e same ice of in the epend es. I al mo diaphragm. ves into the uses pecul on for chang ng mass. A enter a pawl atchet wheel, er them easily the opposite of the mems able to pro itchet passing ed by Edison, ph line can be n is operated is es respond only on the line of interfere in no e circuit, being 3. This system .100 miles. eral, prominent inators of Dori PHOSPHINE-PHOSPHORUS PENTABROMIDE Phosphine. C,H,NO,. Diamidophenylacridinehydrochloride; by-product in fuchsine making; orange powder, soluble in water. It dyes cotton yellow upon a tannin mordant, and is not to be confounded with the gaseous phosphine, PH,. See PHOSPHURETED HYDROGEN. Phosphines. Compounds formed by replacing the hydrogen of phosphoreted hydrogen (PH,) by organic groups or radicals. Examples: PH,.CH,.. methyl phosphine. PH:(C,H,), diethyl phosphine. Phosphites. Derivatives of phosphorus acid. Phosphomolybdates. phomolybdic acid. Metallic derivatives of phos Phosphomolybdic Acid. Various in composition; the ordinary form has the formula H,PO..11M0O+12H2O. Ammonium phosphomolybdate is its most important derivative. Phosphonium Bromide. PH,Br. Colorless, transparent cubes, very hygroscopic; unstable; made by treating phosphine with gaseous hydrobromic acid. Phosphonium Chloride. PH.Cl. Small lustrous needles, obtained by subjecting equal volumes of phosphine and hydrochloric acid gas to 2.7 atmospheres pressure at 2.2° C.; more unstable than the corresponding bromide or iodide. Phosphonium Iodide. PH.I. Transparent cubes, formed by the action of phosphine on hydriodic acid. Phosphor Bronze. Alloy more resistant to abrasion than the ordinary bronzes for bearings and journal brasses, and more infusible after being cast for tuyeres and other such uses, made by fluxing bronze with phosphorus, and containing less than one per cent of this. Invented by a Belgian engineer 1870. See COPPER, METALLURGY OF. Phosphorescence. Power in certain substances of appearing self-luminous when viewed in the dark, after being exposed for a time to the action of any luminous radiation. The phenomenon is supposed to be due chiefly to the action of rays of rather high refrangibility. The sulphides of calcium and of barium are notably phosphorescent. In many cases the phosphorescence is of short duration; for the examination of thought to be due to it. Poisonous, colorless, slightly gas, of an unpleasant, garlic-like odor, usually spontar inflammable; made by heating phosphorus in a solut caustic potash. It does not take fire in the air wher Liquid phosphine has the formula P.H., and solid pho P.H2. Phosphoric Acid, or ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACID. I The anhydrous acid consists of hard, colorless prisms, rapidly absorb moisture from the air, forming a thick It is made by dissolving phosphorus pentoxide in hot or by treating phosphorus with nitric acid; it is tribasic, ing primary, secondary, and tertiary salts by replacem one, two, and three hydrogen atoms respectively. G phosphoric acid is the more common commercial form METAPHOSPHORIC ACID (q. v.). When heated to 200°-300° C converted into pyrophosphoric acid; heated to 400° C., it metaphosphoric acid. Phosphorite. Fibrous, massive, or concretionary of APATITE (q.v.). Phosphorogenic Rays. See PHOSPHORESCENCE. Phosphoroscope. See PHOSPHORESCENCE. Phosphorous Acid. H,POs. Transparent crystals, by treating phosphorus trichloride with water; converted phosphoric acid by heat; dibasic acid. Phosphor Tin. Brittle, white substance, compose tin and phosphorus in varying proportions; sp. gr. 6.56; ble in hydrochloric acid; made by throwing phosphorus melted tin, or by melting equal parts of tin and phosph pentoxide together; used in making phosphor bronze. Phosphorus. P. At. wt. 31, sp. gr. 1.83, sp. ht. mpt. (under water) 44° C., bpt. 290° C., valence III., V. Discov by Brand 1669; waxy, transparent, yellow substance. It not occur in nature, on account of its great affinity for oxy on exposure to the air at ordinary temperatures it takes It is made by calcining bones, then treating with sulphuric when this reaction takes place: Cas(PO4)2 + 2H2SO. = ( (PO4)2 + 2CaSO.. This primary phosphate is heated converted into the metaphosphate. CaH.(PO4)2 Ca(E Becquerel's Phosphoroscope Distillation of Phosphorus. + 2H2O. It is then distilled with carbon and silica, and densed under water. 2Ca(PO), +10C+2SiO, = 4P + 100 2CaSiO,. When taken into the stomach, it is poisonous, as its vapors. It must be handled with the greatest care, s it takes fire readily and causes serious wounds. It occu several allotropic forms. See PHOSPHORUS. AMORPHOUS, PHOSPHORUS, CRYSTALLIZED. It is insoluble in water, but uble in carbon disulphide. It is used in making matches as a poison for vermin. such Becquerel's phosphoroscope may be employed. This con- Phosphorescent Clouds. Very delicate, silver-white Phosphorescent Organs. Present on the ventral side of the abdominal segments, and sometimes in other parts of the body of insects; also on the sides of deep-sea fishes. The cells of these organs produce light under nervous stimulation of a trophic character. Examples are glow-worm, fire-fly and certain marine animals. Phosphoreted Hydrogen, or PHOSPHINE. PH. Sp. gr. 1.2. It was discovered by Gengembre 1789. Ignes fatui is Phosphorus, AMORPHOUS. Made by heating ordi phosphorus to 300° in a sealed tube; dark red powder, in poisonous. Heated to 261° C. it is converted into the ordi variety. It is used for making safety matches, being appli the box. ordinary phosphorus is heated with lead for ten hours Phosphorus, CRYSTALLIZED. Metallic phosphorus. sealed tube from which the air has been exhausted, on coo black crystals are found. They undergo no change in the Phosphorus Hydrides. See PHOSPHORETED HYDRO Phosphorus Oxychloride. POCI,. Clear, fur liquid, made by treating phosphorus pentachloride with droxyl compounds. Treated with water it yields phospl and hydrochloric acids. Phosphorus Pentabromide. PBr... Yellow, cry 。 1174 PHOSPHORUS PENTACHLORIDE-PHOTOGRAPHY line solid, made by adding bromine slowly to phosphorus tribromide. Phosphorus Pentachloride. PCls. Solid, crystalline, yellowish, fuming compound. made by treating phosphorus trichloride with chlorine. It sublimes without fusion. It is used as a reagent for testing for the presence of hydroxyl and for introducing chlorine into hydroxyl compounds. Phosphorus Pentafluoride. PF. Colorless, strongly fuming gas, with a marked odor; made from arsenic trifluoride and phosphorus pentachloride. Phosphorus Pentaselenide. PSe. Dark-red, glassy substance, crystallizing from carbon tetrachloride in black needles, decomposing in moist air; made by heating phosphorus and selenium in a carbon dioxide atmosphere. Phosphorus Pentasulphide. P,S. Grayish-yellow crystalline mass, or thin, almost colorless crystals; mpt. 274°276° C., bpt. 530° C.; soluble in caustic alkalies and ammonium hydroxide; made by heating phosphorus (2 at.) and sulphur (5 at.) together in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. Phosphorus Pentoxide. P,O,. Phosphoric anhydride; white powder, becoming glassy on fusion; odorless, with a strong acid taste, sublimable; extremely hygroscopic, therefore used extensively as a dehydrating agent; formed by burning phosphorus in a free supply of air or in oxygen; very soluble in water, forming PHOSPHORIC ACID (q.v.). Phosphorus Sulphobromide. See PHOSPHORUS SUL PHOCHLORIDE. PSC13. Colorless, Phosphorus Sulphochloride. strongly refractive, mobile, fuming liquid of unpleasant odor. It dissolves sulphur and phosphorus. It is made by heating phosphorus with sulphur monochloride, S.Cl,. The corresponding bromine and fluorine products are very similar in properties and are made in the same general way. Phosphorus Sulphofluoride. See PHOSPHORUS SUL PHOCHLORIDE. Phosphorus Tribromide. PBr.. Colorless liquid; bpt. 175° C., sp. gr. 2.7; made by treating phosphorus with bromine; used in the synthesis of organic compounds. Phosphorus Trichloride. PC,. Fuming, colorless liquid, of a sharp, penetrating odor; sp. gr. 1.61; made by passing chlorine over gently heated phosphorus; decomposed by water, forming hydrochloric and phosphorus acids; used as a reagent for testing for hydroxyl. Phosphorus Trifluoride. PF, Colorless, non-fuming gas, decomposes with water into phosphorous and hydrofluoric acids; made by heating copper phosphide, Cu,P,, with lead fluoride. Phosphorus Triiodide. PIs. Red crystals; mpt. 55° C.; made by treating phosphorus with iodine; used in the synthesis of organic compounds. Phosphorus Trioxide. P,O, or PO.. Phosphorus anhydride; white, voluminous, easily volatile substance of a garlic-like odor and acid taste, obtained in large crystals by sublimation in a vacuum; mpt. 22.5° C. The action of light causes it to change rapidly to yellow and finally red. It is formed by the incomplete combustion of phosphorus in air. Phosphorus Triselenide. PSe.. Similar to the trisulphide; robin-red solid, taking fire in the air, soluble in caustic potash; made by fusing phosphorus with sulphur. Phosphorus Trisulphide. PS.. Grayish-yellow, crystalline substance; mpt. 167° C.; soluble in caustic alkalies and ammonium hydroxide; made by heating phosphorus and sulphur together in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. Photantitypimeter. Form of actinometer introduced Photius, d. ab.891. Patriarch of Constantinople 861; great Photochromoscope. Instrument invented by F. E. reversal of the camera, and blends the three images into one Photographic Object-Glass. Object-glass so formed as to bring the actinic rays of the spectrum to a common focus instead of the visual rays. April 16 Photographic Survey OF THE HEAVENS. 1887, by invitation of Admiral Mouchez, an international con gress assembled at Paris for the purpose of considering plan for a photographic survey of the entire heavens on a uniform the work among different observatories, the construction system. The scheme then inaugurated involved apportionin tions of detail, to insure uniformity. All this required tim the work is now fairly under way, but many years will be r special instruments, and the settlement of innumerable ques quired for its completion. Two distinct series of plates are Equatorial Photographic Telescope at Melbourne Observatory. be taken: 1, a series with sufficiently long exposure to show stars to the 11th magnitude inclusive, for the formation purposes of a chart. The work has been distributed amon catalogue; 2, a series with long exposure, 40 minutes, U.S. On the other hand, an independent photographic su observatories, but does not include a single observatory of a splendid instrument of 24 in. aperture, the intention b to obtain with this single instrument a chart of the e is being conducted at the Harvard College Observatory heavens. Photography. Art of producing pictures by ligh sensitized surfaces. In 1802 Wedgwood, in England, on moistened with a solution of silver nitrate, reproduced sign on translucent paper laid upon it and exposed to 1 Davy found that silver chloride was more sensitive. In Niepce discovered that an asphaltum film on metal or exposed to light under a drawing, was rendered insolub oil of lavender and petroleum. He thus produced pictu tically a into one tself. egrative a don glass is made, in ick on er process, atin plate, collodion water and ate, which with nitric is also proroduced by late coated ved by turs made from of color is to ork of black and the sen ced. This is ss so formed ommon fort, NS. April 1 rnational con sidering plans on a uniform d apportioning construction of umerable ques required time ears will be re of plates are to urne Observatory. exposure to show & r the formation ure, 40 minutes." distributed among le observatory of photographic su ege Observatory e, the intention a chart of the et pictures by light in England, on rate, reproduced a exposed to PHOTOGRAVURE-PHOTOTACHY a camera obscura which he named Heliographs. He became associated with Daguerre 1829. The latter, in 1839, invented the DAGUERREOTYPE (q.v.). The Callotype was patented by W. H. Fox Talbot 1841. Paper sensitized with silver iodide, after exposure in a camera, was developed by silver nitrate and gallic acid, the unaffected silver salt being removed by sodium thiosulphate, a suggestion of Sir John Herschel. The paper was then waxed to render it translucent, and constituted a negative, which was exposed to light upon similarly prepared paper to produce a positive. Sir John Herschel suggested the use of glass plates. Niepce Saint-Victor introduced the use of egg albumen containing the silver salts for coating glass negatives and paper positives. The collodion process was invented by Scott Archer of England 1851. Pyroxyline is dissolved in alcohol and ether, containing cadmium and potassium iodides, and with this a glass plate is coated. This is dipped in a water solution of silver nitrate, which produces silver iodide in the film. After exposure in the camera, the picture is developed by a solution of ferrous sulphate or pyrogallic acid which causes a deposition of metallic silver where the light has acted, thus producing a negative. The unaffected silver salts are removed by a water solution of sodium thiosulphate. The paper for the positives contains salt and is sensitized with nitrate of silver, producing silver chloride. This is exposed to the light under the negative, which reduces the silver salts to metallic silver, producing a positive. This is toned or colored in a water solution of gold chloride, the unaltered silver salts dissolved by sodium thiosulphite and thoroughly washed. The gelatin dry plates are made of an emulsion of gelatin in water, with silver chloride, bromide, or iodide, dried upon glass plates. The emulsion was used successfully 1871 and the dry plates ab.1878. They are used and treated similarly to the collodion plates. Orthochromatic and isochromatic gelatin dry plates contain small quantities of eosin or other coal-tar dyes and reproduce the true shade relations of colors; they were first made by Vogel 1873. Color photography, reproducing colors, has not yet been effected; Gabriel Lippman of Paris claimed to have accomplished this in 1891, but no valuable results have been obtained. Color printing has been accomplished by plates made by interposition of a red, green, or blue-violet screen in the camera, which permits the passage of the respective rays. By superprinting with the respective pigments the original colors can be obtained. See FERROTYPE, BLUE-PRINTING and PLATINOTYPE. AMBROTYPE.-This is silver negative on glass with a black background of paper or cloth. ARTOTYPE.-A glass plate is coated with albumen and potassium bichromate, dried at 110° F., and the albumen rendered insoluble by exposure to light. It is then coated with gelatin and potassium bichromate, dried at 110° F., and coated with gelatin, isinglass and ammonium bichromate, with a small addition of chrome alum and potassium bicarbonate, and dried as before. The plate is then exposed under the negative, by which the transmitted light renders the gelatin insoluble. It is now immersed in water to remove the unaltered bichromates. Paper prints are made from this in the lithographic press, the ink adhering only to the altered gelatin. Two thousand impressions have been taken from a plate. This process was perfected by Joseph Albert of Munich, and is sometimes called the Heliotype, Photogelatin, and ALBERTYPE (q.v.). Photogravure. In making a plate for this process, a silver collodion positive on glass is made from a silver collodion negative on glass. A gelatin film, containing lampblack and sensitized with potassium bichromate, on tissue paper, is exposed to the light under the positive. The resulting negative is laid, face downward, on a copper plate, coated with rosin, and the paper stripped off, leaving the gelatin film attached to the copper plate. This is treated with hot water, which dissolves the gelatin which has not been affected by the light, leaving a gelatin negative on the plate. This is then treated with perchloride of iron, which etches the copper, more or less, according to the thickness of the gelatin, thus reproducing a positive on the copper. This is frequently finished by handwork and then steel faced by an iron solution to increase its durability. Prints are made on paper from this in a copperplate press. Photolithography. A film of bichromatized gelatin on paper is exposed to light under a negative and the unaltered bichromate washed out with water. The film is then inked with greasy printers' ink, which adheres only to the gelatin rendered insoluble by light. This is laid face downward on the lithographic stone, upon which it is pressed, thus transferring the ink to the stone. The paper is removed by rubbing with water. A water solution of gum arabic fills the pores of the un inked stone The picture in ink is thug loft 117 Photo-Mechanical Printing (WOODBURYTYPE). layer of gelatin sensitized with potassium bichromate is ex posed under a negative and the unaltered gelatin dissolved i warm water, leaving a gelatin relief. This is impressed in sheet of lead, thus forming a mold. This is filled with colore gelatin, covered with paper and a glass plate and pressed. Th gelatin cast adheres to the paper and is hardened by alun solution. The Stannotype, also invented by Woodbury, is mad in a similar manner, a carbon gelatin mold being lined with tin foil. In the Phototype, Heliotype and Collotype processes the gelatin relief is printed from with printers' ink. See AUTOTYPE Photometer. Instrument for comparing the illuminat ing powers of two sources of light. The two lights are placed at such distances from the illuminated surface as to produce the same effect, as judged by the eye. In Rumford's photom eter a vertical rod casts two shadows on a screen; the distances are so adjusted that the illumination of these shadows shall be In equal; the illuminating powers of the sources are then proportional to the squares of their distances from the screen. Bunsen's the sources of light are placed at such distances on opposite sides of a translucent disk, having on it a paraffined spot, that the illumination, as viewed from each side successively, appears to be the same. The same law of distance applies in this case also. Photometer, MERIDIAN. Designed by Pickering. The instrument is mounted in the meridian with appliances so arranged that the light of each star as it culminates may be compared with that of Polaris. Photometer, POLARIZING. The light is passed through a Nicol's prism with apparatus so arranged that by turning the prism the light may be reduced to the same brightness shown by a standard star in the same field. The latter may be a real star or an artificial one. Photometer, WEDGE. The important feature is a wedge of colored or neutral-tinted glass: the star's light is measured by the thickness of the wedge necessary to extinguish it. Photometry. Science of measuring and comparing the relative amount of light emitted by different sources. The methods generally consist in measuring the distances at which two sources produce equal intensities of illumination. Hence by the application of the law of inverse squares the ratio of the quantities of light emitted can be determined. The unit in photometric measurement is the quantity of light emitted by a standard candle. This is a spermaceti candle, six to the pound, each burning 120 grains per hour. The Paris Electrical Standards committee in 1884 recommended as the unit the light emitted by one square centimeter of melted platinum at its temperature of solidification. Photometry, STELLAR. Measurements of the amounts of light, or relative brightness, of stars. Photonephograph. Apparatus (consisting essentially of twin cameras adjustable at any angle of elevation and azimuth) for taking simultaneous photographs of a cloud as seen from two points on the earth; so named by Abney 1883. Photophone. Crystalline selenium when acted upon by light increases in electric conductivity, sometimes even tenfold. Light of varying intensity produces corresponding changes of conductivity. The photophone is constructed on this principle. Photosphere OF THE SUN. Luminous mass which forms the visible disk. It consists of a mass of luminous clouds floating in the sun's atmosphere. 1176 PHOTOTAXIS-PHYLLODY Phototaxis. Habit of certain organisms of placing themselves in definite positions with reference to the incident rays of light, as in the zoospores of some Alga. Phototonic. Action of light upon certain plants, increasing or inducing irritability. Photozincograph. See PHOTO-ENGRAVING. Phragma. Membrane stretched across the hollow stems of the Equisetacea at each node; also dissepiments of certain fruits. Phragmacone. Chambered portion of the internal shell of a BELEMNITE (q.v.). Phranza, GEORGE, 1401-1478. Byzantine historian. His Chronicon, written after the fall of Constantinople and pub. 1796, extends 1259-1477. Phrenology. So-called system of psychology, founded by GALL (q.v.) and developed by his followers. At one time it had considerable popularity, but has now fallen into disrepute. It was based upon four principles: 1. The brain is the organ of mind. 2. The mental powers can be analyzed into a definite number of independent faculties. 3. These faculties are innate, and each has its seat in a definite region of the brain. 4. The size of each of these regions is proportionate to the power of manifesting the faculty associated with it. Gall divided mind into 26 faculties, and mapped out a corresponding number of areas on the skull: this number was varied by succeeding 17 16 AFFECTIVE. 30 122 12 20 I. PROPENSITIES.-1. Amativeness; 2. Philoprogenitiveness; 3. Inhabitiveness or Concentrativeness; 4. Adhesiveness; 5 Combativeness; 6. Destructiveness and Alimentiveness; 7. Secretiveness; 8. Acquisitiveness; 9. Constructiveness. II. SENTIMENTS.-10. Self-esteem; 11. Love of Approbation; 12. Cautiousness; 13. Benevolence; 14. Veneration; 15. Firmness; 16. Conscientiousness; 17. Hope; 18. Wonder; 19. Ideality; 20. Wit; 21. Imitation. INTELLECTUAL. I. PERCEPTIVE.-22. Individuality; 23. Form; 24. Size: 25. Weight; 26. Coloring; 27. Locality; 28. Number: 29. Order; 30. Eventuality; 31. Time; 32. Tune; 33. Language. II. REFLECTIVE.-34. Comparison; 35. Causality. phrenologists, the maximum number of faculties and areas, 43, being reached by Fowler of New York. The objections to this system are many and unanswerable. Psychologically, the division of mind into a number of independent faculties is admittedly impossible, while the mapping out of sharply defined areas of the brain which can be determined by external examination of the skull has been shown by the modern researches in brain physiology to be in direct opposition to the facts. At the same time there is localization of brain function. and Gall's system of phrenology must be given the credit of being the first systematic attempt on empirical lines to determine its details. Phryganidæ. See TRICHOPTERA. Phrygia. Region of central Asia Minor, whose limits varied at different times. The original inhabitants were probably Thracian. The earliest Greek music came in part hence. Phrygian Language. Only known by glosses and inscriptions, and was probably an Indo-European tongue, closely related to the Armenian. Phrynichus, 5th cent. B.C. Attic tragic poet. Phrynichus, ARABIUS, 2d cent. Greek rhetorician and grammarian. BC. Boeotian courtesan, famous for Phrynidea. See PEDIPALPI. Phthaleins. Compounds formed by heating phenols with Phthalic Acids. C,H,:(COOH),. Dicarboxyl derivatives Phthalic Anhydride. C,H,(CO),O. White solid, crys Phthiotis. S.e. Thessaly; birthplace of Achilles. Phthisis. Any wasting disease, but now usually applie Phycocyanin. Characteristic bluish-green pigment co Phycoerythrine. Red soluble coloring matter contain in the Floride (Rhodyphyceae) or red Alga. Phycology. Study of seaweeds; Algology. Phycomycetes. Sub-class of Fungi, mostly unicellu or cœnocytic organisms with both sexual and asexual mo of propagation, including many of the moulds. Phycophæin. Reddish-brown substance obtained fr certain of the olive-brown seaweeds. Phycoxanthin. Yellow substance obtained in alcoh solution from the olive-green seaweeds and diatoms. Phylactery. Small square box, inclosing certain te worn by the Jews during the hours of morning prayer, o literal interpretation of Exod. xiii. 9, 16. Phylactolæmata (LOPHOPODA). Ectoproctous Bry Phylæ. Attic tribes; at first 4, then 10, finally 12. Phyllidiobranchia. In this group of Opisthobra Phyllirhoë. Nudibranch belonging to the sub-g Phyllite. Old name given to clay slate or argilla Phyllocladia. Branches which imitate leaves, an many cases perform the functions of leaves, as with Cact Phyllocyanin. Greenish-blue substance, obtained the alcoholic solution of chlorophyll by the action of ethe hydrochloric acid. Phyllocysts. Cavities in Hydrophyllia. Phyllodium. Leaf-like organ developed from the si a petiole, as in many Acacias. Transformation of floral organs to leave rician and henols with est member derivatives ed phthalic para-, called the action crystallizes alcohol and dride. It is e solid, crys C.; prepared ng the phtha lles. ually applied . for the most The disease cillus of tuberell established -ibuted to this is so difficult, ead. The preLing the expec comes in conhere should be e onslaught of the lungs. See ONSUMPTION. en pigment con= soluble in hot matter contained y. ostly unicellular d asexual modes e obtained from ined in alcoholic atoms. ng certain texts, ing prayer, on a proctous Bryozo ophore. They are ms, colonial, and s free-moving col finally 12. of Greece 280-29) of Opisthobranes are symmetrically CHIATA. to the sub-group ate or argillaceous tate leaves, and in s, as with Cacti. ance, obtained from e action of ether and lia. pped from the sides d organs to leaves. PHYLLOME-PHYSICS Phyllome. Modified leaves, especially those which per- a, Sea hare (Branchi- shrimp (Artemia sa Phyllopodium. Petiole of a simple leaf, or petiole and rachis of a compound leaf. Phyllorhina. Tribe of Microcheiroptera, characterized by having cutaneous appendages spread on the nose, consisting of a horseshoe-shaped anterior leaf, a medium saddle, and a posterior, vertical, lancetshaped leaf. The RHINOLOPHIDE, MEGADERMIDE, and PHYLLOSTOMIDE (q. v.) are the families included. Phyllosiphoneæ. Family of minute green Algae of the order Siphonacea, occurring within the tissues of other plants. Phyllostomidæ. See BATS. lina), male. Phyllotaxy. Study of arrangement of leaves on a stem. Phylloxera. Genus of plant lice of ab. 20 species (nearly cipally on the leaves. Life-history of Phylloxera. Phylogenetic Variation. Congenitally acquired im provements of the characteristics inherited by an orga from its ancestors, provided such improvements are tran ted to posterity. Phylogeny (PHYLOGENESIS). Race development; or, broadly, the development of the different species, genera, ilies, orders, classes, etc., of organisms, according to the lutionary view, from the simple and original parent spe The species of a genus are more nearly related and have recent ancestors than species of different genera, and the turn than species of different families, and so on. ONTOGENY. Com Phylum. Branch or large division in a system of clas cation of organisms. Phyogemaria. Small gonoblastidia of the siphonoph Physic, INDIAN. Perennial white-flowered herbs of the genus Porteranthus, natural family Rosaceæ, natives of the e. U. S. Physical Diagnosis. distinguished from the symp- Physical Education. This Portuguese Man-of-war (Physal the training of muscles of the human body and its conseque healthy development. Throughout all time the strengthenin of the body, as a means of defense and attack, was necessar for self-preservation. The early Greeks were skillful wit sulted in the noted GREEK GAMES (q.v.). These were replace weapons of war and later extended their training, which r by exhibitions of skill by their slaves. The Romans closel followed the Greeks in their athletics. In the Middle Ages ex ercise was practiced for its usefulness in war. 18th centuries some efforts were made to encourage gymnas In the 17th an tics. Early in the present century JAHN (q.v.) organized gym nastic societies in Germany and invented much of our moder apparatus, and is considered the founder of the modern system which has extended to U. S. and other countries. The Swis system of Clias was introduced in France, Italy and England Ling invented the Swedish system, which begins with simple movements, gradually extending these to more complex exer cises. England developed the sports and games. In U.S. gymna siums were established by schools and colleges on the German plan. The Harvard system was originated by Dr. Sargent in 1869 and consisted of the use of developing apparatus, regu lated for the individual, the movements being the Swedish. ANTHROPOMETRY (q.v.) is used to guide the exercise. More than 1,000 such gymnasiums have been built in U.S. Physical Geography. See GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL. Physicians, ROYAL COLLEGE OF. Founded in London 1518; that of Edinburgh 1617, chartered 1681. Salerno was already termed the Hippocratic City in 9th century. The Arabian medical authors began to be known in Europe through translations ab.1050. Physick, PHILIP SING, M.D., 1768-1837. Prof. Univ. Pa. 1805-31; "father of American surgery." Physic Nut. Fruit of Curcas purgans, found in the E. Inacrid oil, called Jatropha-oil, used as a purgative, and in lamps. dies. It is a small bush with a milky juice; the seeds yield an Physics. That department of science which treats of matter in its relations to energy. It investigates the phenomena and properties of matter and energy, states the results in terms of some definite measurement, and explains them according to certain principles or laws, regarded as the laws of nature. It was formerly called Natural Philosophy. It includes Mechanics, Gravitation, Cohesion, Elasticity, Acoustics, Optics, Heat, Electricity and Magnetism; the properties of masses and molecules. |