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PHENANTHRENE-PHILADELPHIA

Phenanthrene. C.H... Solid hydrocarbon, crystallizing in plates and melting at 100° C.; found in coal tar. It is present in anthracene oils, and may be separated by the oxidation of the anthracene, leaving the phenanthrene. It is used in making printers' blacks.

Phenetol. C,H,OC,H,. Phenylethyl ether; bpt. 172° C.; liquid of very agreeable odor, prepared from diazobenzene nitrate and ethyl alcohol.

Phenetol Red. Sodium salt of the product of the action of diazophenetol upon a naphtholdisulphonic acid.

Phenol. C,H,OH. Carbolic acid; colorless crystalline mass of strong odor, melting at 41° C. It is prepared from coal tar. The oils, distilling from 150°-225° C., are treated with caustic soda solution, the clear solution then acidified by sulphuric acid, in which the phenol is insoluble, and which causes its separation as an oil. It is then rectified. It is slightly It is used largely as an antiseptic and for soluble in water. the preparation of other products, as salicylic acid and picric acid. It is poisonous and should be used with care about extensive wounds. It is very easily acted upon by chemical agents. It forms unstable salts, as the sodium salt C,H,ONa (called a phenylate or phenate), which is decomposed by water. The name phenol is applied to the class of compounds obtained by replacing the benzene hydrogen of aromatic hydrocarbons with hydroxyl.

Phenol Alcohols. Substances which are at once alcohols and phenols, as HO.C,H,.CH,OH, hydroxybenzyl alcohol. See ALCOHOLS and PHENOLS.

Phenol Brown. See PHENYL BROWN.

Phenol Colors. Artificial coal-tar colors, prepared from phenols, or having the constitution of a phenol; e.g. eosin.

Phenolphthalein. CHO.. Phthalein of phenol, produced by heating phenol with phthalic anhydride and sulphuric acid; yellow mass, insoluble in water. Used as an indicator, it gives a deep red with alkalies, and is colorless with acids, in dilute solution. It is the first member of the class of phthaleins.

Phenols. Compounds in which hydroxyl (OH) is attached to a carbon atom which is a member of a closed ring. So phenol is BENZENE (q.v.), in which hydrogen has been replaced by hydroxyl. The compounds present certain similarities to the alcohols, but have a more acid character. See PHENOL. By oxidation they are usually broken up and do not furnish acids or ketones. Examples: Phenol, cresol, naphthol.

Phenol Sulphonic Acid. HO.C,H,.HSO,. Known in three forms: ortho, meta, and para. They are all white crystalline bodies. The ortho and para phenol sulphonic acids are formed by the action of sulphuric acid upon phenol. The ortho acid is used as an antiseptic.

Phenomenology. Science of phenomena or of the laws of events, including their classification and the order of their dependence and conditions; contrasted with Ontology.

Phenomenon. 1. Any event which occurs in time and conditioned by some cause, whether the event be related to consciousness or not. 2. Appearance essentially related to mind and expressed in terms of consciousness, or a relation to knowledge.-In science, any event, whatever its character or circumstances.

Phenyl. CH. Group or radical derived from benzene by the removal of one atom of hydrogen from it. C,H,-H= CH- Constituent of numerous aromatic compounds. It does not exist in the free condition.

Phenyl Acetate. CH,.COO.C.H.. Bpt. 193° C. Liquid of agreeable odor, prepared by the action of acetamide upon phenol.

Phenyl Alcohol. See PHENOL.

Phenyl Amine. See ANILINE.

Phenylamine Blue. See DIPHENYLAMINE BLUE.
Phenyl Brown. Yellow powder, somewhat explosive;
produced by the action of nitric acid upon crude phenol.
Phenyl Cyanide. See BENZONITRILE.

Phenylene. CH. Group or radical derived from ben-
zene by the removal of two atoms of hydrogen. C,H,-2H =
CH. Three forms of the group, ortho-, meta-, and para-
phenylene, are recognized. Derivatives are called phenylene
compounds.

Blue dyestuff prepared by the action
Phenylene Blue.
of aniline and oxygen upon paraphenylenediamine.
Phenylene Brown. See BISMARCK BROWN.
Phenylenediamine. C,H.: (NH2)2.

Diamidobenzene;
Comes corresponding to the three phenylene

by the action

of hydrogen upon the corresponding nitranilines and dinitro compounds; bases, forming permanent salts with hydrochloric acid. The meta compound is used as a test for nitrous acid, the minutest amount of the acid giving a yellow coloration with the compound.

Phenyl Ether. (CH)2:O. Long needles, prepared from phenol by treating it with zinc or aluminium chloride.

This Phenylhydrazine. C.H..NH.NH, Colorless crystals, easily uniting with hydrochloric acid to form a chloride. salt is best prepared by the action of hydrogen on diazobenzene chloride. It is a common reagent for the detection of aldehydes, ketones and glucoses, with which characteristic compounds are formed.

Phenyl Salicylate. See SALOL.

Phenyl Sulphone. (C,H),:SO,. White crystalline body,
See BENZENE SULPHONIC
prepared by the action of sulphuric anhydride upon benzene.
Phenyl Sulphurous Acid.
See SULPHENES.
ACID.

Phenyl Violet. CH,N,O,. Acetate of orthotolylpara rosaniline; made from the residues of the fuchsine manufactured by the arsenic acid method; green powder, dyeing wool red-violet.

Pheræ. City of Thessaly, near Mt. Pelion; capital of Jason and Alexander, 378-357 B.C.

Pherecrates, 5th cent. B.C. Athenian dramatist. Frag ments survive.

Pherecy des. 1. Greek philosopher of Syros, 6th cent B.C. 2. Athenian writer on mythology and history, 5th cent B.C. Both are known by fragments.

Phi Beta Kappa. College fraternity founded 1776 a William and Mary Coll., Va.

Phidias, ab. 500-ab. 432 B.C. Greatest sculptor of an Art director of Athens during the ascendency of Pericles. The Parthenon and Propylæa were thus amon cient Greece. his works. He is best known through the sculptured decora tions of the Parthenon, now mainly in London. Although i is not certain that he personally worked on any of thes figures, it is possible, and they represent his original models As a sculptor he was most actively employed on the coloss Among other colossal bronz Athena in the Parthenon. gold and ivory temple statues, like the Zeus at Olympia an figures he executed the Athena Promachus for the Acrop olis. The later Greek types of Athena and Zeus were h creation. The bust known as the Otricoli Jupiter in th Vatican is the best Roman copy of the later type. The cha acteristics of this sculptor were simplicity, sublimity an grandeur.

Phigalia. Ancient town of s. w. Arcadia, noted for Its fine frieze, showin fights between Centaurs and Lapithæ, and Greeks and Am temple of Apollo, described 1765. zons, was taken to the British Museum 1812.

Philadelphia. Largest city of Pa., on the Delaware, a the mouth of the Schuylkill. It has extensive railroad con

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Independence Hall. munications and a large commerce. newly annexed suburbs, is regularly laid out. It covers

Most of it, except

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PHILADELPHIANS-PHILIP II.

sq. m., the city and county being coextensive. It has ab. 1,300 m. of streets, of which ab. 350 are paved. Water is supplied by pumping, mainly from the Schuylkill, with a small proportion from the Delaware. The principal park is Fairmount, on both banks of the Schuylkill, in the outskirts of the settled area. It comprises 2,740 acres, or ab. 4 sq. m. There are numerous other parks and open squares. The city is thoroughly sewered, drainage being had into the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. It has extensive manufactures, consisting largely of iron and steel, cotton and woolen goods, carpets, drugs, chemicals, sugar, and molasses. It is the site of Univ. Pa, Jefferson Medical Coll., Girard Coll., and other educational institutions. Swedish colonists located here 1636. The city was founded by Penn 1682, and from the commencement had a steady growth. It was the place of meeting of the Continental Congress from 1774 till 1783, excepting the year of its occupation by the English troops, in Carpenters' Hall 1774, subsequently in the State House, Independence Hall. Here the Declaration of Independence was adopted and the U.S. Constitution was framed. It was the capital of Pa. till 1799, and of the U. S. 1790-1800. Pop., 1890, 1,046,964.

Philadelphians. Mystical sect, founded 1652 in London by Dr. John Pordage (1608-1698), and other disciples of Jakob Boehme (1652-1710), theosophist and mystic. Mrs. Leade was its prophetess. It died ab. 1710.

Philæ. Island in the Nile, near Assouan, and just above the First Cataract; site of some picturesque ruins of the Ptole

Island of Fhilæ, seen from the southwest corner.

maic period. It was celebrated in Egyptian Mythology as the burial-place of Isis and Osiris, and thus became a resort for pious pilgrims.

Philaret, 1782-1867. Abp. of Tver 1819; Metropolitan of Moscow 1821; eminent for piety, learning, eloquence, administrative ability, and knowledge of Western thought.

Philaster. Bp. of Brescia in 4th century; writer on here

sies.

Philately. Study and gathering of postage-stamps; begun ab. 1850, and since carried to great lengths by many persons in all civilized lands. It is now far more popular (at least in the U. S.), though far less instructive, than numismatics; for stamps suggest only geography, while coins cover almost the whole ground of known history. Numerous journals are devoted to philately, as well as organized societies of stamp collectors. The sale of stamps is a well recognized industry. The word was coined by a French collector (Herpin) 1865.

Philbrick, JOHN DUDLEY, LL.D., D.C.L., 1818-1886. Supt. of Boston schools 1857-74 and 1876-78. City School Systems, 1885.

Philelpho, or Filelfo, FRANCESCO, 1398-1481. Italian teacher; Sec. to Venetian Embassy at Constantinople 1426-27. After acquiring a knowledge of the Greek language and literature, then almost wholly unknown in the West, he returned to Italy and played an important part in the Revival of Learning then in progress, lecturing at Bologna, Florence, Milan, and Rome.

11

Philemon, EPISTLE TO. Eighteenth N. T. book, writt by St. Paul to a Colossian, interceding for a fugitive slav Onesimus.

Philharmonic Society. 1. Of New York; organizati of professional musicians whose purpose it is to give concer of high-class music on the communal plan; organized April 1842; incorporated Feb. 17, 1853. It has given annual concer since 1842. Carl Bergmann was conductor 1865-76. His su cessors have been Dr. L. Damrosch, T. Thomas, A. Neuendor and Anton Seidl. 2. Of London; founded 1813 for the encou agement of orchestral and instrumental music. Some of th greatest masterpieces were written for it, among them th Choral Symphony of Beethoven. 3. Of Vienna; an orchestra body with organization and purpose similar to those of th New York Society; organized 1842 by Otto Nicolai.

Philetas, oF Cos, 3d cent. B.C. Poet and critic at Alex andria; tutor of Ptolemy Philadelphus.

Philidor, FRANÇOIS ANDRÉ (DANIGAN), 1726-1795. French chess player, composer of 22 operas, besides intermezzi an church music. Jeu des Echecs, 1777.

Philip. One of the Apostles; in later life active, it is said in Asia Minor.

Philip. Evangelist: one of the 7 deacons. Acts vi., viii. Philip II., OF MACEDON, 382-336 B.C. King 359; conqueror of Thessaly, and at Charonea 338 of all Greece; father of Alexander, who carried out his plan of invading Persia.

Philip V., 237-179 B.C. King of Macedon 220; at war with Rome 210-205 and 200-197; defeated at Cynoscephalæ 197.

Philip I., OF FRANCE, 1052-1108. King 1060; twice excommunicated.

Philip II. (AUGUSTUS), 1165-1223. Son of Louis VII.; King 1180. He took part in the 3d crusade 1190, warred with England and other neighbors, greatly enlarged his domains, quarreled with the Pope, gained a memorable victory at Bouvines 1214, and did much for Paris and its university.

Philip III., 1245-1285. Son of Louis IX.; King 1270; a wise and pacific ruler.-His son, PHILIP IV. ("LE BEL"), 12681314, King 1285, taxed the clergy, defied the Pope, and later won infamy by persecuting and destroying the Templars 1310-14.His 2d son, PHILIP V., reigned 1316-22.

Philip VI., 1293-1350. King 1328; founder of the House of Valois; at war with England from 1337; worthless, as man and ruler. He was defeated at Cressy and lost Calais 1346-47.

Philip II., OF SPAIN, 1527-1598. Son of Charles V.; King 1555; most powerful monarch in Europe, holding Spain, vast dominions in America, Africa, and E. Indies, the two Sicilies, Milan, Burgundy, the Low Countries, and, from 1581, Portugal. He exhausted his dominions in attempts to subjugate the Netherlands, and in wars with England and France. The elaborate preparations of the Armada 1588 ended in humiliating

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failure. His long reign was an industrious and dogged effort to maintain the sternest absolutism and the most rigid Catholic orthodoxy, and to enforce them by any means: sincerity and justice had no more value with him than human life. In modern eyes he is the most offensive, as he was the most destructive, of monarchs.-His son, PHILIP III., reigned 1598Philemon AND Baucis. Phrygian entertainers of Zeus 1621, and expelled the Moors: his son, PHILIP IV., 1621-1665, and Hermes; celebrated in Ovid's Metamorphoses. lost Portugal.

Philemon, ab.365-262 B.C. Attic writer of the New Comedy, imitated by Plautus. Fragments survive.

1170

PHILIP V.-PHILOPENA

Philip V., 1683-1746. Grandson of Louis XIV.; King 1700; first of the Spanish Bourbons; feeble and incapable. The War of Succession, 1700-13, stripped Spain of the Netherlands, Italy, and Gibraltar.

Philip. German emperor 1198-1208; son of Frederic I. Philip, or METACOMET, d. 1676. Indian chief who carried on a devastating war against the Mass. colonists 1675.

Philip THE BOLD, 1342-1404. Son of John of France; Duke of Burgundy 1363.-His grandson, PHILIP THE GOOD. 1396-1467, was in alliance with England 1419-35, and inherited most of the Netherlands ab.1430, making his realm the strongest in Europe.

Philiphaugh. In s. Scotland, near Selkirk; scene of defeat of Montrose Sept. 13, 1645.

Philippi. City of Macedonia, famous for the victory won by Octavianus and Antony over Brutus and Cassius 42 B.C.; seat of a church addressed by St. Paul ab.62 from his Roman prison, in an epistle which is the 11th N. T. book.

Philippics. Three great orations of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon. The Olynthiac orations are sometimes so styled, as also Cicero's orations against Antony.

Philippine Islands. Large group in w. Pacific, n.e. of Borneo, the principal being Luzon and Mindanao; discovered 1521. They belong to Spain and are very fertile. Area ab. The natives rose in rebellion 1896. Pop. ab. 115,000 sq. m. 7,500,000.

Philippine Islanders. The original inhabitants, NEGRITOS (q.v.) or Etas, now number ab. 25,000 in population. The chief inhabitants are Malays, of whom the TAGALS (q.v.) and Visayas are the most important tribes and number ab. 3,300,000.

Philippopolis. Ancient city of E. Rumelia, on the Maritza; taken by Turks 1363, and by Russians 1878. Pop. ab. 33,500.

Philippoteaux, HENRI EMMANUEL FÉLIX, 1815-1884. French painter of battle-scenes and panoramas.-His son, PAUL, b. 1846, exhibited The Battle of Gettysburg, a cyclorama, in the U. S. 1883.

Arabian; Emperor Philippus, MARCUS JULIUS, 204-249. 244, by murder of Gordian; defeated and slain by Decius, after celebrating the millennium of Rome 248.

Philips, AMBROSE, 1671-1749. English poet and dramatist; ed. Freethinker 1718.

Philips, EDWARD, 1630-ab.1695. English author, nephew
of Milton. His brother, JOHN, 1631-ab.1707, pub. satires and
translations.

English poet. Splendid Shil-
Philips, JOHN, 1676-1708.
ling, 1701; Cider, 1708; Blenheim, 1705.
Philips, KATHERINE ( ORINDA"), 1631-1664.
poet.

English

Philistines. Warlike tribe, occupying the s. coast of Palestine; gradually subdued by the Israelites, and broken up by Assyrians and Egyptians: commonly regarded as of Aryan descent. The name was applied by M. Arnold to dull or prejudiced Conservatives, opponents of light and progress.

Philistus, ab.435-ab.361 B.C. Greek historian of Sicily. Phillimon, JOHN GEORGE, LL.D., 1809-1865. London lawyer, M.P. 1852. Private Law among the Romans, 1863.-His brother, SIR ROBERT JOSEPH, D.C.L., 1810-1885, was Judge of the Arches Court 1867-75, and of Admiralty 1867-83. International Law, 4 vols., 1854-61.

H

Phillips, WENDELL, 1811-1884. American reformer, unsu passed in oratory and in energy, especially against slaver labor and prohibition candidate for Gov. of Mass. 1870. lecture on The Lost Arts is a classic. Speeches, 1863-84. Phillips, WILLIAM, 1731-1781. M.P. 1774; Major-gen. 177 distinguished in the American war.

Phillips, WILLIAM, 1775-1828. English geologist and mi eralogist. Outlines of Mineralogy and Geology, 1815; Intr duction to Mineralogy, 1816.

Historian of Attica.

Fra

Philochorus, 3d cent. B. C. ments of his work remain. Philoctetes. Inheritor of Hercules' arrows; these pr ents were a reward for his having erected and set fire to t

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Philoctetes and Ulysses.

pile on Mt. Oeta, where Hercules burned himself. Partake the siege of Troy; slayer of Paris; subject of a drama by So cles.

Philodemus, 1st cent. B.C. Greek epicurean. Fragm of his writings exist,

Philo-Judæns, d. after 40. Jewish philosopher, Ale drian Neo-Platonist, who developed the Zogos doctrine w introduced Greek philosophy into Palestine; chief repr tative of the effort to fuse Jewish faith with Hellenic ure. He probably had no little influence on early Chri doctrine.

Philolaus, b. ab. 480 B.C.
to propound the earth's motion.

Pythagorean philosopher

Philology. This has the twofold task of classifying languages of the world, co-ordinating and studying them of stating and solving all problems of speech in itsel touches history and philosophy on one side, and physi on the other. It is not quite the same thing as the scien language. The latter defines itself; the former, with lan as its basis, takes up questions of law, culture, art ar narrowest field is the study of words, and this study ligion, whatever is expressed by the word humanities tion of sounds, and this, not the letters, which merely se hand in hand with phonetics. A word is a sound or con symbol, is the starting point of the philologist. Word gly and in combination, make language; the dividing between the signs, calls, and other means of communi used by brutes, and human speech, is admitted to be th ventional, communal and progressive character of the The former are emotional signs, stable, and directly Human beings use speech as a with physical causes. and constantly improve it. Human speech, moreover, is ulate, and therefore subject to analysis into the sounds

Phillip, JOHN, 1817-1867. Scottish painter, chiefly of Span- compose it; whence our alphabet, an inadequate sy ish scenes; R.A. 1859.

Phillipps, ADELAIDE, 1833-1882. American singer.

register of the chief sounds in a given language. La being progressive, the earliest forms of speech must ha as rude and general as possible, expressing the most

Phillips, GEORG, 1804-1872. German writer on history and physical facts in the most obvious way. The earliest f
Das Kirchenrecht, 7 vols., 1845-72.
canon law.
Phillips, JOHN, 1719-1795. Founder of Phillips Exeter
Academy, N. H., 1781.

Phillips, JOHN, 1800-1874. Prof. of Geology in London,
Geology, 1837-38; Palæozoic Fossils,
Dublin, and Oxford.
1841.

Phillips, JOHN ARTHUR, 1822-1887. English geologist and
Mining and Metallurgy of Gold and Silver, 1867;

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the word is the root, which holds the crude or general m which is afterward modified by many changes of form nify, (1) particular changes of the general meaning, changes of application, as in the inflections. See COMPA PHILOLOGY.

Philomela. Sister of Procne, wife of Tereus, Thrace. Dishonored by him, she was metamorphose nightingale.

Philopena. German game; an almond with two is divided between two persons, and the one who first the other must give a present.

er, unsurst slavery: 1870. His -84.

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PHILOPOMEN-PHOENIX

Philopamen, ab. 252-183 B.C. "Last of the Greeks"; of Megalopolis in Arcadia; 8 times general of the Achæan league. After gaining great honor and rendering noble services, he was taken prisoner by Messenians and poisoned.

Philosopher's Stone. See ALCHEMY.
Philosopher's Wool. See ZINC OXIDE.

Philosophy. Reflection upon the totality of things with a view to ascertaining their unity, relation and ultimate explanation. It comprehends both antology and phenomenology, though sometimes identified with the former, and sometimes with certain functions of the latter. It differs from any special science in the comprehensiveness of its subject matter, in that it embraces that of all the sciences, and from all the sciences in the extent to which it employs reflection, deductive method, and analysis, and excludes experiment. Philosophy is thus an instrument or method for determining the organic unity and meaning of all knowledge, with special reference to the ultimate nature of being and the laws of phenomena.

Philosophy, NATURAL. See PHYSICS.

Philostratus, ab. 180-ab.250. Greek sophist at Rome, whose Lives of the Sophists and of Apollonius of Tyana are extant, with poems and epistles. Two namesakes of his, somewhat later, and one in 1st cent., left writings.

Philoxenus, 435-380 B.C. Greek dithyrambic poet of Syracuse, Italy, Corinth and Asia. Fragments remain. Philters. Concoctions of herbs and other materials, often used in ancient and mediæval times, and still by the superstitious, to induce love in him who drank them. One of them is said to have maddened the poet Lucretius. They are still common in the East.

Philydraceæ. Natural family of flowering plants, of the class Angiosperma and sub-class Monocotyledons, comprising 3 genera and ab. 3 species, natives of Australia, Malaysia, e. Asia, and the Pacific Islands.

Phinehas. 1. Son of Eleazar and grandson of Aaron, high priest of Israel. 2. Son of Eli, slain with his brother Hophni, in battle with the Philistines, when the ARK OF THE COVENANT (q.v.) was captured.

Phips, or Phipps, SIR WILLIAM. 1651-1695. Boston merchant, knighted 1687 for recovering Spanish treasure lost near the Bahamas; sheriff of New England 1688; Gov. of Mass. 1692-94. He took Port Royal. N. S., 1690, attacked Quebec 1691, and stopped the witchcraft trials 1692.

Phlebenterata. See EOLIDE.

Phlebitis. Inflammation of the veins; apt to produce blood-poisoning or to form a clot (see THROMBOSIS), which, if separated from the walls of the vein and carried along in the circulation, may plug up a blood-vessel, forming an embolism.

Phlebotomy. Extraction of blood from a vein as a remedial measure. The vein known as the median cephalic on the front of the arm at the elbow is usually selected for the operation.

Phlegethon. In Greek Mythology, river of flames in the lower world.

Phlegmasia Dolens, or PHLEGMASIA ALBA DOLENS. Painful swelling of the leg, usually of septic origin, consequent upon child-birth; popularly known as Milk-leg.

Phlegmon. Inflammation attended with the formation of pus which is not confined to the part inflamed, but spreads within the tissues.

Phlegon, 2d cent. Greek writer, of whose work on Marvels, his Olympiads, and his treatise on Long-lived Persons, portions are extant.

Phlox. Genus of showy-flowered plants of the na family Polemoniaceae, natives of N. America; much planted for ornament.

Phloxine. C,H,Cl, Br,O,K,. Potassium salt of dichlortetrabromfluorescein; made by the action of bromine on dichlorfluorescein; yeldyeing wool red; also, the correlow powder, soluble in water, and sponding tetrachlor compound.

Phocæa. Ionian city of w. Asia Minor, whose people were active and hardy mariners. Attacked by Persians ab. 500 B.C., they migrated westward; some of them founded Marseilles.

Phocas I., d. 610. Byzantine emperor 602; deposed as a tyrant, and executed.-II. Emperor 963; conqueror in several wars; murdered by Zimisces, his successor.

Phocidæ. Family of Pinnipedia, comprising the true Seals, numerous in species, abounding in all Phlox paniculata (var.). seas, but especially in the colder regions. They are unable use their hind feet when on land, as these are directed bac ward and included with the tail in a sort of rudder or pi peller. They have incisors in both jaws and moderate-siz canines.

Phocion, 402-317 B.C. Athenian statesman and genera who, after fighting the Macedonians with success, foresa Philip's triumph and advocated submission, opposing Demo thenes. A pure patriot of high character, he was condemne to the hemlock; but his memory was honored after death.

Phocis. District of Greece w. of Boeotia, containing M Parnassus and the Temple of Delphi. The Sacred War, 35 346 B.C., ended in the defeat and punishment of the Phocian by Philip.

Phocylides, 6th cent. B.C. Greek elegiac poet.
Phœbus. See APOLLO.

Phoenician. See SEMITIC.

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cities; among their colonies, Carthage, Hippo, Utica, Gade Phloem. Part of a fibro-vascular bundle composed of They were the most eminent navigators and traders of a cribrose-cells. tiquity, visiting the w. coast of Africa and even the Britis isles. The invention of letters, arithmetic, astronomy, nav gation, manufacture of glass, and coinage have been ascribe to them. Phoenicia was conquered by Cyrus 537 B.C., by Ale ander 332, by the Romans 47 B.C.

Phloem-Sheath. See PERICAMBIUM.
Phlogiston. See CHEMISTRY.

Phlogopite. Variety of mica in which is relatively a larger amount of magnesium and a smaller amount of iron than in the biotite variety. Its color is usually some shade of yellow, brown, or copper red.

Phloroglucin. C.H, (OH),. Trihydroxybenzene; white solid, melting at 218° C.; formed by the fusion of certain resins, and also resorcin, with potash or soda; isomer of pyrogallic acid.

Phoenicopterida (FLAMINGOES). Family of African an S. American Lamellirostral birds, resembling the Anserida the structure of the feet and bill, and the Herons in the lengt of the legs. The bill is suddenly curved downward at th middle.

Phoenix. Mythical bird of ancient Egypt, supposed to ri from flames.

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1172

PHOENIX COLUMN-PHOSPHIDES

Phoenix Column. Hollow wrought-iron column, formed by riveting together several segmental shapes with flanges; so called because made by the Phoenix Bridge Company.

Pholadidæ (BORING MUSSELS). Family of Lamellibranchs, including forms having the valves of the shell gaping and with accessory pieces on the hinge (or on the siphons, in Teredo). The mantle has only a small opening for the foot, but there are very long siphons. They bury deeply in sand, wood, or stone, and protrude the siphons. The Ship-worm, Teredo, does much damage by its perforations of the hulls of ships and the piles of docks and wharfs.

Phonautograph. Instrument contrived by Léon Scott 1858. It consists of a hollow paraboloid, closed at its narrow end by an elastic membrane having a stylus attached at its middle point. The stylus is just in contact with the surface of a smoked revolving cylinder, in such a position that a uniform

to press lightly. When the cylinder is turned and at the same
time the membrane is thrown into vibration by the voice o
other source of sound, the style produces depressions in the
I
groove upon the foil of varying depth, the variations depend
ing upon the amplitude and character of the sound-waves.
this groove be again followed by the stylus, the original mo

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line is traced upon the cylinder if the membrane be at rest.
If, however, it be thrown into vibration by waves of sound en-
tering the paraboloid, the stylus describes an undulating line
which varies in its form according to the frequency, amplitude,
and complexity of the sound wave.

Phonetics. Science which investigates the sounds of the
human voice, and is thus allied with both physiology and phys-
ics. It is among the latest developments in philology, and is
not yet fixed in its principles and methods; notably, it has not
yet produced a system of symbols which all scholars are will-
ing to accept, though various schemes, such as the "visible
speech," have been suggested. The importance of phonetics
lies in the help it affords to the study of sound-changes, and
hence of all development and differentiation of speech. The
simplest elements of speech, usually known by the name of
their symbols, as the alphabet, or letters, are divided into
vowels and consonants; in reality, not only is the hard and
fast dividing-line impossible (sounds such as r or n may be
vowel or consonant), but there is no limit to the variety of
these sounds, according to the position of the vocal organs. A
consonant may be defined as the closer "less continuable"
sound, which, combined with a vowel, the open "continuable"
sound, makes up the syllable. The symbols b, d, g; p, t, k, are
the "explosives" or mutes; the "forcatives," rubbing or linger-
ing consonants, are th (thy), th' (thigh), f, v, s, z; the nasals
m, n; and the liquids r, l. These, again, are divided into lip-
sounds. b, p, v, f, m; tongue (or teeth) sounds, d, t, th, th'; and
palatals, or gutturals, g, k. Still another division is made;
consonants formed with a distinct effort of the larynx are
called sonant, b, d, g, v, z, as compared with the "surds," p, t, k,
f, s. The English-speaking student must pronounce the vow-
els after the Italian fashion. With this caution a simple table,
arranged according to the various positions of the vocal organs,
may indicate the vowels:

i, ie, el, e, ea, ae, a, ao, oa, o, ou, uo, u.
Here ae is our sound of a in hat, while a is the sound in father.
Diphthongs are combinations of vowels like i in write, which
is really made up of two sounds, though often miscalled a
vowel.

Phonograph. Invention of Edison, somewhat analogous
to the phonautograph of Scott. It consists of a horizontal
ing a screw thread, which rotates with a uniform
ed with tin foil: upon

tions will be reproduced and transferred to the diaphrag which in turn will send out corresponding sound-waves into t air. The recently improved instrument of Edison uses pecu iarly prepared cylinders of wax in place of tin foil.

Phonography. See SHORTHAND.

Phonolite. See CLINKSTONE.

Phonomotor. Apparatus devised by Edison for chan ing the energy of sound into that of a rotating mass. stretched elastic membrane has attached at its center a pay the end of which rests on the serrated rim of a ratchet whe the teeth so sloped that the pawl will slide over them eas in one direction, but will catch if moving in the oppos direction. In this way a continuous vibration of the me brane, caused by the impact of sound waves, is able to p duce rotation of the wheel, the rim of the ratchet passi under the pawl away from the membrane.

Phonoplex. System of telegraphy devised by Edis by which the capacity of an ordinary telegraph line can increased. The principle upon which the system is operated to induced currents of high tension, thrown upon the line induction. The receiving instruments or phones respond o suitable transmitting devices. These currents interfere in way with the Morse instruments on the same circuit, be made to pass round them through condensers. This syst can be operated upon circuits not exceeding ab. 100 miles. Phoranthium. See CLINANTHIUM.

Phormion, 5th cent. B.C. Athenian general, promin at Potidea, Naupactus, and in other battles.

Phormis, 5th cent. B.C. One of the originators of D comedy.

Phoronomy. See ZoÖLOGY.

Phosgene. COCI,. Carbonyl chloride; yellowish formed by the union of carbon monoxide with chlorine in monia it yields urea. sunlight; used in the preparation of certain organic pounds; often sold in solution in benzene. Treated with

Phosphate Rock. Rock containing calcium phospha such quantity and in such chemical combination as to be a able for use in the manufacture of fertilizers. In differen properties, and only a small part of the rock mined is of calities the deposits differ widely in physical and in chen to the agriculturist, with previous chemical treatment. S apatite; but the larger deposits, those from which the phosphates are clearly of mineral origin, as rock contai mercial demand is met, owe their existence, directly or rectly, to accumulations of animal remains. In recent ye Fla. In 1895, 831,498 tons, value $2,577,643, were prod great part of the world's supply has been drawn from S. C in U.S.

Phosphates. Derivatives of phosphoric acid. Phosphatic Diathesis. Habit of a body which f the deposition of the phosphates from the urine. Phosphides. Compounds formed by the union of and some other element: e.g., zinc phosphide,

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