1108 ORZESZKOWA-OSIANDER The forequarters are black marks on the head, flanks, etc. strongly developed as compared with the hindquarters. Orzeszkowa, ELIZA, b. 1842, m. 1858. Polish novelist and essayist. Osage Indians. Southern Sioux of Kansas; originally ab. 5,000. They sided with the Confederacy 1861, and are now ab. 1,000, on a reservation in n.e. Indian Territory. Osage Orange. Toxylon pomiferum. Thorny tree of the Mulberry family, native of the s. central U. S., bearing a large, yellow fruit, the color and size of a very large orange; also called Bow-wood, and entensively planted for hedges. Osage River, or MARAIS DES CYGNES. Right hand branch of the Missouri, rising in Kansas, and flowing e. through Mo.; navigable for 50 m. Drainage area 15,262 sq. m. Osaka, or OZAKA. Seaport of Japan, on s.e. coast of Niphon at the mouth of Kamagawa River, which intersects it with streams and canals; important for its commerce; once stuffing box and trunnions is a great source of annoyance. capital of the empire; site of the mint since 1871. Its castle, Osborn, LAUGHTON, 1809-1878. American poet. Osborne House. Marine residence of Queen Victoria, Osbourne, LLOYD, b. ab. 1865. Stepson of R. L. Stevenson, and his collaborator in The Wrong Box, 1889, The Wreckers, 1893, and The Ebb Tide, 1894. Oscan. Italic dialect, spoken by Samnite and other tribes, Oscanyan, HATCHIK, b. 1818. Armenian novelist, resident Oscar I., 1799-1859. Son of Bernadotte: King of Sweden Works, 5 Osceola, 1804-1838. Chief of the Seminole tribe of Indians, who, in retaliation for the enslavement of his wife, began war in Fla. 1835; captured by treachery 1837. Oscillariaceæ. Order of Cyanophyceae, minute blue-green Algae comprising forms with motile filaments, divided by septæ into numerous tabular pseudocysts. Oscillating Engine. Steam engine in which the end of the piston-rod fits upon the crank-pin, and the excursion of the crank-pin on both sides of a given diameter of its circle is admitted by causing the cylinder to swing upon trunnions. There being no connecting-rod, the engine is much more compact. The live steam and exhaust pass in and out through the trunnions, and the valve is either moved by being linked A frame, or else the rocking of the trunnion surface end closed. Leakage at the in side-wheel vessels, where the cylinder can be under the Oscines. Singing birds; divided into Spizognathae, with Oscott. R. C. college near Birmingham, Eng., founded 1752, enlarged 1835; for education of priests only since 1889. Osculating Circle. One having the highest order of contact with a curve at a given point. Its radius is called the radius of curvature. Osculating Circle in Space. One which passes through three consecutive points of a curve in space. Its center is the point where the line of section of two consecutive normal planes cuts the osculating plane. Osculating Conic. In coördinate geometry, the conditions under which the general conic osculates with a curve of given order can be established, and the specific character of the conic determined, by examining the (invariant) criterion of the general conic in connection with the coördinates of the point of osculation. Osculating Plane. One coincident with three consecutive points of a curve. Osculation. Highest order of curve contact. Osculatrix. Curve having a higher order of contact with a given curve than any other of its kind. Osculum. Exhalent opening of the sponge. Many of these are not the same as the oscule of the simpler sponges, which represents the exhalent opening of the embryo sponge. Sometimes this opening, simple or branched, becomes reduced to darily developed in the cortex of the sponge. Such openings are pseudoscula or pseudoprocts. irregular canals that lead to a special set of small pores, secon Osgood, EMMA ALINE, b. ab. 1852. American singer, known chiefly in England since 1876. Osgood, FRANCES SARGENT (LOCKE), 1811-1850. American poet. Osgood, SAMUEL, 1748-1813. Delegate to Congress 178084: Commissioner of Treasury 1785-89; U. S. Postmaster-gen. 1789-91. Osgood, SAMUEL, D.D., LL.D., 1812-1880. Pastor in New York 1849-70. Milestones, 1855. Osgoodites. Millenarian sect in N. H., now extinct. O'Shaughnessy, ARTHUR WILLIAM EDGAR, 1846-1881. English poet. Oshkosh. Capital of Winnebago co., Wis.; on Fox River, at its mouth in Lake Winnebago. It has large manufactures, especially of lumber. Pop., 1890, 22,836. German reformer and Osiander, ANDREAS, 1498-1552. of justification by faith in a mystical direction, which was suptheologian. prof. Königsberg 1549. He modified the doctrine posed to bring it nearer to the R. C. view. His followers were Osiris. Osler, EDWARD. 1798-1863. English hymnist; ed. Church and King, 1836-37. Osler, WILLIAM, M.D., b. 1849. Prof. McGill Univ. 1874, Univ. Pa. 1884, and Johns Hopkins Univ. 1889; medical writer. Square Osler's Anemometer. Osman. See OTHMAN. Osmanli. See TURKS. Osman Pasha, b. 1832. Turkish general, distinguished at Plevna, where he blocked the Russian advance Aug.-Dec. 1877. Osmic Acid. See OSMIUM OXIDES. and iridium, found in nature and made artificially for tipping Osmiridium. Alloy of osmium gold pens. See OSMIUM. Osmium. Os. At.wt. 190.8, sp. gr. 22.477, sp. ht. .031, as an alloy of iridium. When heated, or treated with nitric Osmium Chlorides. OsCl2. Dichloride. Brownish-black Osmium Oxides. Oso. Osmium monoxide. Grayishblack, insoluble powder.-Os,O,. Osmium sesquioxide. Black powder, insoluble in acids.-OsO,. Osmium dioxide. Masses, of a coppery luster.-OsO,. Osmium tetroxide. Usually called osmic acid; formed by heating finely-divided osmium. It sublimes in transparent needles, which are readily soluble in water, yielding a colorless liquid, which does not affect litmus and possesses a burning and caustic taste. It has a powerful, penetrating odor suggestive of chlorine, is very poisonous, and acts violently and seriously upon the eyes. Osmium Sulphides. OsS,. Disulphide. Yellowish brown precipitate, obtained on passing hydrogen sulphide into a soluble osmium salt.-OSS. Tetrasulphide. Precipitated by hydrogen sulphide from a hydrochloric acid solution of the tetroxide. Osmosis, or OSMOSE. Diffusion of a liquid through a membrane. See ENDOSMOSIS and EXOSMOSIS. Osmundaceæ. Order of Ferns, of a small number of species, growing mainly in bogs; including the common Royal fern or Flowering fern and the Cinnamon fern. Osnabrück. Town of Hanover, on the Hase, 75 m. s.s. w. Osorio, MANOEL LUIZ, MARQUIS OF HERVAL, 1808-1879. Osphradium. Olfactory organ of Mollusks; patch of sen- Ospina, MANUEL, 1803-1885. then in exile till 1872. Pres. of Colombia 1856-61; Osprey (PANDION HALIAETUS). Falconoid bird, widely distributed, abundant along U. S. Atlantic coast, where it nests in old trees. The rarer European Osprey prefers cliffs near inland waters. Length 2 ft., color dark brown, the head and 1109 under parts white. Bill sharply hooked; tarsus long, feet large, with outer toe reversible, and with strong equal claws, adapted Osprey. for holding fish; a strong flyer. Eggs 2-4, closely blotched with brown. Ossa AND Pelion. Mountains in Thessaly; the giants in their war with the gods attempted to scale heaven by piling them on Olympus. Ossein. Organic material composing one-third of the substance of bone, identical with collagen. Collagen is the substance of which the white fibers of connective tissue are composed. Ossetish. Iranic language spoken by the Ossetians of the Caucasus. The sound of h, common in Iranian, is absent. Ossian. Gaelic bard of 3d or 4th century, to whom were ascribed many legends of much later date, probably 1100-1500. These were collected and expanded by JAMES MACPHERSON (q.v.), 1760. Their origin was the subject of much discussion. Ossification. Process by which bone-tissue is produced. A formation of cartilaginous substance precedes that of the bone, and in this the deposit of the lime-salts takes place making the bone. It is deposited from centers extending by additions in the various directions needed for the shape of the bone. tinuous, and, when the individual has attained maturity and Where there are cavities in the bones, these are formed by the absorption of bone-tissue, the process of ossification being conthere is no further absorption, the proportion of bony material increases, rendering the bones brittle in age. Ossification is also applied to the deposit of calcareous matter in other tissues, as ossification of the arteries or of the heart. Ossoli, SARAH MARGARET (FULLER), MARCHIONESS, 18101850, m. 1847. American author, of much influence with the Boston transcendentalists. Ostade, ADRIAN VAN, 1610-1685. Dutch genre painter, who affected low life-subjects with great success.-His brother, IZAAK, 1621-1649, was of less note. Ostend. Seaport of Belgium, 14 m. w. of Bruges; wellknown watering-place. Pop., 1886, 22,602. Ostend Manifesto. Drawn up Oct. 1854 by II S minic ters to Britain 1110 OSTENSORY-OSTRICH and P. Soulé, favoring the purchase or seizure of Cuba. It was ineffective. Ostensory. See MONSTRANCE. Osteolepis. Crossopterygian lepidoganoid, with smooth, rhomboidal scales; one of the first discovered armor-clad fish of the Old Red Sandstone (Devonian). Osteolite. Ca,P,O,. Bone-phosphate; earthy variety of calcium phosphate, allied mineralogically to apatite, but constant and definite in chemical composition. Osteology. Branch of Anatomy which treats of the bones and skeleton. When the homologous bones of different animals are compared in a systematic manner, it is Comparative Osteology. Osteostraci. Group of Cephalaspidian fishes (?) whose shields show true bony structure. Osterwald, JEAN FRÉDÉRIC, 1663-1747. Swiss theologian, pastor at Neuchatel. Osthoff, HERMANN, b. 1847. at Heidelberg 1877. Ostia. Openings in the walls of sponges, etc. Exhalent ostia pass water out of the system; inhalent ostia draw it in. Ostia. Port of ancient Rome, at mouth of Tiber; once populous and important; supplied with a new harbor ab. 50; in taken as such. The posterior end of the shell is the nib furthest from the hinge, which here is anterior, and not dorsal as in other groups. The French Oyster (Ostrea edulis) is hermaphrodite and viviparous, and produces as many as 2,000,000 young. The American Oyster (O. virginiana) is bisexual, the eggs being fertilized and undergoing development after being spawned. As many as 60,000,000 eggs may be produced from one female, only one or two of which ever reach the market as mature oysters. The mortality is great, especially in the early stages, when the young is but the one-five-hundredth of an The Walls of Rome. The Ostian Gate. ruins by 830; excavated partially 1783, and more fully since 1855. Ostiaks. Finnish and Mongolian tribes of n. Siberia, on the Obi and Yenesei Rivers, numbering ab. 27,000; some are mixed with the Samoyedes. They are of medium stature, dark skinned and brachycephalic. They are gentle, honest, and skillful. A few are Christian, but Shamanism is prevalent. Ostiole. Orifice of the sexual conceptacles in certain Algae and Fungi. Ostrach AND Stockach. Villages in Swabia, scenes of victories March 25, 1799, of Archduke Charles over the French under Jourdan. Ostracion. See PLECTOGNATHI. Ostracism. Provision in the Athenian constitution, devised ab. 509 B.C. by Cleisthenes, to prevent any citizen from becoming too powerful. The citizens first carried a popular decree directing its use; then, on an appointed day, cast their votes by tribes, each writing upon an oyster-shell the name of the person whom he considered most dangerous to the state. The man having the highest number of votes, if at least 6,000, was banished for ten years, or, later, for five. Confiscation was not involved. Ostracoda (WATER-FLEAS). Entomostraca, completely inclosed in a bivalved shell, resembling the mussel. There are seven pairs of appendages, which function respectively as antennæ, jaws, creeping and swimming legs. The body is short and unsegmented. A paired, median eye is present, and sometimes a heart also; this is wanting in Cypris. Ostracostei. See PLACODERMI. Ostreidæ (OYSTERS). Family of Lamellibranchs, belonging to the section Monomyaria. The right valve of the shell is smaller and flatter than the left, on which the animal rests. The adductor muscle is nearly central, and is called the heart * ovstermen; the heart lies just in front of this. dimentary if present at Oyster, lying in left valve: a, hinge; b, lips, surrounding the mouth; inch in diameter. The oyster spawns from May to August in Ostrich (STRUTHIO). Three or four closely related species of large Ratite birds of African and w. Asiatic plains. S. came Ostrich Farm in California. lus is the common ostrich. It has powerful legs, with only 2 toes (3d and 4th), of which the outer is relatively little devel OSTROGOTHS-OTTERBEIN UNIVERSITY oped. It can outrun and exhaust a horse. The feathers are Ostrogoths. See GOTHS. Ostrovski, ALEXANDER, 1824-1886. Russian dramatist. Ostrowski, TOMAS ADAM RAWICZ, COUNT, 1739-1817. Polish statesman.-His son, ANTONI JOANNES, 1782-1847, served under Napoleon, and bore part in the rising of 1830-31. Osuna, PEDRO TELLEZ GIRON, DUKE OF, 1579-1624. Spanish general, Viceroy of Sicily 1611 and Naples 1616; imprisoned from 1620. Oswald, ST., ab. 605-642. King of Northumbria 632, which he Christianized; killed in battle with pagans. Oswald, HEINRICH SIEGMUND, 1751-1834. German hymnist. Oswego. Capital of O. co., N. Y., on Lake Ontario, at mouth of O. River; taken July 14, 1756, by Montcalm, and by the British May 6, 1814; chartered 1848; site of a State Normal School. It has numerous flour mills, iron works and grain elevators. Pop., 1890, 21,842. Oswego-Tea. Monarda didyma. Odorous herb of the Mint family, native of N. America, often cultivated; known as Bee-balm. Osweo, or OswY. King of Northumbria 642-670. He con- Otariadæ. Family of Pinnipedia, including the Eared Othman, ab.575-655. Son-in-law of Mohammed; 3d caliph 644. Othman, or Osman, AL GHASI, 1259-1326. Founder of Ottoman empire; commander under Sultan of Iconium 1280; ruler of Bithynia 1299. Conqueror of much of Asia Minor. Othman II., 1604-1622. Sultan 1617; deposed and slain by janissaries. Othman III., 1700-1757. Sultan 1754. Otho, MARCUS SALVIUS, 32-69. Comrade of Nero; Gov. of Otho (or OTTO) I., "THE GREAT," 912-973. Son and suc Otho III. cessor of Henry I.; King of the Germans 936; crowned as Emperor at Rome 962. He waged many wars, extended his empire widely, and with it the nominal dominion of Christianity. His son, OTHO II., 955983, Emperor 973, was an active ruler and conqueror.-His son, OTHO III., 980-1002, succeeded him. Otho IV., 1175-1218. Son Otho, 1815-1867. Otho of Freising Otis, FESSENDEN NOTT, M.D., LL.D., b. 1825. Prof. New York Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons 1871; writer on urinary diseases. 1000 111 1769 by British officers. orator. Otitis. Inflammation of the ear in any part. The most frequent seat of the disease is the middle ear, as the earache and gatherings in the ear so frequently noticed, especially in children. It frequently accompanies diphtheria and scarlet fever. The condition is always a serious one, apt to terminate in a chronic discharge (otorrhea) or in difficulty of hearing, and not infrequently will cause death. A disease of such danger cannot be safely left to domestic remedies. It is unwise to drop fluids in the ear, especially if one of the ingredients is a vegetable or animal oil. A douche of hot water, the application of cloths wrung out of hot water or a Japanese handstove to the external ear will usually relieve the intense pain. The discharge should be washed away by gentle syringing with a warm boric-acid solution. Further treatment than this is unsafe unless directed by a physician. Otocardia. See MOLLUSCA. Otoconia. See OTOLITH. Otocyst. Capsule, or spherical chamber, in Medusa, etc., containing otoliths. Otolith. otocyst, suspended in a fluid and in contact with certain hairs Calcareous nodule, usually lying loose in an that connect with nerves. They serve both as organs of hearing, transmitting vibrations, and of equilibrium, by giving various stimuli of pressure according to the position of the body. Otoporp. Meridional extension of nettle-cells from the bases of the tentaculicysts to the exumbrella of certain of the Scyphomedusa (Jelly-fish). N. Y.: celebrated in Cooper's novels. Length 8 m. Ottawa. Capital of Canada, in Ontario, on s. bank of the O. River; founded 1826, and called Bytown till chartered Canadian Parliament Buildings, Ottawa-The Main Building. 1854; seat of government since 1858; divided by the Rideau Canal. It has an extensive lumber trade. Pop., 1891, 44,154. Ottawa Indians. Canadian Algonquin tribe, near Lake Huron; driven w. of Lake Superior by the Iroquois 1649-80, befriended by the Objibways and driven back e. by the Sioux. There are now ab. 1.000 in Canada, and a few with the Shawnees in Indian Territory. Ottawa River. In Canada, rising in the highlands between the Great Lakes and Hudson's Bay, and flowing into the St. Lawrence near Montreal. Length ab. 800 m. Ottendorfer, OSWALD, b. 1826 in Moravia. Partaker in German revolts 1848; in New York from 1850; ed. StaatsZeitung from ab. 1859; active in reform and beneficence. Otterbein, PHILIP WILLIAM, 1726-1813. German Reformed missionary in America 1752; founder of the United Brethren in Christ 1800. Otterbein University. Ohio Found " ly 2 1112 OTTERBURN-OUZEL Otterburn. Village of Northumberland, where Henry Percy (Hotspur) fought the Scots under Douglas Aug. 19, 1388. This battle is celebrated in the ballad Chevy Chase. Otters. Animals of genus Lutra and family Mustelidæ; aquatic, fish-catching Carnivora, with webbed feet, burrowing in the banks of ponds and streams. The Old World otter (L. vulgaris) is 2 ft. long, and has been trained to catch fish for The American otter is 4 ft. long, exclusive of the long, flattened tail. It is brown, and has a peculiar pad on the nose. Otto. See ОTHO. Ottocar, 12th cent. German chronicler. Ottocar II., ab.1230-1278. Son of Wenceslas I.; King of Bohemia 1253; conqueror of Prussia and Hungary; defeated and slain by Rudolph. Ottoman Empire. See TURKEY. Otto of Roses. See ATTAR OF ROSES. Ottrelite. Hydrous aluminium iron silicate, occurring in the form of hard crystalline scales in many clay schists. Ottumwa. Capital of Wapello co., Iowa, on the Des Moines, in a coal region. It has extensive manufactures. Pop., 1890, 14,001. Otway, THOMAS, 1651-1685. English dramatist, eminent in tragedy. Don Carlos, 1676; The Orphan, 1680; Venice Preserved, 1682. Ouabain. C30H8O12 Poisonous glucoside from the wood of Carissa shimperi, growing in Africa. It acts on the heart like digitalis. One of the arrow poisons. Oubliette. Doorless dungeon, reached by ropes from above. Ancient state of n. India, long subject to Oudenarde. Belgian town, on the Scheldt; scene of a Oudinot, CHARLES NICOLAS, 1767-1847. French general, Oudry, JEAN BAPTISTE, 1686-1755. Painter of the French Ouida. See DE LA RAME, LOUISA. Ouless, WALTER WILLIAM, b. 1848. English portraitpainter; Academician 1881. Ounce. Leopard-like animal of genus Felis, inhabiting besides the long tail. The color is yellowish gray, with black the mountain heights and colder parts of Asia. It is 4 ft. long, spots and rings. A mane is present. Ounce. Twelfth of a pound in Troy weight, sixteenth in avoirdupois. Ouray, 1820-1880. Chief of the Uncompahgre Utes in Col.; civilized, pacific, friendly and useful to U. S. Government. Ourique. Town of Portugal; scene of a defeat of five Saracen kings and a great Moorish army, July 25, 1139, by Alfonso, who became king. Ouseley, SIR WILLIAM, LL.D., 1769-1842. English Oriental scholar, who published a number of works upon Persian and Arabic literature and history. Travels in Persia, 1819-23.His son, SIR WILLIAM GORE, D.C.L.. 1797-1866, diplomatist and author, was long in S. America.-His cousin, SIR FREDERICK ARTHUR GORE, 1825-1889, Prof. of Music at Oxford 1855, founded a college for choristers, composed oratorios and anthems, edited several music books, and wrote on harmony, counterpoint, and fugues.-His father, SIR GORE, 1770-1844, diplomatist and Orientalist, wrote on Persian Poets, 1846. Outbye. Passage leading from a mine. Outcrop. Ledge or mass of rock at the surface or above it, generally forming the edge of a stratum or mineral deposit, which from that point disappears beneath other formations. Outlaw. One adjudged to be out of the law's protection. In the U. S. this punishment is confined to traitors. Outlier. Outstanding mass of rocks resulting from circumdenudation. Output. Yield of a mine, estimated by day, month, or year. Outram, SIR JAMES, 1803-1863. British officer, in India from 1819; defender of Hyderabad 1843; commander in Persian war 1856-57; associated with Havelock in relieving Lucknow Lieut.-gen. and Knight 1858. Sept. 1857, and Sir Colin Campbell in its recapture March 1858; Outside, or OUTER EDGE. Figure in skating, in which the skater rolls on the outer edge of the runner, and thus describes curves and circles. 12 Ouvarovite, or UVARAVITE. Ca,Cr,Si,O,, Variety of garnet containing chromium; chrome-garnet. Ouvrard, GABRIEL JULIEN, 1770-1846. French contractor The Wolf at Bay, by Oudry. Thrush (Turdus musicus) and Ring-ouzel (Turdus torquatus). regions. The Water-ouzel (Cinclus) or Dipper is a diving Oslf to painting animals, especially dogs. He thrush, black, with a white collar, living in mountainous |