Ages; absorbed 1481. It was overrun Ruins in Provence. the 5th century by the Visigoths and Burgundians, and wa under the Saracens later. It contains many ruins. Proventriculus. 2. Dilatation of the oesophagus of birds in front of the gizzard tween the crop and the chylific ventricle of certain insects 1. Masticatory stomach inserted be 3. Similar expansion in front of the stomach in frogs, etc. Proverbs. Brief, pithy sayings, "sententious and true long since accepted as such by common consent"; "shor sentences drawn from long experience"; "the wisdom of many and the wit of one." They are found among all nations, and have been collected by many hands, as by Erasmus, 1500. Proverbs, BOOK OF. utterances as to the conduct of life, prefaced by nine chapters 20th O. T. book; collection of gnomic of admonitory poetry. rising in ch. viii. to high religious sublimity; ascribed to Solomon, with appendices by Agur and others. Providence. Deity, not as first cause, but as present cause interfering to regulate the lot and condition of his creatures in their own behalf. gansett Bay; seat of Brown Univ. Its coast wise commerce is Providence. Chief city of R. I., at the head of Narraextensive, but the principal industry is manufactures, especially of cotton and woolen goods, iron and steel, and jewelry. It was settled 1636 by Roger Williams, and chartered as a city 1832. Pop., 1890, 132,146. Provincial. Monastic superior, who, besides his own house, has appellate authority over all the houses of his order within a certain district. Proving-Ground. Establishment for the proving of ordnance before it is finally issued for service. At Sandy Hook, N. J.. all the heavy guns, carriages, and rapid-fire guns for service in the U. S. Army are proved, and experimental tests are there made upon trial pieces of ordnance, by ordnance officers under the direction of the Chief of Ordnance. Provocation, IN ETHICS. Such degree of inducement to a crime as mitigates the offense. chaplain of Congress 1785. Provost. Dignitary at the head of a college chusel 1234 PROVOST-MARSHAL-PSALM Provost-Marshal. Commissioned officer of the army, appointed by the commanding officer to superintend the preservation of order and to act as the chief of police of the camp He possesses summary power to or army during time of war. punish offenders, has charge of the guard and prisoners, and regulates the conduct of camp-followers. Proxy. Authorization to act for another, as in voting, and he who exercises it. Proxylem. In Plant Anatomy, first-formed xylem cells in a fibro-vascular bundle. Prudden, THEOPHILE MITCHELL, M.D., b. 1849. Prof. College of Physicians and Surgeons New York 1892; writer on pathology. Histology, 1881; Bacteria, 1889; Dust, 1891. Prudence. Intellectual virtue by which we select the right means to a given end, assumed to be the proper object of action. Spanish Prudentius, AURELIUS CLEMENS, 348-ab.413. Christian poet; lawyer, judge, and ab.394 official at Rome. His hymns (Cathemerinon and Peristephanon) and other works, mostly doctrinal and controversial, are all in Latin verse, and were produced probably after 405. Prud'hon, PIERRE PAUL, 1758-1823. French historical and portrait painter. At Rome he met Canova, which influ In they founded cities, introduced German colonists, laws, The territory between the Elbe and Oder, which had longed from the 12th century to descendants of Albert Bear, now fell in. The whole country was soon desolated the Thirty Years' War, but its finances were restored by Great Elector, Frederic William; and under Frederic II., added Silesia, its prestige reached a high point. Further ditions of territory resulted from the partitions of Pol conflict with Napoleon, was defeated 1806, and lost most o Frederic William III., having left his neutral position in territory. Reorganization of the army, educational and s measures, restored the strength of the nation, which j the Allies 1813 in their struggle against France. The der After the revolution of for a constitution, promised 1815, was followed by effor check the growth of liberalism. some conciliatory measures were taken, and plans to The Prussian Blue. Various forms are known. River in s.e. Europe, Austria, Roumani f Cupid Caressing before Wounding, by Prud'hon. Pruinose. Surfaces of fruits or other organs when cov- Prune. Dried fruits of certain varieties of the cultivated plum. Prunella. Thin woolen or mixed stuff, formerly used for clergymen's gowns, but now employed for covering shoes. Pruning. Cutting off the branches of trees or shrubs, for At present it Prussia. Largest and most important state of Germany. merce. try: Banks of the Pruth. the frontier between Roumania and Russia and join Danube at Reni. Length 380 m. Prutz, ROBERT EDUARD, 1816-1872. Prof. Halle poet, dramatist, critic, and historian of German jo and the stage. English controv Prynne, WILLIAM, 1600-1669. Cromwell 1650-52; M.P. 1648 and 1658; keeper of reco Tower 1660. imprisoned 1634-40 for his Histrio-mastix, 1633; twice pilloried, and cropped; branded in both cheeks 1627; Pryor, ROGER ATKINSON, LL.D., b. 1828. M.C. 1859-60; Brig.-gen. C.S.A. 1863; prominent at New from 1865; Judge of Common Pleas 1891, and of N. Y. Court 1896. Prytanis. Greek magisterial title, whose meani in different cities. At Rhodes they were the supren trates, while at Athens the fifty prytanes, for the ti represented a tribe and presided at the meetings of th of five hundred. They held office for a tenth of a y another tribe assumed the office. These officers in Gr had certain religious functions, as the care of the sac the prytaneum, from which the hearth of a new col be lighted. Psalm. Hymn, or sacred song, the prevailing being of thanksgiving and praise, sung to the accon of a harp or similar stringed instrument and consti principal liturgical element in the Hebrew temp colonists, laws, and oble classes, aided by of Thorn 1466, ced alty to her. In 1 aireuth, a Hobetaknowledged as Dare of Brandenburg, house 1609. Oder, which had ndants of Albert as soon desolated fr were restored by th nder Frederic IL, #bo h point. Further &partitions of Polat eutral position in te 6. and lost most of Li educational and sor nation, which je France. The demar followed by efforts to the revolution of 19 en, and plans to pr The Schleswig-Holsten swar of 6 weeks w e partly annexed to. Confederation: Sellis with France, 1870-71 many, ended in the c Germany. A stra guiding spirit in thev Sent period is marked s 29,957.367. are known. The s er, Fe,(Fe(CN),),, FERDY king ferric solutions m. It is used as a piguet - LETTISH. IC ACID. cal tables, based on by Brahe. Austria, Roumacia 2. flowing e, and s., farm Pruth. nd Russia and joining -1872. Prof. Halle 1 rian of German jouras - English controversias -mastix, 1633; twice fo both cheeks 167: J 1658; keeper of reconsin .D., b. 1828. M.C. frem prominent at New Ex. as 1891, and of N. Y. S l title, whose meaning hey were the supren prytanes, for the time at the meetings of the ce for a tenth of a yea These officers in Greci as the care of the sacred hearth of a new const ong, the prevailing s PSALMANAZAR--PSILOTEÆ David was plainly a composer and regulator of the Temple Psalmanazar, GEORGE, ab. 1680-1763. Impostor, of un- Psalms. 19th O. T. book (subdivided by the Hebrews into Psalterium. Manyplies, or third pouch of the ruminant stomach. Its walls are deeply folded into longitudinal septa. It receives the food after it has been chewed as cud, and also liquid food directly. It acts as a strainer at the entrance of the fourth stomach, to prevent the passage of coarse particles. Psaltery. A dulcimer, played with the fingers or a plec trum instead of by hammers. The psaltery was the prototype of the spinet and harpsichord. Notwithstanding the general use of keyed instruments in 1650, it was considered second to none when played with a skilled hand. Psammetichus I. King of Egypt 666-612 B.C.; able ruler and extensive builder. Psammitic. In Geology, having a structure like sandstone, made up of rounded grains of sand. If the grains are sharp, the structure is called gritty. Pseudamnion. Membrane secreted inward from the pseudo-chorion in Mustelus, and tense with amniotic fluid. Pseudarachna. Division of Arachnida, including Pantopoda and Tardigrada. Pseudembryo. Larva of an Echinoderm, in which by a new and peculiar developmental process the young of the adult is formed. The process is analogous to the metamorphosis of certain insects. Psaltery. Pseudepigrapha. Uncanonical writings, falsely attrib- Pseudhæmal, or PSEUDOHÆMAL. Pseudoadiabatic. Atmospheric changes in which the Pseudobulb. Enlarged basal parts of epiphytic orchids and some other plants. Pseudo Butyl Alcohol. CH.CH2.CHOH.CH,. Secondary butyl alcohol; liquid boiling at 87° C. See BUTYL ALCOHOL. Pseudochorion. Membrane derived from the foetal compartments of the oviduct of Mustelus. Pseudocol. See ARCHICŒL. Pseudocumene. C,H,(CH,),. Bpt. 170° C. Trimethylbenzene. Liquid hydrocarbon, constituent of coal tar, from which it is prepared indirectly. Pseudocysts. Masses of protoplasm, containing chlorophyll, a number of which compose the minute individual organisms of the classes Protococcoidog Pseudodipteral. In Classic Architecture, denoti outer colonnade to the wall of the cella retained. the inner row of columns is omitted and the space fr Pseudofilariæ. Little nematode-like vermiform produced in pairs at the end of certain Gregarines for pu of reproduction. Pseudogaster. Secondary cavity, occurring in s by growth, folding, coalescence, or even fusion of differ dividuals: into it excurrent or even paragastric canals o Pseudogastrula. Stage in the development of ca ous sponges, in which the granular cells of the amphibl are temporarily invaginated within the flagellated cells. stage occurs while the embryo is receiving nutriment fro maternal tissues; when the larva is set free, the inner cel evaginated so as to restore the amphiblastula which pre true gastrulation. Pseudoisidorian Decretals. decrees of the earlier Church, immensely enhancing epis Collection of spu and papal authority. It appeared probably ab.850. Pseudomorphs. Minerals which deviate from the of crystallization peculiar to that species, either by alter or substitution. Pseudonavicellæ. Little spindle-shaped, incased s resulting from the division of encysted and conjugated Gi rines. Pseudoneuroptera. Group of Orthoptera, inclu three tribes, Physopoda, Corrodentia, and Amphibiotica. Pseudonym, NOM DE PLUME, or PEN-NAME. Assumed familiarly known than the real name, as in the cases of Ge an author; often retained through life, and sometimes n Sand, George Eliot, Jean Paul, Pierre Loti, Ouida, Mark Tw Artemus Ward, E. Marlitt, Lewis Carroll. Pseudoparenchyma. Mycological term for fung tissues composed entirely of matted or interlacing hyphæ. Pseudopodia. from the body of a Protozoan or from the swarm spores of The projecting masses of protopla Myxomycetes; also certain stalks supporting the capsule in Bog-mosses, and certain stalked gemmæ in the genus A comnion and other mosses.-In Zoology, protrusions which be produced from the wall or the substance of amoeboid c and retracted at pleasure: the substance of the protrusion ag podia are the locomotor organs of the amoeba, hence the na becoming a part of the general protoplasm. Lobose pseu False-feet. Pseudoprocts. See OSCULUM and PSEUDOSCULA. Pseudopupa. Stage which intervenes between the lary stage and the pupa in bees and wasps. the genera characterized by elongated forms, but an absen Pseudoraphideæ. Order of Diatomacea, comprisin of the raphe or median line connecting the nodules. Pseudoscope. Variety of stereoscope, through which, one look at a solid object, the concave parts appear conve and the convex parts, concave. Pseudoscorpionidæ, or CHELIFERIDA. Secondary pores produced in Small Arach Sponges by proliferation and fold- Book Scorpion (Chelifer can- are two sorts: (1) vestibular, those leading to incurrent canals; Pseudotetramera. See TETRAMERA. Pseudovaries. Ovaries as in Aphides. They produce ova capable of development without fertilization. See PARTHENO GENESIS. Psilomelane. Important ore of manganese, frequently associated with pyrolusite. It is often impure or of less definite chemical composition than the other ores from which manganese is obtained. See MANGANESE ORES. Psilo 1236 PSITTICIDE-PSYCOPHYSICS Psittacidæ, or PSITTACI (PSITTACOMORPHA; PARROTS). Group of Scansorial Birds, living in warm climates, especially of America. The beak is stout, the upper mandible is movably joined to the frontal bone, and curved over the short and broad lower beak. The tongue is fleshy, the legs short, strong, and with very short metatarsus. The four toes are Arara Cockatoo (Microglossus aterrimus). Psittacomorphæ. Order of Birds, including the Parrots. Psoriasis. Disease of the skin, chronic in form, and apt Psorosperms. Little spore-like Gregarines, living para- Psyche. Personification of the soul, loved by Cupid, Psychology. Science of mind. Leaving out of account It one's own observation of one's own states of consciousness Psychometry. Science which deals with the Psychophysics. That side of experimental p es of consciousness, or ult; and to make the Itered by the very fart modern psychology ta by obtaining conditions er exactness might be sophic thought among bly interwoven wi s only within compare an independent focu paration from gener tific methods have been Osychological progress early stages. Its fal curate description, and cessful as they may se dependence, psychology lance at these subor est idea of the scope if gard introspective per visions, at least from the perimental Psychology ntific methods to menti is usually Measurement. t by experimental treat E consequent changes made that every mea s change. By obtain ervous series, it is arge this to determine thes series. Numerous la n experiments have be ly in Germany and to ologists are at work. FECHNER'S LAW.) Pay he physiology of the e the facts of consciousnes is the highest express conceived it includes ure of which is not re reference to any dis Psychology deals with on to the normal, and m processes by the stair various mental affections rative Psychology indu arative study of masin elopment, sometimes a d on the results of anthro second, the manifestati mals, a side of the se -ness. Child Psycholog nd genetic study to 17 nind in its simplest ex e knowledge won bral seen in various fields.r ild study, and in the tr tive and delinquent clase eh deals with the meas acts; often spoken of is p reaction times. Eg, f nal, say of sound, to pr at which the signal is t at which the key is pe ords will represent the st - an auditory stimulas. D mental process. Its ulus to pass from the ex of perception, and the a or response, and the time Ise from the brain to the transmission of sensory ately known, by subtra -hole reaction time we ental processes of per f these two elements B re applied to the meas ONAL EQUATION and PIST e of experimental psyc ment of the intensity of s a formula of the relation e external stimulus and e different senses. Such its holds good for most r's Law, which is, rough sensations may increase must increase in a ge PSYCHROMETER-PUBLIC DEBTS series. The true interpretation of Weber's Law, or its mathe- Psychrometer. Instrument for determining the amount Ptah. Probably the oldest of the Egyptian deities. The father of the gods. He was regarded as the creator of the world. Ptenoglossa. Division of Ctenobranchiata, including forms having the lip of aperture of the shell entire, siphons absent, and the radula armed with transverse rows of numerous small hooks, but with no median teeth. Janthina and Solarium are examples. Pteranodon. Genus of flying Saurians, with jaws toothless and tail short and slender; comprising gigantic forms from the Cretaceous of N. America. Pteraspis. Primitive type of small Cephalaspidian Upper Silurian fishes(?), having a bony snout, and the head and the fore part of the body covered with bony plates. Pterichthys. Placoganoid with arm-like fins; first discovered by Hugh Miller in the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. See PLACODERMS. Pteridium. See SAMARA. Pteridology. Study of Ferns. Pteridophyta. Sub-kingdom of plants, also known as Pterobranchia. See POLYZOA and ASPIDOPHORA. Pterodactyls. Flying reptiles of the Mesozoic period. Pterodactylus crassirostris. head was birdlike with a beak, usually toothed. Some were Pteromys. See SCIUROMORPHA. Pteropoda. Class of Mollusca, including forms not having a sharply defined head, but with two wings or fin-like expansions (epipodia), on the rudimentary foot. The mouth is surrounded by tentacles, or by two tentacles bearing suckers (cephalic cones). Sometimes a shell is present. They are hermaphrodite and pelagic (free swimming). Two orders are included, Thecosomata and Gymnosomata. Pteropodidaæ. See BATS. Pterotic. Posterior and most external of the projecting bones in the cranium of a fish. It is an element in the ear capsule. Pterotracheidæ. Family including slug-like pelagic Mollusks: without a shell, and with a well developed mesopodium, bearing a sucker in the males. See HETEROPODA. Pterygotus. Gigantic Crustacean, very similar to Eurypterus, but with the eyes marginal and bilobate tail; called by the Scotch quarrymen Seraphim, from the wing-like f feather-like ornament of the thoracic appendage. Pterylæ. Areas on a bird's body that bear feather are separated by apteria or naked spaces. See PTERYL ing on PTERYLOSIS (q.v.). Pterylography. Science, originated by Nitzsch Pterylosis. Distribution of the ptilosis or pluma bird in PTERYLE (q.v.). In Penguins and struthiou there are no apterial spaces, but in more highly de birds there are definite pterylæ, with considerable Apteria are generally present along the middle of the and especially along the belly. Ptolemaic System OF THE UNIVERSE. The eart supposed to be the central body, the sun, moon, and stars revolving about it once per day. Special devices were imagined for representing the motions of the planets and inoon, so that predicted with such their places could be accuracy as was demanded at that time. Ptolemy. Thirteen kings of Egypt of this name, who reigned from 323 to 30 B.C. The founder of the dynasty was Soter, who had been a general of Alexander the Great, and became gov. of Egypt at his death. In 306 he assumed royal power, and in 301, after the battle of Ipsus, added Syria and Cyprus to his domin- Ptolemaic System of the Universe. ion.-II. PHILADELPHUS, 284-246, built canals, roads, and lighthouse on Pharos, and fostered schools and literatur III. EUERGETES, 246-221, restored the gods Cambyses had ried off, made conquests in Arabia and toward India, favored scholars at home. The line became extinct in C patra VII. Ptolemy (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMÆUS). 2d cent. mathematician, astronomer, and geographer. His great w Egypt on astronomy, commonly known as the Almagest, and treatise on geography were the great authorities on th subjects for 1,400 years. Ptolemy's Law. If a ray of light or other form of wa motion pass from a point A to a point B in the same mediu but reflected in its course by a plane surface, there is no pa from A to B by way of any point of the surface so short that actually traversed by the ray under the law of reflectio viz., that the angle of reflection equals the angle of inciden Ptomains. Substances produced in the process of deco position of nitrogenous bodies; sometimes called putrefacti alkaloids. They are more or less directly the product of t action of bacteria, each ptomain being generated by its sp cific bacterium. Many of them are quite poisonous and gi rise to the sickness occasioned by eating meats, cheese, i cream, etc., after the putrefactive changes have begun. Ptosis. Drooping of the upper eyelid, usually due to paralysis of the muscle that lifts the lid. Ptychodont Dentition. Mammalian molar teeth wit the sides folded longitudinally, the folds often crossing th crown, as in the Rabbit. Ptyxis. Folding or coiling of leaves in the bud. Puberty. Time at which the procreative power develops in European girls ab. 12 to 14, in boys later; somewhat earlie in the tropics; attended with dangers to health, especially with girls. Puberulent. Diminutive of pubescent. Pubescent. In Botany, organs covered with soft, simple hairs. Publicans. Roman knights who farmed the public taxes: in the Gospels, their subordinates, odious to their Jewish tyrants. countrymen alike as extortioners and as agents of foreign Public Debts. See APPENDIX. |