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merely white but livid. Her figure, which was slight, and generally somewhat drooping, was unnaturally stiff and erect. Her eyes were wider open than usual, and seemed quite glassy; in a word, she looked exactly like an untended corpse placed upright.

"Lord have mercy on us, Mary!" said I, starting and dropping my spectacles, "when did you arrive?"

"Where is Mr. Mandeville?" said she, in the same hurried and frightful tone as before, without taking her eyes off me, or the smallest notice of my question.

"Why, what signifies where he is?" replied I, much alarmed, though I did not exactly know at what.

"Where is Mr. Mandeville ?" again repeated she with great violence, and with a gesture as though she would have seized hold of me.

"I do not know-I cannot tell," cried I, holding back in prodigious perturbation.-" William, where is your master?" I added, to a servant who was passing the door.

"In the drawing-room, madam, playing with the Major." "Tell him, Mary Lawson must see him this moment," said she, addressing herself to the man in the same extraordinary tone. What he thought of her, I know not; but he seemed startled; so without farther delay he ran up stairs, and opened the drawing-room door. Sure enough we heard the rattle of the dice, and the two gentlemen laughing: Mr. Mandeville in particular; for he had a loud and noisy laugh that one could not mistake: it was his last, however, for many a long day! I suppose the man delivered his message exactly, for the laughter ceased as it were all at once.

"Mary Lawson!" exclaimed Mr. Mandeville with great vehemence," and where the devil does she come from?"

He had no time to say a word more: for Mary, who had run like a wild thing up stairs, in spite of all my efforts to prevent her, heard his voice, and burst into the room.

Your child-your own child, Mr. Mandeville, save your child!" was all she could say.

He shook her off roughly, for she had snatched hold of the sleeve of his coat: but he changed colour, and looked very earnestly in her face.

"I call God to witness," said she, in a faltering, but very distinct voice," that Robert Innis is your own lawful son. He is Robert Mandeville." A pistol bullet could not have taken a more sudden effect than these few words; it was a frightful sight, sir, to see this great strong man drop dead like a stone at her feet: it was because he was so strong that the surprise thus acted upon him.

A surgeon came, sent for by the major of the regiment, a particular friend of Mr. Mandeville's. The major shortly after came in search of Mary, whom he sternly questioned, "but he had no need," said Mrs. Dixon, "for out at once came the whole tale."

"Woman," said he, resentfully, when she had finished, "you have ruined Mr. Mandeville!"-Mary looked up at him,

but not a word did she utter.

"You have robbed him of what was as dear to him as his life!"-Mary looked again; to my thinking they were speaking looks, but not a syllable did she say. I thought the Major seemed embarrassed by them, however.

"This cursed connexion," continued he, turning half to me, only, I really believe, to avoid looking at her again, "will cost him both his credit and his happiness."

"It cost me both," said Mary.

"Circumstances were very different," replied he angrily. "Very!-for I had nothing else to lose!"

I am sure he was moved, for he was a good-natured man, sir; but he did not care to show it," The boy-the poor unfortunate boy," said he to himself. "What has become of him!". This was touching the tender string with Mary; and off she went again, into something between madness and hysterics: so that finding he had obtained all the information that he could, he charged me to keep the girl close from observation, and returned to his wicked companion.

And now, sir, if a ship freighted with gold could have redeemed the poor lad, his father would have thought it too

little.

Poor Bob! little did he think how many great folks who would not once have looked at him, were busy for him now-his father racked between hopes and fears counting the hours. To increase his chagrin, the business could not be kept so quiet but that all his own friends, and great numbers besides, talked of it openly; and various falsehoods were circulated, of the early wickedness and bad disposition of the boy; so that it seemed as if that cruel speech of Mr. Mandeville's, which drove Mary to desperation, "Where will you find a character?" was now to be

verified in the person of his more innocent, and no less friendless child.

The boy died as the ship crossed the line, and from that hour Mary's head was never right again. It would have broken any body's heart, sir, to hear her talk continually of her boy, and of going to Newcastle to find him; for in her rambling fits she confounded her own first unhappy vorage and his last together, and nothing could persuade her that he was not there.

As to Mr. Mandeville, he lives on in a miserahle way; infirm of body, and very sick I believe, in mind. The tide of public opinion had changed before he left Weymouth; and I am told that, great and rich as he is, he too, in advanced life, knows what it is to want a character for respectability at least. He has been wounded by cold looks and private whis pers; nor, while suffering under the double penalty inflicted by a reproaching world and a reproaching conscience, has he even the same poor consolation which Mary finds, when she fancies, in her rambling fits, that Bob is a great man, and lives in a palace. Alas! poor Mary!†

HENRY OF NAVARRE.

BY MR. MACAULAY, M. P. FOR CALNE.
Now glory to the Lord of Hosts, from whom all glories are!
And glory to our Sovereign Liege, King Henry of Navarre !
Now let there be the merry sound of music and of dance,
Through thy corn-fields green, and sunny vines, O pleasant land of
France!
And thou, Rochelle, our own Rochelle, proud city of the waters,
Again let rapture light the eyes of all thy mourning daughters.
As thou wert constant in our ills, be joyous in our joy,
For cold, and stiff, and still are they who wrought thy walls annoy.
Hurrah! hurrah! a single field hath turn'd the chance of war,
Hurrah! hurrah! for Ivry, and Henry of Navarre
We saw the army of the League drawn out in long array ;
O! how our hearts were beating, when, at the dawn of day,
With all its priest-led citizens, and all its rebel peers,
And Appenzel's stout infantry, and Egmont's Flemish spears.
There rode the brood of false Lorraine, the curses of our land;
And dark Mayenne was in the midst, a truncheon in his hand:

And, as we looked on them, we thought of Seine's empurpled flood,
And good Coligni's hoary hair all dabbled with his blood;
And we cried unto the living God, who rules the fate of war,
To fight for his own holy name, and Henry of Navarre.
The king is come to marshal us, in all his armour drest,
And he has bound a snow-white plume upon his gallant crest.
He looked upon his people, and a tear was in his eye;
He looked upon the traitors, and his glance was stern and high.
Right graciously he smiled on us, as roll'd from wing to wing,
Down all our line, a deafening shout, “ God save our Lord the King!"
"And if my standard-bearer fall, as fall full well he may,
For never saw I promise yet of such a bloody fray,
Press where ye see my white plume shine, amidst the ranks of war,
And be your Oriflamme to-day the helmet of Navarre."
Hurrah! the foes are moving. Hark to the mingled din
Of fife, and steed, and trump, and drum, and roaring culverin.
The fiery Duke is pricking fast across Saint Andre's plain,
With all the hireling chivalry of Guelders and Almayne.
Now by the lips of those we love, fair gentlemen of France,

Charge for the golden lilies,-upon them with the lance.

A thousand spurs are striking deep, a thousand spears in rest,
A thousand knights are pressing close behind the snow-white crest;
And in they burst, and on they rushed, while, like a guiding star,
Amidst the thickest carnage blazed the helmet of Navarre.
Now, God be praised, the day is ours. Mayenne hath turned his rein.
D'Aumale hath cried for quarter. The Flemish Count is slain.
Their ranks are breaking like thin clouds before a Biscay gale;
The field is heaped with bleeding steeds, and flags, and cloven mail.
And then we thought on vengeance, and, all along our van,
"Remember St. Bartholomew," was pass'd from man to man.
But out spake gentle Henry, "No Frenchman is my foe:
Down, down, with every foreigner, but let your brethren go."
Oh! was there ever such a knight, in friendship or in war,
As our Sovereign Lord, King Henry, the soldier of Navarre.
Ho! maidens of Vienna; ho! matrons of Lucerne ;
Weep, weep, and rend your hair for those who never shall return.
Ho! Philip, send, for charity, thy Mexican pistoles,
That Antwerp monks may sing a mass for thy poor spearmen's souls.
Ho! gallant nobles of the League, look that your arms be bright;
Ho! burghers of Saint Genevieve, keep watch and ward to-night-
For our God hath crush'd the tyrant, our God hath rais'd the slave,
And mocked the counsel of the wise, and the valour of the brave.
Then glory to his Holy name, from whom all glories are;
And glory to our Sovereign Lord, King Henry of Navarre.

+A Cheap handsome edition of the Canterbury Tales was lately puts. lished by Colburn and Co.

PERMANENT ADVANTAGES OF MACHINERY.

the printers as a body, were to resolve to perform their work in a difficult instead of an easy way-if they were to resolve, that the labour employed in printing were desirable to be doubled, they might effect their unwise resolution by the simplest proceeding in the world. They might refuse to work upon types which had any nicks. In that case two compositors would certainly be required to do the work of one; and the price of printing would consequently be greatly raised, if the compositors were paid at the present rate for their time. But would the compositors, who thus rejected one of the most obvious natural aids to their peculiar labour, be benefited by this course? No. For the price of books would rise in the same proportion that the labour required to produce them was doubled in its quantity, by being lessened one-half in its efficiency. And the price of books rising, and that rise lessening purchasers, thousands of families would be deprived of a livelihood ;—not only those of compositors, but those of paper-makers, typefounders, and many other trades connected with books.

COLUMN FOR THE LADIES.

LADY MORGAN AND HER NIECES.

NEEDLES are not so cheap as pins, because the material of which they are made is more expensive, and the processes cannot be executed so completely by machinery. But without machinery, how could that most beautiful article, a fine needle, be sold at the rate of six for a penny? As in the case of pins, machinery is at work at the first formation of the material. Without the tilt hammer, which beats out the bar of steel, first at the rate of 10 strokes a minute, and lastly at that of 500, how could that bar be prepared for needle making at any thing like a reasonable price? In all the processes of needle making, labour is saved by contrivance and machinery. What human touch would be exquisite enough to make the eye of the finest needle, through which the most delicate silk is with difficulty passed? Needles are made in large quantities, so that it is even important to save the time of the child who lays them all one way when they are completed. Mr. Babbage, who is equally distinguished for his profound science, and his mechanical ingenuity, has described this process as an example of one of the simplest contrivances which can come under the denomination of a tool. "It is necessary to separate the needles into two parcels, in order that their points may be all in one direction. This is usually done by women "I spent a very pleasant evening to-day at Lady M——'s. and children. The needles are placed sideways in a heap The company was small, but amusing, and enlivened by on a table, in front of each operator. From five to ten are the presence of two very pretty friends of our hostess, who rolled towards this person by the fore-finger of the left sang in the best Italian style. I talked a great deal with hand; this separates them a very small space from each Lady M on various subjects, and she has talent and other, and each in its turn is pushed lengthways to the feeling enough always to excite a lively interest in her conright or to the left hand, according as its eye is on the versation. On the whole, I think I did not say enough in right or the left hand. This is the usual process, and her favour in my former letter; at any rate, I did not then in it every needle passes individually under the finger of know one of her most charming qualities,—that of possessthe operator. A small alteration expedites the processing two such pretty relatives. considerably; the child puts on the fore-finger of its right hand a small cap or finger-stall, and rolling from the heap from 6 to 12 needles, it keeps them down by the fore-finger of the left hand; whilst it presses the fore-finger of the right hand gently against the ends of the needles, those which have their points towards the right hand stick into the finger-stall; and the child removing the finger of the left hand, allows the needles sticking into the cloth to be slightly raised, and then pushes them towards the left side. Those needles which had their eyes on the right hand do not stick into the finger cover, and are pushed to the heap on the right side previous to the repetition of this process. By means of this simple contrivance, each movement of the finger, from one side to the other, carries five or six needles to their proper heap; whereas, in the former method, frequently only one was moved, and rarely more than two or three were transported at one movement to their place."

6

"But in Heaven's name,' replied I, how can a woman of sense, like you,-forgive me,-utter such nonsense?' Ah, I know well enough all that you can say on that subject,' said she; certainty no man can give me.' This obscurity in a most acute mind was unintelligible to me, even in a woman. (Ne vous en fachez pas, Julie !')

"My last and longest visit this morning was to the sweet girls I met at Lady M's. I took them some Italian music, which they sang like nightingales, and with a total absence of all pretension and all affectation. Their father is a distinguished physician; and like most of the

His

doctors' of eminence here, a Baronet' or 'Knight,' a title which is not esteemed a mark of nobility in England, although some families of great antiquity and consideration bear it. There are, however, Creti and Pleti, as among our lower nobility. A Baronet is generally called not by his family, but by his Christian, name; as Sir Charles, Sir Anthony: as in Vienna they say, Graf Tinterle, Kurst Muckerle, and so on. The medical Knight of whom I now speak, received his title in consequence of the establishment of excellent baths, and is a very interesting man. wife seemed to me still more remarkable for talent. She is very superior to her celebrated relative in accurate tact and judgment, and possesses an extraordinary power of mimicry, whose comic bent does not always spare her own family. The daughters, though perfectly different, are both very original; the one in the gentle, the other in the wild genre.' I always call her Lady M- 's wild Irish girl.' All three have a characteristic nationality, and indeed have never quitted Ireland.

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We have selected this description of a particular process in needle making, to show that great saving of labour may be effected by what is not popularly called machinery. In modern times, whatever work is carried on upon a large scale, the division of labour is applied, by which one man attending to one thing, learns to perform that one thing more perfectly than if he had attended to many things. He thus saves a considerable portion of the whole amount of labour. Every skilful workman has some mode of working peculiar to himself, by which he lessens his labour. An expert blacksmith, for instance, will not strike one more blow upon the anvil than is necessary to produce the effect he desires. A compositor or printer, who arranges the types, is aswift workman when he makes no unnecessary movement of his arm "I spend a great deal of my time with the little nightor fingers in lifting a single type into what is called his com- ingales, see Lady M- frequently, and avoid general soposing stick, where the types are arranged in lines. There is ciety as much as I can. The young ladies keep a burlesque a very simple contrivance to lessen the labour of the composi- journal, in which they write a chronicle of their daily tor, by preventing him putting the type into his composing' fata,' illustrated with the most extravagant drawings, stick the wrong side outwards. It is a nick or two nicks, on the side of the type which corresponds with the lower side of the face of the letter. By this nick or nicks he is enabled to see by one glance of his eye on which side the letter is first to be grasped, and then to be arranged. If nick were not there he would have to look at the face every letter before he could properly place it. Now, if

which is infinitely diverting. After that, we sing, talk, or act pictures, in which the mother, with her talent for the drama, contrives admirable dresses out of the most heterogeneous materials. You would have laughed if you had seen the wild Irish girl,' with moustaches and whiskers marked with charcoal, pocket-handkerchief and stick in her hand, come in as my caricature. These girls have an

inexhaustible fund of grace and vivacity, extremely unEnglish, but truly Irish.

The eldest, who is eighteen, has brown eyes, and hair of a most singular kind and expression: the latter has a sort of deep golden hue without being red, and in the former is a tranquil humid glow, over which comes at times a perfectly red light like that of fire; but yet it always remains only an intense glow, not a lightning-flash, like that which often glances from the eyes of the little wild girl. With her, all is flame; and under her maidenly blushes there often breaks out the determination and high spirit of a boy. Indiscreet, and carried away by the impulse of the moment, she sometimes gives way to too great vivacity, which however, from her sweet simplicity and inimitable grace, does but enhance the charm which distinguishes her. To-day, when my carriage was announced, I exclaimed with a sigh, Ah, que cette voiture vient mal à propos !' Eh bien,' cried she, with the perfect air of a little hussar (she was still in male costume), envoyez la au diable.' À very severe and reproving look from her mamma, and one of terror from her gentle sister, covered all of her little face, that was not concealed by her disguise, over and over with scarlet; she cast down her eyes ashamed, and looked indescribably pretty.

"Lady M— received me to-day in her authoress-boudoir, where I found her writing, not without some view to effect, elegantly dressed, and with a mother-of-pearl and gold pen in her hand. She was employed on a new book, for which she had invented a very good title, Memoirs of Myself and for Myself.' She asked me whether she should put of myself' or 'for myself' first. I decided for the former as the more natural order; for I observed she must write, before she can have written. Upon this we fell into a sportive contest, in which she reproached me with my German pedantry, and maintained that hitherto Lonnet blanc' and blanc bonnet' had been the same; the justice of which I was obliged to admit. The motto she had chosen was from Montaigne, 'Je n'enseigne pas, je raconte.' She read me some passages, which I thought very good. This woman, who appears so superficial, is quite another being when she takes the pen in her hand.

"She told me that she intended to go next winter to Paris, and wished to go on into Germany, but that she had a great dread of the Austrian police. I advised her to go to Berlin. Shall not I be persecuted there?' said she. 'God forbid!' rejoined I; in Berlin talent is worshipped: only I advise you to take at least one of your pretty young friends, who is fond of dancing and dances well, so that you may be invited to the balls at court, and may thus have an opportunity of becoming acquainted with our amiable and accomplished young military men: they are well worth knowing, and you may not find any other way of being introduced to them.' At this moment her husband entered, and begged me to get his philosophical work translated into German, that he might not figure there only as aid-de-camp to his wife, but fly with his own wings. I promised all he wished; but observed that a new prayerbook would have a better chance of success at the present day than a new system of philosophy, of which we had enough already.

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"I dined at Lady M's. She had invited me by a note, such as I have received a dozen of during my stay here:-I must mention them as characteristic, for I never in my life saw worse calligraphy, or a more negligent style from a lady's pen. The aim of the great authoress was manifest ;-to announce the most perfect insouciance,' the most entire abandon,' in the affairs of ordinary life; just as the great solo dancers in Paris affect to walk with their toes turned in, that they may not betray the dancer by profession. At table Lady M, with her aid-decamp K. Cl—, faisoient les frais d'esprit obligé.' Mr. Shiel, too, appeared in the character of an agreeable man of the world. The most amusing part of the entertainment, however, was the acting of proverbs by Lady M and her sister, who both extemporized admirably in French. Among others, they performed Love me, love my dog.'Tour of a German Prince.

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Come, boys, sit jollily round the can,

Let each take a pull, till he's twice a man,→
Drink till his heart and his brains are clear,
Draughts of bluff Berwick's stout brown beer!
Leave griping claret, and French champagne
To fellows who try to be men in vain ;
And take your turns at the tankard warm,
Draining it dry "To the great Reform!"
What care we, who boldly think,

What the Clerks, the Melvilles, or Buccleuchs drink ;
Jolly boys, what care we a jot

Whether Blair's professions are false or not :—
So that the tankard is foaming full,
And that we are able to take a pull-
So that our hearts are stout and warm

To the cause of "An honest and just Reform !"
We don't want to demolish the State,
Nor to steal their tags from the "titled great,"
Garter nor ribbon, nor sash nor cord ;-
The Devil for us may be dubbed "a lord."
The jobber may swallow the gold he's got,-
We want but enough to boil the pot;
And to keep out the cold, and the starving storm,
And quietly live 'neath "A true Reform."
Let us have friends who may tell our tale,
And argue it out with the Tories pale-
Our free chosen Members to represent
Our rights and our wrongs in Parliament.-
Then will we readily meet and bear,
Hardships, taxes, toil, and care,

Taking our chance for the sun and storm,
So it be under "A true Reform!"

Here's a health to MURRAY and ABERCROMBY!
May they both do double the good they say :—
To fine little Jeffrey-He's not big-

But he'll batter down Croker, and Peel the prig;
To the SCHOOLMASTER Brougham! when he begins,
He'll palmie the Tories, and crack their shins :
And flog in the Bishops (a terrible swarm,)
Yea give Sugden a brush till he bawl "Reform !"
RULES FOR CHESS.

BY A LADY.

Alas-that it should be my fate to sing
The small dominion of the wretched King!
One single move from LEFT to RIGHT he makes,
Another then from RIGHT to LEFT he takes:
One single move; and can he do no more?
Ah no! tis true, the sov 'reign pow'r is o'er.
Not so his consort; mark her gen'ral sway,
She-unrestrained, can move in every way,
The sex's softness banish'd from the scene-
She aims at all: oh, blush, presumptuous QUEEN!
The MITRED heroes next must join the throng;
Diagonally-suits but ill with song,

Else would I tell thee-thus each move they make,
Just entre nous-for opposition sake.

Holyday Rambles Round Edinburgh, No. II.-The Roman
Camp, by the Railway

Maid-Servants...

17

19

Canvassing-An Old-Fashioned Member of Parliament........ 20
Fundamental Principles of the British Constitution,...
COLUMN FOR YOUTH-What Men have done-The Giraffe-

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... 22

23

tions-ROUSSEAU. Equality among Citizens-HUME....... 24 THE STORY TELLER-MARY LAWSON: Story for Young Women 25 Henry of Navarre-A Poem, by Mr. Macaulay, M.P...... ..... 30 31 Permanent Advantages of Machinery...... COLUMN FOR THE LADIES-Lady Morgan and her Nieces...... 31 THE JUBILEE Glee.

EDINBURGH: Printed by and for JOHN JOHNSTONE, 19, St. James's

Square.-Published by JOHN ANDERSON, Jun., Bookseller, 55, North Bridge Street, Edinburgh; by JOHN MACLEOD, and ATKINSON & Co., Book sellers, Glasgow; and sold by all Booksellers and Venders of Cheap Periodicals,

THE

AND

EDINBURGH WEEKLY MAGAZINE.

CONDUCTED BY JOHN JOHNSTONE.

THE SCHOOLMASTER IS ABROAD.-LORD BROUGHAM.

No. 3.-VOL. I.

SATURDAY, AUGUST 18, 1832. PRICE THREE-HALFPENCE.

CONDITION OF OPERATIVE MANUFAC- | mulate the many to inquiry, and to set them on

TURERS.

looking for redress where alone it may be obtained, in the exertion of their own physical and in"God sends meat, but the Devil sends cooks," tellectual energies; and also to show the few the says the adage; and the saying is applicable to dangers of the crater, on the brink of which they many things besides boiling and roasting. The are lulling themselves into a selfish and stupid reman that should sit down at this time of day, to pose. We are enabled to do this effectually from doubt of the immense advantages society ought a little work by Dr. Kay of Manchester, which, in permanently to gain from the late great improve- a few pages, gives us a sketch of the wretched ments in machinery, and the application of the circumstances of an immense body of the peodiscoveries of science to manufactures and agri- ple of Britain; for Glasgow, Paisley, and many culture, must, if not actually mad, be strangely of the populous manufacturing towns differ, in prejudiced; but equally prejudiced, and more mad few respects, from Manchester, which he demust he be, who, looking stedfastly at the actual scribes. It is a heart-breaking, and to many it condition of the mass of the manufacturing popu- will be a repulsive exhibition, this of the helots lation, does not confess, that 'All is not gold that of our wealthy commercial society; and yet, Thou glisters, that the cooks are somehow spoiling the Most Gracious and Benevolent Being! who callest good meat which Heaven sends us. Instead of all of us into existence, and who, gifting each with marching, hand in hand, mutually aiding each other, like capacities, lookest upon all alike, these, our Labour and Capital are too often seen running an degraded, suffering, fellow-creatures, number antagonist race, in which the latter, always the hundreds for the tens of the comfortable and stronger party, enjoys fearful odds. A struggle is well-sustained in this favoured land. After some continually going on, of man against machine, till general preliminary observations, Dr. Kay enters that which should be the staff in the hands of the early on that great admitted evil, and standing human being is converted into the instrument of his reproach of artisans, the Gin Shop, and those degradation and torture. In the words of Mr. Combe, habits of improvidence which act at once as cause in our first number, "Has man been permitted to and effect in aggravating the miseries of the madiscover the steam-engine, and apply it in propel-nufacturing poor.-And who are the manufacling ships on the ocean and carriages on railways, in spinning, weaving, and forging iron; and has he been gifted with intellect to discover the astonishing power of physical agents, such as are revealed by chemistry and mechanics, only that he may be enabled to build more houses, weave more webs, and forge more iron utensils, without any direct regard to his moral and intellectual improvement?" And Mr. Combe might have added-In the employment of those newly-revealed agencies, must he lead a more degraded and wretched life, than before these powers of science and mechanism were ever heard of," spending his strength for that which is not bread, and his labour for that which satisfieth

not

To ascertain the nature and full extent of an vikis the first sure step towards the remedy. The few strong facts we have to state do not comprebend half the evil; but they are sufficient to sti

"No

turing poor? Nearly every one, it appears,
connected with manufacturing operations, is now
included in this sweeping phrase. All are the poor,
and most the wretchedly poor. After consider-
ing the actual circumstances of this numerous
class, the writer has the humanity to make gener-
ous allowance for even their worst faults.
wonder," he says, "that the wretched victim, in-
vited by those haunts of misery and crime—the
gin-shop and the tavern-as he passes to his daily
labour, should endeavour to cheat his suffering of
a few moments, by the false excitement procured
by ardent spirits; or that the exhausted artisan,
driven by ennui and discomfort from his squalid
home, should strive, in the delirious dreams of a
continued debch, to forget the remembrance of
his reckless improvidence of the destitution,
hunger, and uninterrupted toil, which threaten to
destroy the remaining energies of his enfeebled

i

constitution." This is a faithful picture of the suffice to refer generally to the wretched state of
gaunt, famine-struck, ragged man, whom more in the habitations of the poor, especially throughout
sorrow than in anger one meets at the turning of the whole of the districts, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4: the
every crowded thoroughfare of a manufacturing houses, too, generally built back to back, having,
town. Let us now look into his home. "The therefore, only one outlet-no yard, no privy-
houses, in such situations, (in Manchester,) are and no receptacle for refuse. Consequently, the
uncleanly, ill-provided with furniture; an air of narrow, unpaved streets, in which mud and water
discomfort, if not of squalid and loathsome wretch- stagnate, become the common receptacles of offal
edness, pervades them; they are often dilapi- and ordure; often low, damp, ill-ventilated cellars
dated, badly drained, and damp; and the habits exist beneath the houses. The streets in the dis-
of their tenants are gross. They are ill-fed, ill-tricts where the poor reside are generally un-
clothed, and uneconomical; at once spendthrifts sewered, and the drainage is consequently super-
and destitute; denying themselves the comforts ficial.
of life, in order that they may wallow in the un-
restrained licence of animal appetite. An intimate
connexion subsists among the poor, between the
cleanliness of the street and that of the house and
person. Uneconomical habits and dissipation are
almost inseparably allied: and they are so fre-
quently connected with uncleanliness, that we
cannot consider their concomitance as altogether
accidental. The first step to recklessness may
often be traced in a neglect of that self-respect,
and of the love of domestic enjoyments, which
are indicated by personal slovenliness, and discom-
fort of the habitation-hence the importance of
providing, by police regulations or general enact-crowded into one room, or damp cellar, in whose
ment, against those fertile sources, alike of disease
and demoralization, presented by the gross neglect
of the streets and habitations of the poor."
Police regulations are, however, but

"The hangman's whip to haud the wretch in order;"

"Much less can we obtain satisfactory statistical results concerning the want of furniture, especially of bedding, and of food, clothing, and fuel. In these respects, the habitations of the Irish are most destitute:-they can scarcely be said to be furnished. They contain one or two chairs, a mean table, the most scanty culinary apparatus, and one or two beds loathsome with filth. A whole family is often accommodated on a single bed; and sometimes a heap of filthy straw, and a covering of old sacking, hide them in one undistinguished heap, debased alike by penury, want of economy, and dissolute habits. A family are often

pestilential atmosphere from twelve to sixteen persons are huddled." Dr. Kay gives a rather more favourable account of the condition, and consequently of the character, of the cotton-spinners, than of the hand-loom weavers; they may earn, he says, from 98. to 128. a-week. From the evidence of Mr. Foster, an intelligent practical man, we learn, that in Glasgow and Paisley, there are, even in moderately good times, about 11,000 handloom weavers, toiling at all times for fourteen hours a-day, at a rate of wages of which the average may be 58. 6d. a-week! Dr. Kay makes the rate vary from 5s. to 88., which gives a higher average. In Manchester the hand-loom weavers are chiefly Irish; the poorest, wherever they are found, and in every way the most wretched of the manu

and nothing should ever reconcile any class of the
British people to the regular domiciliary visits of
police in their habitations, nor justify such an en-
croachment on personal rights, save the direst ne-
cessity. They are at best a painful palliative of a
small part of the evil; not the remedy which can
ever have a lasting, sanative operation'even against
uncleanliness. Take this other picture of the human
ant-hill, where a few grow to enormous wealth on
the toils, and amid the miseries of the many." In
Manchester, in the divisions numbered 1, 2, 3, 4,
7, 10, 13, and 14, which contain a large propor-facturing population. The Doctor forgets his own
tion of the poor, we find 579 streets, 243 of which
are altogether unpaved; and 307 containing heaps
of refuse, deep ruts, stagnant pools, &c. Replies
to the tabular inquiries relating to dwellings,
afford equally remarkable, if not more disgusting
results suffice it to say, that out of 6951 houses
examined, 2565 wanted whitewashing, 1435 were
reported as damp, and 2221 entirely wanting ne-
cessary conveniences. In one street, called Par-
liament Street, there appears only one for 380
inhabitants, and this built in a narrow passage,
which must, consequently, prove a fertile source of
contagion and disease." Such is the accommoda-
tion of thousands on thousands in the great metro-
polis of the commercial system. Nor have we yet
seen the worst. In the miseries of a manufactur-
ing town there are lower deeps. "Unwilling,"
says Dr. Kay, "to weary the patience of the rea-
der by extending these disgusting details, it may

apology for these heirs of toil and misery, and
again returns to the gin-shops and the beer-houses,
-now converting into a cause what he had almost
admitted to be a consequence. "Some idea may
be formed of the influence of these establishments
on the health and morals of the people," says Dr.
Kay, "from the following statement, drawn up by
Mr. Braidley, the boroughreeve:-He observed
the number of persons entering a gin-shop in five
minutes, during eight successive Saturday even-
ings, and at various periods, from seven o'clock
until ten. The average result was 112 men and
163 women, or 275 in forty minutes, which is
equal to 412 per hour." This is bad enough.

Dr. Kay concludes with Mr. M'Culloch's prescription, which has been written out at least some ten thousand times now. Full time some attempt were made to administer it. "If," says M'Culloch, "we would really improve the condition of the lower

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