posed to guide sharks to their food, because found associated Pilot Knob. In Mo. Here a Union force of 1,200 re- Piloty, KARL VON, 1826-1886. German painter, prof. Munich Academy 1856, director 1874. He exercised an important influence as a teacher, on American artists among others. He represents some advance in color beyond most of his German contemporaries, although far below Makart. Pilpay, or BIDPAI. Reputed author of a noted collection of Indian fables, tr. from the Sanskrit into Pehlevi, or early Persian, in the 6th century, and subsequently into Arabic, Greek, Latin and most European languages. Kalilahand Dimna, the Arabic version, 750, is the earliest extant. The PANCHATANTRA, the MAHA-BHARATA, and the HITOPADESA (q.v.), each contain portions of this work. Pils, ISIDORE ALEXANDRE AUGUSTE, 1815-1875. French painter, especially of battle-scenes. Pilsen. City of w. Bohemia, on the Beraun. It has manufactures of woolens, cottons, etc. Taken by Ziska 1421; occupied by Wallenstein 1633-34; now noted for its beer, annual product 300,000 bbls. Pop. 1891, 50,693. Pim, BEDFORD CLAPPATON TREVELYAN, R. N., 1826-1886. Arctic explorer, M.P. 1874-80. Gate of the Pacific, 1863. Pimaric Acid. C2,H,,O,. Mpt. 148° C. Main constituent of galipot resin. See ABIETIC ACID, which it closely resembles. 30 Pimentel, MANOEL, 1650-1719. dealing with S. America. Portuguese geographer, Pimento (ALLSPICE). West Indian spice, from the fruit of Eugenia pimenta, a tree found mostly in Jamaica. Pimpernel. Anagallis arvensis. Low, weedy herb of the Primrose family, with variously colored flowers, usually scarlet, which close in cloudy Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis). weather, whence it is known 11 and a leading Federalist.-His brother, THOMAS, 1750-1828, v Gov. of S. C. 1787-89; Minister to England 1792-94, and to Spa 1794-96, where he secured the free navigation of the Miss sippi; M. C. 1799-1801; major-gen. U.S.A. 1812, acting agair the Creeks. Pindar, ab. 522-ab. 442 B.C. Most famous Greek ly poet, who spent the greater part of his life at Thebes, but w for a time at the court of King Hiero of Syracuse. Pindar, PETER. See Pindarees. Roving Pindar. Pindemonte, IPPO- Pindus. Mountain range between Thessaly and Epirus. Pine. Trees of the family Conifera, genus Pinus, yielding important timber. There are numerous species, widely distributed throughout the n. temperate zone. Scotch Pine, P. sylvestris, called Scotch Fir, is the only species indigenous to Great Britain. Black Pine, P. nigricans, is a native of Austria. Taurian Pine, P. maratima, Aleppo Pine, P. halepensis, and Corsican Pine, P. laricis, are found in s. Europe. Other European species are Cluster Pine, P. pinaster, Pyrenean Pine, P.pyrenaica, and Stone Pine, P. bruttia. In N. America are Red Canadian Pine, P. resinosa, Scrub Pine, P. banksiana, Yellow Pine, P. rariabilis, Jersey Pine, P. niops, Pitch Pine, P. rigida, Southern Pine, P. palustris, White Pine, P. strobus, and F. lambertiana. Most of these trees furnish valuable timof other genera. Many of these trees yield turpentine as sap, ber, though the term Pine-timber is applied to wood of species from which rosin and oil of turpentine is obtained. Pine, ROBERT EDGE, 1730-1788. English portrait painter, in Phila. from 1783. Pine, STRENGTH OF. The tensile strength is about 10,000, and the compressive strength from 5,000 to 8,000 lbs. per sq. in. of cross-section. Pineal Eye. Rudimentary eye, present in the top of the cranium of certain Reptiles, and represented rudimentarily in Mammals by the pineal gland. Pineapple. Ananassa sativa. Herb of the natural famIt is native of Europe and in-ily Bromeliaceae, native of S. America; widely cultivated in troduced into N. America. Pimpernel, FALSE. Пly santhes gratioloides. Small marsh plant of the natural family Scrophulariacea, na- Pimpernel, WATER. See Pimples. Name com monly given to small swellings of the skin. These may con- Pina Cloth. See PINEAPPLE. Pinacothek. Picture gallery of Munich, completed 1836 by Klenze. The paintings are of rare value and include the famous Boisserée collection of old German masters. Pinchbeck. Alloy consisting of two parts of copper and one of brass. Pinckney, CHARLES, LL.D., 1758-1824. Member of the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787; Gov. of S. C. 1789-93, 1796-98 and 1806-8; U. S. Senator 1798-1801; Minister to Spain 1802-5; M.C. 1819-21; anti-federalist.-His son, HENRY LAURENS, 1794-1863, M.C. 1833-37, founded the Charleston Mercury 1819, and edited it till 1834.-Their cousin, CHARLES COTESWORTH, 1746-1825, was a colonel in the Revolutionary War, member U.S. Constitutional Convention 1787, major-gen. U.S.A. 1797, 1184 PINEL-PINS the natural family Monotropacece, parasitic on the roots of Pinel, JACQUES, 1640-1693. French buccaneer in W. Indies, Pinel, PHILIPPE, 1745-1826. French alienist, reformer of the treatment of the insane, and first to study properly and understand their condition. Pinelo, ANTONIO DE LEON, ab. 1590-ab.1675. Officer of the COUNCIL OF THE INDIES (q.v.). He wrote much on the Spanish colonies, and codified their laws. Pinene. CH16. Two varieties, dextro and lævo. Bpt. Pinero, ARTHUR WING, b. 1855. English playwright. The Pinerolo. Town of n.w. Italy, 23 m. s. w. of Turin, with Pine-Sap. Hypopitys hypopitys. Pine-Sap (Hypopitys hypopitys). the natural family Mo- Pine-Sap, SWEET. Pines, ISLE OF, or HUNCA. In the southern Pacific, belonging to France, 30 m. s.e. of New Caledonia; discovered by Cook 1774, and since 1872 a penal colony. Turtles are Area 72 abundant. sq. m. Pop., exclusive of convicts, ab. 800. Pine Tree Money. The first mint established in Boston tree on the obverse. It is Pine Wool. Fiber obtained from the leaf-needles of the Scotch fir and woven into blankets for hospital use. usually mixed with cotton or wool, and supposed to have medicinal properties. Pine-Weed. See ORANGE-GRASS. Pingré, ALEXANDRE GUI, 1711-1796. French astronomer. Ping-Yang. In e. China; scene of a Japanese victory Pinheiro, SYLVESTRE FERREIRA, 1769-1847. Portuguese Pini, GAETANA, 1846-1886. Italian physician and philanthropist. Pinillos, CLAUDIO, COUNT OF VILLANUEVA, 1782-1853. Supt. 1825-50 of Cuban finances, which he greatly improved. Pink. Showy-flowered herbs of the genera Dianthus and Crimson pink of s.e. U. S. Pinkerton, ALLAN G., 1819-1884. Founder of a detective Pinkeye. Contagious inflammation in the eyes of horse in which the white of the eye appears as deeply congeste The disease may occur in man, and the word is popularly use to indicate any disease of the eye where the conjunctiva is re dened. Washing the eye with antiseptic lotions, as of bo acid or of borax, is curative in mild cases. Pinkie Clough. Battle near Edinburgh, Sept. 10, 15 the English under Somerset totally defeated the Scots und Arran, who lost 10,000 men besides 1,500 prisoners; Engli loss ab. 200. Pinkney, WILLIAM, 1764-1822. U. S. Commissioner to E land 1796-1804 and 1806; Attorney-gen. of Md. 1805; Minis to England 1807-11, and to Russia 1816-18; U. S. Attorney-g 1811-14; M.C. 1815-16; U. S. Senator 1820.-His son, EDWA COATE, 1802-1828, wrote some memorable verses; his neph and biographer, WILLIAM, D.D., LL.D., 1810-1883, became sistant Bp. of Md. 1870 and Bp. 1879. Pink-Root. Spigelia marylandica. Showy-flowered c cinal herb of the natural family Loganiaceae, native of the e. U.S. Pink Salt. Ammonium chlorstannate. SnCl,.2NH Pin-Money. Sum allowed by the husband to the wife her dress, decoration and ornament. Pins were accepta New Year's gifts to ladies, in place of the wooden skew which they used until ab. 1500. They sometimes receive composition in money whence the term. Pinna. Leaflet of a compound leaf, especially in ferns Pinnacle. In Gothic Architecture, a tapering mass stone crowning a buttress, and having for its mechanical f tion to add to its height, but often elaborately enriched carving. Pinnacocytes. Pavement-like epithelial cells, such constitute the ectoderm in Sponges and also line the para tric cavity and canals in all but the lowest sponges. Pinnate. Arrangement of the veins of a simple lea the leaflets of a compound leaf, laterally along a central vein or axis, like the disposition of the barbs on the shaft feather. Pinnatifid. Leaves which are divided nearly to the rib into lateral segments. Pinney, NORMAN, 1800-1862. American author of Fr text-books. Pinnigrada. See PINNIPEDIA. Pinnipedia (PINNIGRADA). Sub-order of Carnivora, prising the Seals and Walruses. The limbs are short hinder ones directed backward, and the toes united by to form swimming paddles. The tail is short and conical. skin rests upon a layer of fat (blubber), and bears a short fur, usually interspersed with bristles. The ears are sm absent. The lungs are large, the intestine very long com with that of other Carnivora. The food is fish, shellfish other marine animals. There are three families: PHO Pinnock, WILLIAM, 1781-1843. English author of b ical and other text-books, some of them widely used. Pinnulæ. Simple jointed side twigs on the branched of Crinoids (Stone Lilies). OTARIADÆ, and TRICHECHIDÆ (q.v.). Pinnule. Division of a pinna or leaflet in a decomp leaf, especially in ferns. Pinnulus. Pentactine sponge spicule, having spin one ray; present in the genus Asconema. Pinocle. German Bezique, played with two pac cards, Ace to Nine, the game being 1,000 points, and it m cards are dealt, the next card being trump, and the balan played by from two to four persons. In two-handed ga not required to follow suit. Combinations are declared drawn with the play. The cards are then played, but are taken in hand and played, following suit and takin trick if possible, and trumping when the player has n Bezique. After the pack is exhausted, the cards not suit. In three-handed game the whole pack is dealt a cards are played as in two-handed game after the p exhausted. The four-handed game is played as in the handed game, but may be played as partners. Pinocle i bination of queen of spades and knave of diamonds. Pins. The earliest pins were probably fish bones or t Pins with gold heads have been found in Egypt and and first made in England 1543. Solid headed pins we made by machinery in England 1824 under patents of pins at Pompeii. Brass pins were brought from Frand Wright, an American. Pins are now made entirely by n n. JOHN, 1758-1826. Scottish writer, chiefly of T. Fowler in 1860. Ordinary pins are brass, coated wit els 17 vols., 1808-14; Correspond-ery, even to sticking them in papers, which was pater PINSUTI-PIPE LINES Tue Annunciation, at Spello, Italy, by Pinturicchio. dral. His affinities with Perugino are marked, but his originality was greater. He had influence on Raphael, who worked under him in youth. Pinweed. Low woody plants of the genus Lechea, natural family Cistaceae, natives of e. N. America. Pin Worms. Animal parasites (Ascaris vermicularis) whose habitat is in the large intestine. They are from 4 to 12 in. long, resembling a short piece of cotton thread, whence another name, Thread worms. The chief symptom of their presence is an intense itching at the anus. The most successful treatment applies the vermifuges locally by enema or suppository. From their habitat, they are sometimes called Seat worms. See ASCARIDE. Pinxter-Flower. Azalea nudiflora. Showy-flowered shrub of the Heath family, native of e. N. America; known also as Wild Azalea. Pinzon, MARTIN ALONSO, 1441-1493. Associate and rival of Columbus; captain of the Pinta 1492.-His brother, VICENTE YAÑEZ, ab.1460-ab.1524, had command of the Nina 1492, and discovered Brazil 1500; another, FRANCISCO MARTIN, ab.14621500, was pilot of the Pinta.-Their nephew, ARIAS MARTIN, 1465-1510, was pilot of the Nina, sailed with Columbus twice later, and with Vicente 1499, 1507, and 1509. Piombino. Italian principality, including part of Elba; connected with Lucca 1806-14; assigned to Tuscany 1815. Area 139 sq. m. Piombo, SEBASTIAN DEL, 1485-1547. Italian painter, great colorist, and associate of Michelangelo, who made the design for his Resurrection of Lazarus in the National Gallery. His works are rare, and of the first rank. Several of them have been ascribed to Raphael; e.g., the Fornarina of the Uffizi in Florence. Pioneers. Military road and bridge builders, who remove obstruction from the path of an army.-In civil life, first settlers of a new country, who clear and plant the land.-Figuratively, advance guards of civilization, in science, art, or any department of thought or activity. Piorry, PIERRE ADOLPHE, 1794-1879. Prof. Paris 1840-66; inventor of the pleximeter; writer on pathology. 11 Pip. Name formerly given to different diseases of fox See ROUP. Pipe. Wrought-iron tube for conveying gas, steam water in factories or other buildings; distinguished fr "tube" technically by being sold always by the inside dia eter, and less carefully made as to quality of raw mater than tube, which is known by its outside diameter. The us diameters are ", " ", ", ", 1", 1", 1", 2", 2", 3", and single inches to 14" as an ordinary limit; usual lengths are or 16 ft. Sizes under 11" are butt-welded; above that li they are lap-welded. They are tested to 200 lbs. per sq. in butt-welded pipe; to 2,000 for lap-welded. The usual pr ess of manufacture is to roll plate to the required thi ness and width if possible; heat and bend over by drawi through a curved orifice; reheat and weld over a ball und rollers; straighten by rolling between hyperboloidal rolls; off and test. See TUBE. Pipe, or PIPE-VEIN. Form of ore deposit, of limited exter showing a relatively marked elongation in one direction; n often met with except in a limestone country. Pipe, or BUTT. English measure for wines, used also other European countries; varying from 104 to 137 imper gallons. Pipe, INDIAN. Monotropa uniflora. Low white or pi herb of the natural family Monotropaceae, native of N. Ame ica, growing as a saprophyte on decaying wood in forest known also as Corpse Plant. Pipes, TOBACCO. The custom of smoking tobacco orig nated in America, and has been diffused throughout the wor since the time of the discovery. It was practically univers among the American tribes, and appears to have been pra ticed from remote antiquity. The earliest form of the pi was doubtless a simple tube, such as was used in Mexico, an occurs in the mounds of Ohio. Its origin has been traced the blowing tube, used by the shaman or medicine man direct his breath, a potent agency in magical rites. Burnin material is thought to have been placed in the tube, tha the smoke might render the breath visible. Tobacco is on one of several plants smoked by the Indians, and its first u may have been the result of a happy accident. The name derived from an Arawak word of the Bahama dialect, tabak referring to the pipe in which the tobacco was smoked. great variety of forms exist among the American pipes. Th first were doubtless made of reed and have disappeared. Sto and pottery were generally employed, especially the we known Catlinite or pipe stone, which was quarried by the I dians at the Coteau des Praries in southwestern Minnesota. general, the pipe was a ceremonial object in America, used tribal rites. It was first brought to Europe by Ralph Lan first Governor of Virginia, 1586, who gave it to Sir Walt Raleigh. Pipe-Clay. Light-colored plastic clay, suitable for use making earthen pipes. In California it is customary to call clay of any color a pipe-clay, if found associated with a bod of auriferous gravel. Pipe-fish. See LOPHOBRANCHII. Pipe Lines. 1. Long lines of water mains for the supp of a city. One at Rochester, N. Y., is nearly 30 m. in lengt 2. Conduits for the transportation of oil, natural gas, et Piozzi, HESTER LYNCH (SALUSBURY), 1741-1821. Friend Companies chartered for the operation of such lines consul .. 1186 PIPE-ORE-PISANO Pipe-Ore. Masses of bog iron ore, having a cylindrical or doubly conical structure, such as might be caused by the meeting of stalactites and stalagmites. Piperaceæ. Natural family of flowering plants, of the class Angiosperma and sub-class Dicotyledons, comprising 11 genera and ab. 1,025 species, widely distributed in tropical regions; called the Pepper family. Piperic Acid. C,,H,,O,. Mpt. 217° C. Long needles, insoluble in water; obtained by boiling piperine with caustic potash. Piperidine. C,H,,N. Liquid of strongly basic properties and the odor of pepper; bpt. 106°C.; derivative of pyridine. It occurs in pepper in combination with piperic acid in the alkaloid piperine, and is made by treating pyridine with nascent hydrogen. Alkaloid occurring Piperine. C17H19NO3. Mpt. 128° C. in different varieties of pepper. It crystallizes in prisms, and is decomposed by boiling alcohol into piperic acid and piperi dine. Pipestone. See CATLINITE. Pipette. Glass tube open at both ends, terminating below in a narrow tapering point. There is usually blown in the tube a spherical or cylindrical bulb. A liquid may be introduced into it by direct immersion or by aspiration, and if the top be closed with the finger, the pipette may be transported from one place to another. By admitting the air, the liquid will run out, the rate of efflux being easily regulated by the finger. Pipewort. Aquatic herbs of the genus Eriocaulon, natives of N. and S. America. Pippi. GIULIO ROMANO (q.v.), who was called G. Pippi. Low, evergreen, Piquet. French game of cards, mentioned by Rabelais Piracy. Robbery on the high seas; a crime by international law, which has been extended and regulated by modern statutes. Piræus. Harbor of ancient and modern Athens; designed by Themistocles; anciently connected with Athens by 3 walls, now by a railway 5 m. long. It sank into obscurity after 86 Piranesi, GIAMBATTISTA, 1711-1778. Italian architect an engraver; author of many fine plates of Roman Antiquitie and ab. 130 of modern buildings, pub. in 16 folio vols., 1743 an later. His son, FRANCESCO 1748-1810, carried on the work. Pirithous. Son of Zeus and Dia. His marriage to Hipp dameia occasioned the battle of the Centaurs and Lapitha He went to Hades with Theseus to seize Proserpine, and wa there detained in chains. Piron, ALEXIS, 1689-1773. French poet and dramatis noted for his epigrams. La Métromanie, 1738. Pirouette. Rapid turn upon one foot, often repeated dancing. Pirry, or PIRRIE. Sudden gale, squall or pirouette of win larger than the little cat's-paw, and strong enough to damag small craft. Pisa. Ancient Etruscan city of Italy, on the Arno; once seaport, is now 5 miles from the sea; powerful in 11th cent by Florence from 1406. The University, founded 1338. has a and active against the Saracens; crushed by Genoa 1284: rule 750 students and 65 instructors, with a library of 120.000 vol The Leaning Tower, built 1174, is of circular form, 180 ft. hig in eight stories; it is 58 ft. in diameter and inclines ab. 14 from the perpendicular. The Baptistery dates from 1174: it 180 ft. high, 160 ft. in diameter, and is crowned by a dom Held 1409; called by 14 cardinals. Pop. of commune, 1893, 61,500. See LEANING TOWERS a Pisa, COUNCIL OF. deposed and anathematized the rival Popes of Rome and Avi non, and elected a third, Alexander V. Its oecumenicity not admitted. BAPTISTERY. Pisan, CHRISTINE DE, 1364-ab.1431. French poet and h torical writer. Greek epic po Pisander, 7th cent. B.C. or later. Heracleia. Pisander. Leader of the oligarchical party at Athe chief agent in establishing the Council of 400, 412 B.C. Pisano (DE PONTEDERRA), ANDREA, 1270-1349. sculptor, greatest pupil of Niccola P. His best work, and t most important of that age, is the earliest pair of bronze do of the Florence Baptistery, with reliefs from the life of Jo the Baptist. Itali Pisano, GIUNTA, 1190-1236. Italian painter, pioneer of a free from Byzantine shackles. Pisano, NICCOLA, ab.1206-1278. Earliest Italian sculp to work in a professional spirit and to revive the science the ancients in design. His great works are the pulpits in P and Siena; the former (ab.1260) is more celebrated, as first time and somewhat superior in the style of its relief comp The Piræus and Port of Athens, from the Seat of Xerxes. The Pulpit in the Baptistery at Pisa, by Niccola Pisano. tions. It has epoch-making importance for the later hist of Italian art.-His son, GIOVANNI, 1250-1330, was more fluenced by the northern Gothic, and less by the antique. headed a school of artists whose relief works on the Cathe facade at Orvieto are especially celebrated. Pisano, or Pisanello, VITTORE, 1380-1456. Italian fre e and medalist. PISCARY-PISTON Piscary. The right or privilege of fishing. Common of piscary is the right of fishing in waters belonging to another person. Piscataqua River. In New Hampshire, and is partly Pisces (FISHES). Cold blooded, usually scaly, aquatic Ver- Pisciculture (FISH CULTURE). Broadly, as Aquaculture, Piscina. In Gothic Architecture, properly a channel to Pise, CHARLES CONSTANTINE, D.D., 1802-1866. American Pisemskii, ALEXSEI, 1820-1881. Russian novelist and Pisgah. Mountain e. of the Dead Sea, from whose, peak Moses overlooked the Land of Promise. Pisidia. Former region of s. Asia Minor, between Phrygia and Pamphylia. Its ancient inhabitants were mainly independent and lawless. twice expelled; in power from 543 B.C. He enforced th of Solon, and ruled without oppression, and was succeed his sons. Piso, LUCIUS CALPURNIUS, 2d cent. B.C. Latin an once consul; victorious in Sicily; celebrated on coins family. Others of this house were eminent in war and s manship. Pisolite. Variety of calcite, occurring in concreti forms, the individual grains being about the size of a pea. Pison, WILLEM, 1596-1681. 1637-45; discoverer of ipecacuanha, which he brought into Dutch naturalist, in I Pistachio-Nut, or GREEN ALMOND. Fruit of Pistacia common in s. Europe. It is somewhat like the almond green. Lamb fattened upon the nuts is a delicacy. Pistil. Female organ of reproduction in flowers, occ ing the center of the blossom, and consisting of ovary, s and stigma. Pistillate. Flowers in which the pistils are present w out stamens, or the stamens present and imperfect. Pistillody. Transformation of other floral organs pistils. Pistoia. Town of Italy, 21 m. n.w. of Florence, wh ruled it from 1306; scene of Catiline's defeat 62 B.C. Pop. 21,000. Pistol. Short single-hand firearm for use at close quart invented ab.1500 in Italy: replaced in military service by REVOLVER (q.v.). Pistole. Former Spanish gold coin of varying value, u ally $10 or more. Piston. Circular disk which reciprocates in a cylind whose bore it fits closely, and which separates the fluid greater pressure on one side from that of less pressure on t other as it drives or is driven by that of greater pressure. T idea of utilizing a piston in a cylinder to be actuated by stea is due to DENIS PAPIN (q.v.), although the idea of the pum piston seems to run much further back, to the earlier write on hydraulics and pneumatics. The piston disk is usual much thinner than its diameter; it is either solid, or hollo when it is called a box piston. It is in one piece, or in tw When in two pieces, the larger part to which the rod is s cured, and which carries the radiating ribs which give it stif ness, is known as the spider, and the ring or disk which bol over the cavities and mechanism of the spider is called th follower. In large vertical pistons, following an English pred edent, it is called a junk-ring or bull-ring. To pack the con tact of the piston disk with the bore of the cylinder, solid pis tons or box pistons in one piece have grooves turned in thei cylindrical surface, into which are fitted light rings which ar pressed out against the bore. These rings may be of cast iron Piston. steel, or brass, or brass with Babbitt-metal buttons or pockets. They may be forced out by their own elasticity, being turned as for a cylinder larger than the one in which they are to work; a cut then being made in the circumference, makes it possible to spring them into place in the smaller bore, so that they press outward when at work. Or there may be a spring ring put behind the packing ring to force the latter out, or steam may be let in behind the ring into the groove and press the segments of the ring radially outward. In follower pistons adjustment. For air pistons metal rings are used where the the springs are often arranged to be adjustable radially by nuts on studs when the follower is off, or wedges are used for air is to be much heated by the compression; but leather answers for low pressures. For water oi |