with the nickname mentioned by à Wood, that one may be nearly certain that Goodwin is intended. Old Anthony à Wood, who witnessed the rough treatment which his beloved University met with at the hands of the parliamentary commissioners, mentions that the undergraduates used to call Goodwin 'Nine-caps,' from the care that he took to protect his head from cold; and he relates that Owen, who was Vice-Chancellor, appeared sometimes in the Convocation House wearing neither cap nor gown, but simply a cocked hat!

P. 203, 1. 17. Plutarch, De Superstitione, chap. x.

P. 204, 1. 25. Essay on the Human Understanding. Book II. chap. xxiii. (Morley.)

P. 206, 1. 28. See Bishop Burnet's sermon, preached at the funeral of the Hon. Robert Boyle.' (Tegg.)

P. 208, 1. 25. The Dutch philosopher, Christian Huygens, (died 1695,) contributed many important discoveries to the sciences of optics, mechanics, and astronomy. The work from which Addison here quotes is probably either his Treatise on Light, or the Cosmotheoros, a work translated into English, and published in 1698 under the title, The Celestial Worlds discovered, or Conjectures concerning the inhabitants, plants, and productions of the worlds in the Planets.'

1. 29. The ingenious and humorous author of Un Voyage autour de ma Chambre, playfully introduces the following Système du Monde' into his charming work:-'Je crois donc que, l'espace étant infini, la création l'est aussi, et que Dieu a créé dans son éternité une infinité de mondes dans l'immensité de l'espace.'

P. 211, 1. 3. Anacharsis, a Scythian on his father's side, a Greek on his mother's, lived in the sixth century before Christ. His witty sayings may be consulted in Orelli's Opuscula.

P. 212, 1. 5. Bonosus, whose history is told by Vopiscus, was not a Briton, but a Gaul. He hanged himself after being defeated by the emperor Probus, about A.D. 280.

1. 37. The Sentences' of Publius Syrus (a writer of the first century before Christ) are in part extracts from his lost Mimes (=short comedies) in part derived from other writers of the same stamp.

P. 214, 1. 30. The stories about Pittacus and Bion, which occur farther on, are taken from the work of Diogenes Laertius on the Lives of the Philosophers. The anecdote about Aristippus is from Plutarch; it is in the treatise On Tranquillity of Mind, ch. viii.

P. 216, 1. 5. The Life of the excellent Dr. Henry Hammond (1605-1660) chaplain to Charles I, by Dr. Fell, Dean of Christ Church, was published in 1661; it is a very interesting little book.

This paragraph was written by Dean Swift.

P. 218, 1. 21.

P. 224, 1. 15.

Probably the author's father, Dean Lancelot Addison, who

had published an account of West Barbary. (Tegg.)

P. 225, 1. 36. Tillotson's Works (Birch), Serm. clxv. On the Present and Future Advantage of a Holy and Virtuous Life.' The preacher says,— What in particular our employment shall be, and wherein it shall consist, is impossible now to describe; it is sufficient to know in the general that our employment shall be our unspeakable pleasure, and every way suitable to the glory and happiness of that state. . . . . For there is no doubt but that He who made us, and endued our souls with a desire of immortality, and so large a capacity of happiness, does understand very well by what way and means to make us happy, and hath in readiness proper exercises and employments for that state, and every way more fitted to make us happy, than any condition or employment in this world is suitable to a temporal happiness.'

V.

MANNERS, FASHIONS, AND HUMOURS.

P. 231, 1. 12. The Kit-cat Club took its name from Christopher Cat, the maker of their mutton pies. It was originally formed in Shire Lane, about the time of the trial of the seven bishops, for a little free evening conversation, but in Queen Anne's reign comprehended above forty noblemen and gentlemen of the first rank for quality, merit, and fortune, firm friends of the Hanoverian succession. (Tegg.)

P. 232, 1. 13. One who refused to swear allegiance to King William after the Revolution of 1688.

1. 17. The Leges Convivales of Ben Jonson are twenty-four Latin rules, composed by the poet for the use and guidance of the frequenters of the Old Devil Tavern at Temple Bar, his favourite resort, and engraven in marble over the chimney of the large club-room there, called the 'Apollo.' Gifford (Works of Ben Jonson, vol. ix.) truly says that nothing can be more pure and elegant than the latinity of these "laws." These are a few of them :

1. Nemo asymbolus, nisi umbra, huc venito.

2. Idiota, insulsus, tristis, turpis, abesto.

9. Ministri a dapibus, oculati et muti,
A poculis, auriti et celeres sunto.

17. Joci sine felle sunto.

19. Versus scribere nullus cogitor.

23. Qui foras vel dicta, vel facta eliminet, eliminator.

6

In drawing them up, says Gifford, Jonson had the rules of the Roman entertainments in view, as collected with great industry by Lipsius.'

P. 234, 1. 8. Drawcansir is the mock hero of Buckingham's play of the

Rehearsal, who, burlesquing the character of Almanzor in Dryden's Conquest of Granada, destroys whole armies, on his own side and that of the enemy indifferently, by his unaided prowess.

P. 236, l. 13. I. e. the clergy are so numerous that if, as is done by lay land-holders, they could cut up their glebes and tithes into forty-shilling freeholds, each of which would entitle the holder to vote at the election of county members, they would command most of the (county) elections in England. 1. 16.

'Extremi addensent acies; nec turba moveri

Tela manusque sinit.'-Æn. x. 432.

P. 237, 1. 14. The passage cited-and a very striking one it is-is found in Sir W. Temple's Observations upon the United Provinces, ch. i. Temple, for many years the British minister at the Hague in the reign of Charles II, is chiefly known in political history as the negotiator of the Triple Alliance, and in literary history as the patron of Swift.

P. 239, 1. 3. Dr. Thomas Sydenham, a member of Magdalen College, Oxford, was resident in London at the time of the Great Plague of 1665, and, though he took refuge from it in the country, must have had great opportunities of studying its phenomena. His Methodus curandi Febres, written originally in English, first appeared in 1666. The acuteness and sweep of observation, together with the remarkable power of philosophical deduction, which characterise this book, caused it to be universally admired, and have preserved the reputation of the author to this day.

1. 17. Sanctorius, or Santorio, was an eminent Italian physician; died 1636. His Ars de statica Medicina was translated by one John Quincy into English in 1712, 'with large explanations, wherein is given a mechanical account of the animal economy;' but an earlier English translation had appeared in 1676, to which probably the passage in the text refers.

P. 240, l. 26. and here I am.'

The English version is, I was well; I would be better; (Morley.)

P. 243, 1. 29. In Jonson's play of the Alchemist, Abel Drugger, a foolish and superstitious tobacconist, consults Subtle the alchemist and astrologer on various arrangements which are to bring him good luck and flowing custom. He asks (Act II) what sign he shall choose for his shop, and Subtle replies

'He shall have a bell, that's Abel,

And by it standing one whose name is Dee1,

In a rug gown; there's D & rug; that's Drug;
And right anenst him a dog snarling -er;

There's Drugger, Abel Drugger.'

1. 31. That is, the god Bel, named in the book of the so-called Apocrypha, entitled 'Bel and the Dragon.'

1 Dr. Dee, the famous astrologer of Queen Elizabeth's reign.

P. 246, 1. 6. The books in Leonora's library are of a miscellaneous character, and most of them are now forgotten. The first on the list is a translation of Virgil by John Ogilby (1600–1676), a Scotch tutor whom Lord Strafford employed in the education of his children. Pope names him in the Dunciad:

'Here swells the shelf with Ogilby the great,

...

There, stamp'd with arms, Newcastle shines complete.' Dryden's version of Juvenal, in which he was aided by his sons John and Charles, appeared in 1693. 'Astræa' was a 'pastoral romance of the days of Henry IV, by Honoré D'Urfé, translated by a person of quality in 1657.' (Morley). The Grand Cyrus and Clelia were two ponderous romances written by Mdlle. de Scudéry (1607-1701). Cleopatra and Cassandra, works of the same description, were written by Calprenède about the same time. Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586) entitled his pastoral romance, The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia.' Sherlock's Discourse upon Death was noticed in a note to page 184. The most celebrated work of Malebranche (1631–1715) is his Recherche de la Vérité. The Academy of Compliments was probably a sort of hand-book of etiquette. Tom Durfey's Tales are used by Pope for the butt end of a comparison,-'From Dryden's Virgil down to Durfey's tales.' Elziver, or Elzevier, was the family name of several celebrated Dutch printers, who for a period of 130 years, from about 1580 to 1710, exercised their calling at Leyden and Amsterdam, and brought typography to a height of clearness and beauty before unknown. The New Atalantis was from the pen of Mrs. Manley, a clever and unscrupulous woman, well known in the reigns of William III and Queen Anne. It is a kind of scandalous chronicle of the English Court and certain members of the nobility, the full title being 'Secret Memoirs and Manners of several persons of Quality of both Sexes from the New Atlantis, an island in the Mediterranean.' When the book first appeared in 1707, it made a great sensation; Mrs. Manley was arrested and put on her trial for libel, but does not appear to have been convicted. In the Rawlinson collection in the Bodleian Library there is a copy of the book with the names of the persons represented by the several characters inserted in MS., but I have not met with any printed 'key.' On Baker's Chronicle see note to p. 54, l. 28. Steele published his semi-religious treatise of The Christian Hero in 1701, while he was in the army. Dr. Sacheverell's Speech' is the speech that he made at his trial before the House of Lords, when charged with having used seditious language in his sermon preached before the Lord Mayor in 1709. Dr. Johnson's father, the old Lichfield bookseller, told his son that he had not known the eager reception and large sale of Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel ever equalled but in the case of Sacheverell's Trial. 'Fielding's Trial' is the narrative of the case of Robert Fielding, usually called Beau Fielding, who was tried at the Old Bailey in 1706 for having contracted a bigamous marriage with the notorious Barbara Duchess of Cleveland, one of Charles II's mistresses. The case is in vol. v. of the State Trials (ed.

NOTES.

497 of 1730). Taylor's Holy Living and Holy Dying are still standard works.

1. 19. The 'Fifteen Joys of Marriage' was originally written in French by one Antoine Lasale, about the middle of the fifteenth century. It was afterwards frequently printed and re-edited, with more or less variation from the original, particularly by Guillaume Cretin, a contemporary of Marot and Rabelais. Taking Cretin's version as his basis, some anonymous English writer published in 1682 The Fifteen Comforts of Matrimony,'' done out of French.' The work has a satirical aim, and the comforts are anything but comforts. A clever answer appeared in the following year, entitled 'The Women's Advocate, or, Fifteen real Comforts of Matrimony,'' written by a Person of Quality of the Female Sex.'

P. 249, l. 18. Mr. Joseph Mede (1586–1638), a Cambridge man, and a friend of Bishop Andrewes, wrote two works on the book of Revelation, Clavis Apocalyptica and In sancti Joannis Apocalypsin Commentarius. To show how highly he was rated, how greatly over-rated, in Addison's time and long afterwards, it will be sufficient to quote the words of Bishop Hurd : The book [of Revelation] . was on the point of being given up as utterly impenetrable, when a sublime genius arose, in the beginning of the last century, and surprised the learned world with that great desideratum, a "Key to the Revelation.""

1. 21.

Marshal d'Estrades, one of the most active and able of the French diplomatists in the seventeenth century, who negotiated the purchase of Dunkirk from Charles II, and represented the interests of France at the treaty of Nimeguen, dying at a great age in 1686, left behind him a voluminous collection of Lettres et Memoires,' bearing on the negotiations in which he had borne a part.

1. 25. Dr. William Wall (1646–1728) published his well known treatise on Infant Baptism in 1705. It is a 'fair and temperate, as well as learned, work, the object of which is, first, to prove what was the practice of the early Church with reference to baptism during the first four centuries, and then to urge upon the Baptists, or, as he calls them, Anti-pædo-Baptists, various considerations touching the evils of disunion, and the ease with which they might, if so disposed, rejoin the Anglican communion.' (Arnold's Manual of English Literature.)

1. 28. This correspondent must have been an admirer of passive obedience, and a believer in the divine right of kings; for the work here cited was written by Charles Leslie the non-juror (in this same year, 1711), against a treatise of the well known liberal divine, Benjamin Hoadley (who afterwards became bishop of Bangor), which derived the Original and Institution of Civil Government' from popular election or consent. Leslie, with Sir R. Filmer, holds the patriarchal system, in which the family, clan, or tribe, is governed absolutely by its natural hereditary head, to be the only legitimate type of civil government.

P. 250, 1. 3. The first seven volumes of the romance of Pharamond, K k