1228

PROCORACOID-PROJECTILE

"obsequies of Huss"; prominent at the Council of Basel 1433; killed at Lipau, in conflict with the Calixtines.

Procoracoid. See PRECORACOID.

Procrustes. Legendary robber of Attica, who fitted his victims to a bed by lopping the limbs of such as were too long and stretching those who were too short.

Procter, BRYAN WALLER ("BARRY CORNWALL"), 17871874. English poet, biographer of Kean, 1835, and Lamb, 1866. Dramatic Scenes, 1819: Mirandola, a tragedy, 1821; Songs, 1832. -His daughter, ADELAIDE ANNE, 1825-1864, was yet more sucHer Legends and Lyrics, 1858-60, are emicessful in verse. nently sweet and pure, and largely devotional. Invagination in the embryo which deProctodæum.

velops into the cloaca.

Proctor. Attorney in admiralty courts and in English ecclesiastical courts.

Proctor, A. PHIMISTES, b. 1867. American sculptor, noted for his work on the animals on the grounds of the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago;-polar bear, elk, deer, etc.

Proctor, EDNA DEAN, b. 1838. American poet. Proctor, HENRY A., 1787-1859. English officer, defeated by Gen. Harrison at the Thames, Onio, Oct. 5, 1813.

Proctor, LUCIEN BROCK, b. 1826. Author of sundry books of N. Y. legal history and biography.

Proctor, REDFIELD, b. 1831. Gov. of Vt. 1878; U. S. Sec. of War 1889-93.

Proctor, RICHARD ANTHONY. 1837-1888. English popularizer of astronomy; founder of Knowledge, 1881; author of 57 books. Saturn, 1865; Other Suns than Ours, 1887.

Procurator. Roman officer who managed the imperial revenue in a province; sometimes charged also with the civil administration, as Pilate in Judæa.

ascension=

Procyona-CANIS MINORIS. First magnitude star; right : 7h. 33m. 29s., declination = 5° 30' 32" N. The parallax according to Anwers is 0.123", or the time required for light to pass from the star to the earth 26.5 years.

Procyonidæ. Family of Arctoidea, including small American bear-like carnivores. They differ from Bears in having a larger tympanic bulla and one molar less on each side of the

Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus).

mandible. The Kinkajou, the S. American coon-bear, resem-
bles a cat, yellow in color, with tail long and prehensile. It
shuns the light, lives in trees, and feeds on honey. The RAC-
COON (q.v.) is another example.

Producer Gas. Made by passing a limited stream of air
through glowing coke; the coke burns to carbonic acid, and
this, passing through the remainder of the glowing coke, takes
up carbon and becomes largely carbonic oxide. It is employed
in firing boilers, heating the furnaces in metallurgical opera-
tions, in glass and pottery making, etc., and offers a remedy
for the imperfections of the ordinary fire and fuels. In the
Siemens gas producer, the fuel is converted into a mixture
containing 30.5 CO, 2.5 H. 4 CO2, 59.5 N, and 3.5 CH,. The air
and gas, after passing through a system of regenerators, meet
in the furnace itself, combustion ensues, and intense heat is
produced. The usual yield in the Siemens producer from bi-
tuminous coal is ab. 160,000 cu. ft. and from coke ab. 175,000
cu. ft. per ton, or ab. 60-68 per cent of the respective materials
employed.

Producer's Goods. Such as satisfy wants only indi-
toward the production of such goods

Producer's Rent, or SURPLUS. Amount which the sessor of any rare or exceptional natural facilities for the duction of a thing receives over that received by produc who have no special facilities.

Product. In Mathematics, result of combining two more quantities as factors.

Production of Wealth. Creation of values; all th acts by which an article comes to give its possessor the po of demanding in exchange for it the labor or results of labor of others; first great division of the study of polit economy.

Productive Agents. Primary agents in the produc of wealth; viz., land, labor, and capital.

Productive Labor. Such as is directed to the crea of the means of production, and of lasting sources of er ment; as distinguished from that which gives personal ser or creates ephemeral luxuries.

Proembryo. Chain of cells produced in the nucle an ovule after fertilization by the pollen tube; resulting the repeated division of the cells of the embryonal vesic corpuscula; known also as the Suspensor.

Profert and Oyer. Practice of proffering a writte strument as a cause of action and desiring an inspection b pleading.

Professional. In Athletics, one who has competed money prize or staked bet, or with or against a profession any prize, or who has taught, pursued, or assisted in the tice of athletic exercises as a means of obtaining a livelih

Professor. Officer in the higher institutions of lea who instructs students or teaches by lectures; used in a sense to denote the teacher of any science. It is also us instructors in boxing, dancing, etc.

Profile. Drawing of the outline of an object; or sh the curve of intersection of the surface of the ground vertical plane; made in order to establish the grade of

or sewer.

Profile Paper. Paper ruled with horizontal and v lines, and used for plotting profiles.

Profit à Prendre. Mere rights of convenience w Profits. That part of the product of industry whic profit, while EASEMENTS (q.v.) are rights of profits. to the business employer; amount of return from a b operation after rent, wages, and interest are deducted. Profit-Sharing. See INDUSTRIAL PARTNERSHIP. Proglottis. One of the segments of a tapeworm, when the eggs with which it is filled become ripe, is de from the rest of the body.

Prognathi. Division of mankind having skul prominent jaws and teeth, as in most savage races have a low facial angle. See MAN.

Prognosis. Opinion regarding the outcome of any or case of sickness.

Prognostics. All features that indicate coming in the weather. Large collections of popular prognost the animal and vegetable phenomena have been pu but those used by meteorologists are based on the stud clouds and weather maps, and not on myths.

Programme Music. Instrumental music desi depict natural scenes, incidents, events, or emotion esses, to which the composer gives the clew by me descriptive title or a motto.

Progressive Taxation. Taxation so calcula the larger the income or the bequest, the larger the tion, as well as the actual amount, taken by the gove

Prohibition Party. In 1857 the Independent Good Templars declared it to be one of its cardinal to elect men to office who were against the liquor tr the outcome of a meeting of the Grand Lodge of this Oswego, N. Y., May, 1869, was the naming of a co which called a convention at Chicago, 1869, for the p organizing a National Prohibition Party. One of the of their platform always is a clause against the liqu Their first national convention was held in Columb 1872. James Black was nominated for President Russel for Vice-President. Electoral tickets were pla States and they received 5,607 votes. In 1896. Bi Prohibition nominee, received a popular vote of 264, Projectile. Body thrown in any direction and acted on by the force of gravity. Its path is called tory. The greatest horizontal distance it can travers its range. If we neglect the resistance of the air, t a projectile may be shown to be a parabola. In pra it is somewhat straight at the start, and ends wit ever, it varies widely from this curve, on account

PROJECTILES-PRONG-BUCK

abrupt fall. This friction varies approximately as the velocity
when the latter is small, but more nearly as the cube of this
for velocities like that of a cannon ball. To obtain the maxi-
mum range, if we neglect the air resistance, the angle of pro-
jection should be 45° with the horizon.

Projectiles. Modern projectiles are classified, according
to their structure, into solid shot, shell, and case shot: to their
use, into small arms, field, siege, and seacoast projectiles: and
to their shape, into spherical and oblong. Spherical projec-
tiles are rapidly becoming obsolete. The only solid projec-
tiles are now those for small arms. Elongated chilled cast-
iron cored shot and chrome steel forged and tempered shot
are designed for armor piercing: these have a closed hollow
interior. A shell is a hollow elongated projectile contain-
ing a bursting charge of gunpowder or high explosive, with
a fuse to ignite it at any desired point in its flight. The
12 in. deck-piercing shell and 12-in. mortar shell are of forged
steel carrying heavy bursting charges of high explosives: the
5-in. siege shells are similar to these and are used for both
direct and curved fire against earthen parapets and masonry
structures. The field shells, 3.2-in. and 3.6-in., are designed
to burst into many fragments and have sufficient remaining
velocity to destroy men and material. Modern shrapnel con-
sists of a wrought-iron tube with cast-iron base, the tube filled
with bullets, held in place by a skeleton matrix of cast iron,
and a bursting charge. See HOTCHKISS PROJECTILES.
Projectiles, PENETRATION OF.
tain to modern projectiles of the U. S. Service:
The following data per-

Eh horizontal and renta

siege how'zer. 1,085

1,045 "

7.0 .6

857 ..

siege mortar.

690

8.0 10.0 12.0 16.0.. 12.0

seacoast.

1,950

64

412. 7.907 **

66

16.0

1,975

66

2,100

66

27.1 66

1,975

20.6"

1,140 ..

Es of convenience with hts of profits.

et of industry which

of return from a bust-
rest are deducted.
AL PARTNERSHIP.

nts of a tapeworm, w...
d become ripe, is deta

kind having skus most savage races. 1

the outcome of any

at indicate coming ch of popular prognestast mena have been pla

are based on the study on myths.

umental music desi events, or emotion es the clew by wears

Taxation so calculated quest, the larger the t, taken by the govent

557 the Independent U one of its cardinal

gainst the liquor tr Grand Lodge of this the naming of a co icago, 1869, for the par n Party. One of the ess use against the liqu was held in Colum nated for President a toral tickets were pla votes. In 1896. Be popular vote of 264

in any direction and i y. Its path is called distance it can travers resistance of the air, th De a parabola. In pract is curve, on account o

s.c. mortar.

10.6"

27.5"

Projection. Development with greater or less distortion of the spherical surface of the earth on a plane. That in most general use is the polyconic, which consists in the development of a series of cones, tangent to the earth's surface on parallels of latitude. In some cases a single tangent cone is employed, points upon the earth's surface being projected upon the cone by means of radial lines from the earth's center. The secant cone projection consists in the development of a cone which cuts the earth's surface in two parallels of latitude. The MERCATOR PROJECTION (q.v.) is the development of a cylinder. Many other projections more or less arbitrary are in use.

Prolapsus Ani. Protrusion of the walls of the rectum through the anus.

Prolapsus Uteri. Falling of the womb from its normal position toward the floor of the pelvis, or even beyond so that it extrudes either partially or entirely through the vulva.

Prolate Cycloid, or TROCHOID. One in which the generating point lies within the rolling circle; determined by the equations

Promise. Intention expressed by one person to anot to do some action in the future, the person promised be likely to regulate his actions according to this expectation. Promissory Note. Writing by which the signer unc ditionally promises to pay a certain sum of money to anot at a determinable future time.

Promorphology. Science of the causes of the morp logical structures in living things, or the speculation conce ing the types or geometrical ideas expressed in animal grou These types are the different forms of SYMMETRY (q.v.); a the different sorts of MEROMORPHISM or MEROGENESIS (q.v.)

Promotion. Elevation of a military person to a high rank than that which he then holds. With some exception it is by seniority in the U.S. Service.

Promycelium. First growth from the spores of certa

Fungi.

Pronephric (ARCHINEPHRIC) Duct. See PRONEPHROS. Pronaos. In Classic Architecture, that part of a temp in front of the outer wall.

Pronephros. Head kidney of larval vertebrates, esp cially of fishes. In the Fowl it extends from the seventh the eleventh somites, counting from the front. Its duct is th archinephric, which has one or several nephrostomata at it anterior extremity; posteriorly it empties into the cloaca.

Prong-Buck. Antelope of the Rocky Mts., having short prong on the front of its horns, belonging however onl to the sheath, which is cast every autumn (the rutting season)

Prominences, SOLAR. Projections rising above the general The horns are rudimentary in the fomel
surface of the sun, sometimes to a height of 30,000 or 40 000
They become visible in

1230

PRONOTUM-PROPELLER

Pronotum. Dorsal or tergal portion of the prothorax of

insects.

Pronouns. Words which do or may take the place of nouns; long classified as personal, relative, and adjective.

Pronuclei (MALE and FEMALE). Nuclei which unite in the fertilized egg to form the segmentation nucleus. The female pronucleus is formed, after the polar globules are extruded, from the remnant of the germinal vesicle. The male pronucleus is formed principally from the head of the spermatozoon; it represents a portion of the nucleus of the cell which was metamorphosed into the spermatozoön.

Pronucleus. In Botany, nucleus of a conjugating cell. Proof. Sometimes any method of establishing certitude, whether intuitive, ratiocinative, or experiential; sometimes deductive or syllogistic method, called probation: the latter is exclusively logical or ratiocinative, and the correct technical use of the term; but it establishes no certitude which does not already belong to the premises.

Proof of Death. The most reliable indications that life is extinct are the glary eyeball, with the pupil fixed in dilation, rigidity of limbs, and cadaveric discoloration by surface pressure.

Proofs for the Press, CORRECTION OF.

Its u

Proof Plane. Small conducting disk or sphere attac to an insulating handle, made preferably of shellac. to convey small quantities of electricity from one place to other. For example, in examining the surface density at ferent points on a conductor, the proof plane conveys charges to the torsion balance or electrometer by which are measured.

Proöstracum. Anterior pen-shaped part of the guar a Belemnite.

Proötic. Anterior of the two ventral elements of th capsule of the vertebrate cranium.

Propaganda. Congregation of 30 Cardinals, in cha under the Pope, of all missionary jurisdictions among Pro ants, Orientals, Mohammedans, and Pagans.

Propagation. Any means by which new individual produced by other than sexual processes, such as buddin by spores, fission, etc.

Propagula. Buds or gemmæ of peculiar structure, w (various Algæ, Lycopods, Pondweeds, etc.), grow and p becoming detached from certain plants which produce gate the plant; also runners or stolons.

Propane. C3H. Gaseous hydrocarbon of the mars series; present in solution in crude petroleum. It burns r to carbonic acid and water, and is prepar treating the propyl iodides with nascent hyd

Caps, 1

98

tr.?

was/ of a vessel that wrecked in the Levant and was saved Ital.

8 Brad

Λ

A

this catastrophe formed T
with only two of his crew:
the subject of his poem entitled "The Shipwreck, on
12x which his reputation as a writer chiefly rests. Early
13wf. in 1769, his "Marine Dictionary" appeared, which Room. 14

16# hasbeen highly spoken of by those capable of esti

Λ

mating its merits.

-A

17

710

13

No break, 18

In this seam year, he embarked on the AURORA but l. c.
the vessel was never heard of after she passed the
Cape; the poet of the Shipwreck is therefore sup- Space better 20

posed to have perish'd by the same disaster he had

Stet himself so graphically described. T The subject of

the "Shipwreck" and its authors fate demand our

Λ

interest and sympathy. If we pay respect to the

Λ

ingenpous scholar who can produce agreeable verses
in leisure and retirement, how much more interest

Λ

T

20

22

& Lead 24
must we take in the "shipboy on the high and giddy /-/
mast', cherishing the hour which he may casually
snatch from danger and fatigue.

Λ

refined visions of fancy at / 6

1/0

1. Alteration of type. 2. Small caps. One line is drawn under the word for
italics, two for SMALL CAPITALS, three for CAPITALS. 3. A word or letter to be
deleted. 4. A wrong letter. A line is drawn through the wrong letter, and the
proper one written in the margin. After every mark of correction a line should
be drawn, to prevent its being confounded with any other in the same line, 5 A
turned letter. 6. Letter or words to be inserted. 7. A word or letter to be trans-
posed. Where letters only are to be transposed, it is better to strike them out, and
write them in their proper sequence in the margin, like a correction. 8. Change to
italics. 9. Period, or close of sentence. 10. A space or quadrat sticking up. 11.
The manner in which the apostrophe, inverted commas, the star and other refer-
ences, and superior letters and figures, are marked. 12. Indicates a broken letter.
14. Roman type. 15. The space to be removed and
13. A letter of a wrong fount
the letters closed up. 16. A space wanted. This mark is also used when the
spacing is insufficient. 17. Denotes slip of a letter, either up or down, and is to be
straightened. 18. No new paragraph; the lines to be run on. 19. Directs a capital
letter or word to be made small. 20. A new paragraph. This should be avoided
as much as possible, as it causes great trouble and expense. 21. When letters or
22. Fm-dash; hyphen. 23. Denotes that the lines do not
Lead to be put in. 26. Bad spacing between
let it stand).

not stand even.

Twin Screw of the S.S. City of Paris. often of brass composition, on account of ous pitting corrosion which occurs capric salt water. There is great variety in design blades. Some have constant pitch from ro others vary it radially or axially, on accou greater linear velocity of the ends of th radii. Some blades are wider at the tip t some European designs a bow screw is used as we where else, used especially for tug-boats, others edges parallel. Many smaller vessels have twin s The greater the number of blades at the stern. The best known propeller designs are Hirsch, Isherwood, and Ericsson, besides the commo helical screw. the jarring of the vessel from the revolutions of t In the U. S. Navy the custom has been to curve th backward, the generatrix of the helicoid retreatin plane of the axis. This diminishes shocks to the st The Kunstädter system of screw-propulsion has b main screw a small screw whose shaft has its be the rudder and is deflected sidewise as the rudd This smaller screw shaft is driven by the main s universal joint, and increased maneuvering pow from the capacity for quick turning.

sk or sphere attache of shellac. Its s from one place to a urface density at : of plane conveys the ometer by which the

ed part of the guari e

al elements of the e

O Cardinals, in char ictions among Proves gans.

ch new individua's g es, such as budding e

culiar structure, whi s which produce the etc.), grow and pros

arbon of the marsh roleum. It burns reach er, and is prepared : with nascent hydrog CH C.CH.OH. P mobile liquid of a par

See PROPIOLIC ACID,

h helical blades or vage on of vessels. Ther and are cast all in = bolted to a hub. essary to renew a 7... Shappened to one

cast iron, smaller

The S.S. City of Paris.

tion, on account of the which occurs caprices reat variety in designs! nstant pitch from roc or axially, on account Tof the ends of the re wider at the tip that - tug-boats, others a vessels have twin sereni screw is used as well propeller designs are , besides the comma

e number of blades, tie

the revolutions of thes has been to curve te he helicoid retreating shes shocks to the ste rew-propulsion has bee hose shaft has its bear

sidewise as the rudr riven by the main

PROPERTIUS-PROSODUS

Propertius, SEXTUS, ab.48-ab.14 B.C. Most famous of the Latin writers of elegy. His works, though harsh in style, have high poetic merit. They were tr. in part 1782, and more fully 1870 and 1875.

Property. That which may be owned and may possess a pecuniary value.

Property, RIGHT OF. Legal right of ownership in anything, as distinguished from the mere right of possession or occupancy. It has arisen, historically, from an earlier form of tribal, communal, or family ownership.

Prophases. Stages of KARYOKINESIS (q.v.) preceding the formation of the equatorial plate.

Prophecy. In Scripture, utterance, under the prevailing influence of God, of some truth respecting His attributes or purposes. It included, incidentally, the prediction of future events, which is its popular meaning.

Prophet. One who speaks for a superior, especially those
who in Israel spoke for God against popular corruption, regal
tyranny, and sacerdotal formalism. The sons of the prophets
were young men trained by them, in hope of a special Divine
vocation. Only a few prophets have left writings. The greater,
Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel. Daniel, and the minor, Hosea, Joel,
Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah,
Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, are so called from the compara-
tive length or brevity of their books.

Prophetic Type. See SYNTHETIC TYPE.
Prophloëm. In Plant Anatomy, early formed phloëm
cells of fibro-vascular bundles.

Propiolic Acid. CH C.COOH. Propargylic acid; liquid,
bpt. 144° C. It forms silky crystals below 6° C. It unites easily
with bromine and chlorine. Commercial propiolic acid is the
NITROPHENYLPROPIOLIC ACID, ORTHO (q.v.).
Propionic Acid. CH3.CH,.COOH.

Liquid acid, bpt.
141° C., with acrid odor; much like acetic acid in its character-
istics; usually prepared by the action of water upon ethyl cy-
anide; formed by the fermentation of acrylic and lactic acids.

Propionic Aldehyde. CH,.CH.CHO. Aldehyde corresponding to propionic acid; bpt. 49° C.; liquid with a suffocating odor, prepared from propionic acid.

Propionitrile. See ETHYL CYANIDE.

Propodial. First element of the limb of a vertebrated animal, including the femur of the posterior, and humerus of the anterior extremity.

Propodite. Next to the last segment of the endopodite (walking leg of a lobster, etc.).

Propodium. 1. Anterior portion or lobe of the Gastropod foot. 2. Anterior abdominal segment, fused with the thorax in bees.

Propontis. See MARMORA, SEA OF.

Proportion. Equality of ratios. A:B::C:D is read, A

C

A

=

B

D'

is to B as C is to D. The same may be written,
The first and third terms of a proportion are antecedents, the
second and fourth consequents; the first and fourth are ex-
tremes, the second and third means.
tremes always equals that of the means.
The product of the ex-
be transformed: by alternation, inversion, composition; by
A proportion may
multiplying or dividing by the same number any two terms,
one being an extreme, the other a mean; or by raising all the
terms to any positive power.

Proportion, CONTINUED. Succession of equal ratios, in
which the consequent of each becomes the antecedent in the
subsequent ratio.

Proportional Dividers. Double pair of dividers, having a common joint so that the distance between the points of two legs can be made any convenient multiple of that between the points of the other two; used for enlarging or reducing drawings.

Propostscutellum. Postscutellar plate in the prothorax

of Insects.

Propylæum. In Classic Architecture, a decorative or symbolical structure forming the entrance to the forecourt of a temple or other inclosure. Originally it was a fortified gateway, and generally had gates more or less important in its later development.

The

Propyl Alcohol. CH,.CH,.CH,OH. Bpt. 97° C.
normal alcohol is a constituent of fusel oil, and is obtained
from it by distillation. It is a liquid, with an odor like that
of ordinary alcohol. See ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL.

Propyl Compounds. Compounds containing the group
CH, (propyl), conceived to be derived from propane by the re-

moval of a bud.

Propene

propyl alcohol. It is formed by destructive distillation,
Propylene. CH,. Gaseous hydrocarbon of the eth
series. It can be made by the action of sulphuric acid
one of the light-giving constituents of illuminating gas.
Propylene Bromide. CH.Br. Bpt. 141° C. E

liquid, formed by the union of propyl bromide with bro
Propyl Iodide.
formed by the action of phosphorous iodide on propyl alc
CH,I. Bpt. 102° C. Heavy li
often used in organic chemistry in synthesis.

Propylite. Volcanic rock of the Washoe, Nevada,
Hungary silver mining districts.
trachyte.
Also called greens

Prosecutor. One who acts for government in bring persons to trial on criminal charges, and arraying the evide against them. Proselytes. Converts from paganism. Covenant" were circumcised; those of the Gate" accep Those "of the Jewish beliefs but not the entire ritual. See PRECE OF NOAH.

Prosenchyma. Vegetable tissue composed of elongat cells, mostly with lignified walls, variously combined w ducts, forming the wood of plants. It is absent in the Thai phyta and Bryophyta.

Proserpine, or PERSEPHONE. Daughter of Jupiter a Ceres, wife of Pluto, who carried her off while gatheri

flowers, according to the Latin poets; long sought in vain by her mother. The pigeon and cock were sacred to her.

Prosimii (PROSIMIÆ, DAUBENTONOIDEA, LEMURS). This group others put them into the Strepsirhine division of Quadrumana. of animals is usually placed in a separate order of Placentalia, but good authorities treat them as a section of Primates, while They are connecting links between the Monkeys and the fossil groups Condylarthra, Mesodonta, etc., which are generalized ancestors of the Rodents. Carnivores, and Ungulates. LEMURS and CHEIROMYDÆ. See

Prosobranchiata (REPTANTIA, ANISOBRANCHIATA, PECTINOBRANCHIATA, etc.). Dioecious Gastropods, with a shell, and with gills in front of the heart. left) is present. The sub-orders included are Placophora, Cy-As a rule only one gill (the clobranchia, Zeugobranchiata. and Ctenobranchiata. chlamyda, Siphonochlamyda, and Pneumochlamyda. authors omit the first two and group the others as HoloSome REPTANTIA. See.

Prosodus. Canal leading water into a spongo

1232

PROSODY-PROTOCOCCOIDEA

Prosody. Science of metrical forms, or of verse in general. The meters of poetry originated in the primitive choral dance, which combined step, melody, and words. This unit was differentiated into the arts of dancing, music, and poetry; but metrical terms like foot, verse ("a turning"), arsis, thesis, betray their origin. Classical prosody is based on the principle of quantity, or the relative length of syllables; while modern verse depends chiefly on accent, although quantity plays its part. Repetition (harmony) of a certain arrangement of long and short, of heavy and light syllables is the principle of all prosody. This rhythm, or recurrence, has its natural analogy in the beat of the heart, the ebb and flow of the sea, and can hardly be, as some modern writers claim, a pure invention. Other elements of prosody are tone-color (including rhyme, alliteration, onomatopoeia) and the arrangement of verses in a stanza.

Prosoma. Muscular anterior portion of a Nautilus, which usually projects from the shell.

Prosopen (PERSONA). Bion consisting of metameres, or idorgans, as an individual plant, lobster, or fish.

Prosopology. Branch of Biology which treats of the Prosopens.

Prosopygii. Subdivision of Vermes, including the GEPHYREA and the MOLLUSCOIDEA (q.v.).

Prosopyle. Opening from an incurrent canal, or from a prosodus into a sponge ampulla.

Prospecting. Miner's search after ore deposits in a district unknown or little known.

Prosper of Aquitaine, ST., ab.400-460. Latin poet and controversialist, who supported Augustine's doctrine against the semi-Pelagians. He left much theological verse, a Liber Sententiarum, and a chronicle to 455. His day is June 25.

Prostate Gland. Glandular substance surrounding the neck of the bladder in the male which frequently enlarges in the aged, rendering micturation difficult.

Prostomium. Lobe or proboscis in front of the mouth of Planarian worms.

Protagon. C10H308N,PO, Fatty compound forming the
chief constituent of nervous tissue.

First Greek sophist at
Protagoras, ab.485-411 B. C.
Athens, expelled for impiety. His books are lost: Plato wrote
against them.

Protamoba. See GYMNOMONERA.

Proteaceæ. Natural family of flowering plants, of the
class Angiosperma and sub-class Dicotyledons, comprising 52
genera and ab. 950 species of trees and shrubs, mostly natives
of Australia and Africa, with a few in S. America.

Proteana. Section of Gymnomyxa, including most of
Haeckel's Monera; class Proteomyxa.

Protection. Legislative restriction of importation by
duties, or granting bounties on production, to encourage the
industries of the nation.

Protector. Title of a few English regents, as Somerset 1547-48, and Cromwell 1653-58.

Proteida. See PERENNIBRANCHIATA.

Proteids. Those albuminous constituents of protoplasm and its products, which when used as food by animals can be again converted into protoplasm. Examples are: albumen, globulin, myosin, casein, vitellin and peptones. Proteid food is absolutely necessary to sustain animal life and for tissue increase. Other nitrogenous foods, though chemically like proteids, are incapable of forming tissue, unless eaten with proteids. Such are called Albuminoids; e.g., Gelatin.

Protein. Roughly speaking, those constituents of fodders that contain nitrogen. Upon the relation of these substances to the other constituents depends largely the whole system of compounding rations for stock feeding. They are the most important, most costly, and most often lacking constituents of fodders. Protein is estimated by multiplying the amount of nitrogen in a fodder by 61.

Protein Substances. See ALBUMENS and ALBUMINOIDS. Protenchyma. In Plant Anatomy, all tissues not referable to the fibro-vascular system.

Proteomyxa. See PROTEANA.

Proterandrous. Flowers whose anthers ripen and discharge the pollen before their stigmas are mature, thus preventing self-fertilization; also termed Synacmy. Proteranthous. Plants whose flowers unfold before the

leaves.

See PHANEROGLOSSA.

ndor of Ophidia, in

the Colubriformia, and in the front of the mouth one or m cluding poisonous snakes, having teeth, resembling those

fixed, erect fangs that convey poison from a poison g There are two families, the HYDROPHIDAE and ELAPIDE Proterogynous. Flowers whose stigmas mature b the pollen is discharged from the anthers, thus preventing fertilization; also known as Heteracmy.

Proterosauria. Order of extinct Lizards, having b cave vertebræ and bifid spinous processes. It includes th est Lizards.

Proterospongia. See CHOANOFLAGELLATA. Protesilaus. First Greek killed at Troy. See LAOI Protest. 1. Formal objection to a demand, as a duties on goods. 2. Formal statement by a notary up dishonor of commercial paper.

Protestanten-Verein. Association formed in Ge 1863-65 to further religious liberty and progress; stigm by conservatives as rationalistic, and not favored b authorities.

Protestants. Christians who in the 16th century de themselves from Rome: so named 1529 at the Diet of divided into Evangelical or Lutherans, and Reformed vinists. They include Christians not of the R. C. or churches. The number of Protestants in the world is est to be in Europe 80,812,000, America 57,294.014, Oceanica 781, Africa 1,744,080, Asia 662,750; total 143,237,625.

Protestant Union. Formed May 4, 1608, by Frede elector of the Pfalz; joined by Wurtemburg, and th graves of Franconia and Brandenburg, for mutual pro against infringements of the Peace of Augsburg.

Proteus. Legendary prophet, who tended the f Poseidon; he rose from the sea at midday and slept in th of the rocks. Whoever would consult him must seize hi and hold him fast through all the various forms he m If he could not escape, he resumed his prope and told the truth.

sume.

Proteus. See PERENNIBRANCHIATA. Protevangelium. 1. Supposed original of the 2. Apocryphal gospel ascribed to St. James.

Prothallium. Small green growth resulting germination of the spores of ferns, clubmosses and oth ductive organs; it is the sexual or gametophyte stage dophyta, and bearing the antherids and archegones, t plants.

Prothorax. Anterior of the three segments of a thorax. It bears the front pair of legs. Protobathybius. See BATHYBIUS. Protocatechuic Acid. C,H,(OH),COOH. MI Colorless plates, easily s Dihydroxy-benzoic acid. water; product obtained by fusing various resins, as zoin, with alkali; made synthetically by heating pyr with ammonium carbonate.

Protocercal. See DIPHYCERCAL. Protococcaceæ. Order of Chlorophyceae or gr into irregular colonies, mainly reproduced by zoospo Protococcoideæ. Class of Protophyta, incl including minute forms with isolated cells, or these a merous unicellular green forms, by some regard