and before long he was hard put to it to keep the works going, his people being all in arrears of pay, and not able in consequence to maintain themselves. In one of his letters to the Council, written on May 17th, 1559, Lee stated that from their poor and scanty living they had become unfit for work, and as for the most part they were forced to live on herring, there was no stamina left in them, from which by more generous diet to renew their strength sufficiently to do good service at the fortifications. And again, in another letter, written a week later, he said that none could afford the luxury of a chance meal of fresh meat, even when sick.

"It grieves me to see the multitude exclaim daily of their wants, especially as the works are in such forwardness and in such good order."

Money, however, was only to be had in dribblets, and by degrees it came to Lee's knowledge that objections were made to some of his works. It seems, from what can now be gathered out of the records, that Lee's project involved a new line of rampart, which would necessitate the demolition of some houses, the property of men of authority and influence in the place. Much underhand opposition was therefore brought to bear against him. In this dilemma he wrote to the Queen to send some qualified person to inspect the works. He also seems to have had some secret which he wished imparted to a trusty servant of her Majesty. His letter is dated July 9th, 1559, and runs thus :—

"Seeing a great mass of money has been bestowed upon the fortifications of this town, I beseech your majesty to send some persons of credit to see how the same has been employed. Also that your majesty would direct such a man hither as that your majesty's servant may open to him such secresy appertaining to the fortification of the town, to be considered by your majesty, as according to such lessons as I have learned of the late king, your majesty's father I think it not meet to be opened but to such a one as your majesty shall put in special trust for that purpose." The Queen's reply is dated August 7th, 1559 :-—

"Whereas he in his letters has heretofore requested that she would send thither some trusty person to take a view of the fortifications at Berwick she intending shortly to send Sir Ralph Sadleir into those parts appoints him to take a view of the same. She requires Lee to tell him what he shall think necessary, and to give credit to his communications."

What the secret was which Lee may be presumed to have imparted to Sadleir has not been recorded. We have in Clifford's Sadleir's "State Papers," an intimation of Lee's emoluments at Berwick. His pay was 20s. per diem, besides which he was allowed ten servants at the public expense. He, however, does not seem to

have been regularly paid, as we find that at this time his pay was in arrears to no less an amount than £133 6s 8d. Shortly after Sadleir's visit to Berwick Lee left for London, whence he was sent on a mission to Antwerp, Rowland Johnson remaining in charge of the fortifications at Berwick.

We at this time find a new Engineer at work at Dover, of the name of Thomas Cockerill, with pay at the rate of 6s. 8d. per diem, repairing the pier and " Black Bulwark."

Potinari had, during the reign of Mary, been compelled to leave the kingdom and seek employment in France, where he remained until Elizabeth recalled him to his former service. We find him in 1560 called on by the Council to inspect the fortifications of Portsmouth and report on their condition, at the same time to suggest any new works he might consider necessary to improve the defence.

Lee, having returned from his mission at Antwerp, was employed to design and erect a castle at Upnor, on the Medway, by Royal Warrant, dated March 26th, 1560. Its object was to protect the English fleet when moored in the vicinity of Chatham, as is expressed in the following two lines of the inscription it bore:

"Who gave me this show to none other Ende
But strongly to stande her navie to defende."

-(Lambard's "Peramb: of Kent.")

Whilst thus engaged, Lee still continued in chief control of the Berwick works, which were being carried on under him by Rowland Johnson. The latter in his reports addressed him as "General Surveyor of all the Queen's works and fortifications of Berwick," or sometimes as "Chief Surveyor and Master of the Queen's Works at Berwick." The fortifications of Berwick were of a very extended character. They consisted of a series of "Mounts" or forts, connected with each other by bastioned lines. One of them was called the "Great Mount above Cowgate," and another the "East Mount, passing by Cowgate." From the south end of the latter ran the new ditch, cut across the "Snook" to the sea. Then came St. Nicholas Mount, only half built, then the North-East Mount, which was followed by the North or Middle Mount. In the curtain connecting these two Mounts was a gateway. Next was the West Mount, the strongest portion of the citadel, in the curtain of which was the Marygate.

When his castle of Upnor had become pretty well advanced Lee returned to Berwick accompanied by Potinari. In a letter which he wrote to the Council, dated at Berwick, April 19th, 1560, after reporting on the progress which Johnson had made during the winter, he urged his desire to complete the fortress in the course of

the summer; he therefore asked for a thousand additional workmen, estimating their cost at £5,000 a month. The object of Potinari's visit to Berwick was to make a special report to the Queen as to the condition of the place, with any criticisms or suggested alterations which might seem to him advisable. He was, therefore, in no sense working under Lee, but rather, if anything, in antagonism. The result naturally was that difficulties arose between them. Potinari considered that there were many defects in Lee's scheme, more particularly in the sea line, which had not yet been begun. Lee chafed under the criticism, and declined to alter anything. On this Potinari drew out a design of his own, which he submitted to the Duke of Norfolk, who was in chief command at Berwick. This, however, proved so costly, that in the end Lee's designs were adhered to.

At this time an expedition under Lord Grey was collected on the border for the purpose of besieging Leith, then held by the French in alliance with the Scots. The Chief Trenchmaster of this force was William Pelham. This is the first time that his name appears, but he rose gradually in estimation and position until he became Lieutenant of the Ordnance. In this attack he commanded a pioneer force of 700 men. The siege of Leith was begun on April 6th, and on the 9th the first battery opened against the place. The besiegers were miserably inadequate for the work they had to do, both as regards numbers and munitions. Their artillery was far too feeble, and they were throughout short of ammunition. Still the most heroic efforts were made, and Pelham with his pioneers distinguished himself greatly, so much so that Lord Grey, in a report to Norfolk, suggested that he should receive the Queen's thanks.

In

On May 7th a most gallant but unsuccessful assault was made with severe loss to the besiegers. There seems to have been much mismanagement in the affair, and Norfolk, in his report to the Council, said "the thing was marvellously ill handled," and the place "might have been taken with less loss." consequence of this Sir Peter Carew was sent to the army to report on the affair. He threw all the blame on Lord Grey, and acquitted the Engineer and Master of the Ordnance, on the ground that they had acted under his express orders. Potinari now

joined the attack, and at once began mining operations, which he carried on for upwards of a month without achieving any success. Having failed both by assault and mining, Lord Grey turned the siege into a blockade, which lasted till July 6th, when a general treaty of peace was made. In this it was decreed that Leith

should be surrendered to the English.

Pelham was one of three English officers deputed to meet an

equal number of the French to see to the execution of the treaty by which the fortifications of Leith were to be demolished.

Sir Richard Lee was present at part of the siege, but does not appear to have taken any action connected with it. His mission was the somewhat perilous one of a reconnaissance of both Leith and Edinburgh. When asked to undertake this duty the old man at once consented,

"Though not so well able to ride as his Grace could have wished."(Haynes.)

He was completely successful, and made a full report to Norfolk, at the same time sending to the Queen a plan of Leith, which he made by observations from surrounding high ground. The Duke, in forwarding his report to the Queen wrote, "He is worthy to have some letter of thanks."

An engineer named Ridgway had for some years filled the post of surveyor of the works at Portsmouth, and dying at this time was succeeded by Richard Popinjay, who was appointed by Royal Warrant, dated August 15th, 1560.

The fortifications of Berwick were completed before the close of the year 1563, and Lord Grey was appointed its governor, being the first general officer to fill the office. In its present state of importance it required a man of high position to be at its head. Camden called it" munitissimum totius Britanniæ oppidum."

In 1562 an army under the Earl of Warwick was sent into France, to co-operate with the Huguenots of that country, who had risen in revolt. Pelham went with him as Chief Engineer, in which capacity he acted at the siege and capture of Caen. By the treaty of Amboise, of March 25th, 1563, the Huguenots threw over their English allies, and made terms with the Catholics, by which they bound Elizabeth, without her knowledge, to surrender Havre, which she was at the time holding with her forces. The Queen was so enraged at this step that she directed the Earl of Warwick to hold the place against the whole power of France. Pelham was placed in charge of the defence under the Earl, and was full of zeal and high spirit. He declared to Throgmorton that

"Lord Warwick and all his people would spend the last drop of their blood before the French should fasten a foot in the town."-(Froude.)

In May the enemy appeared before the place with the French King in person, attended by his whole court, and the siege commenced in form. The French engineers, working as they did under the eyes of their King, exerted themselves to the utmost: they drained the marshes in front of the town into the sea, so as to be able to construct trenches and batteries there, and brought

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such an overwhelming fire on the walls that they were soon reduced to a ruinous condition. The garrison meanwhile were not idle. Several sorties were made, which inflicted much loss on the besiegers, and destroyed many of their works. The artillery responded briskly to the fire of the French batteries, whilst mines were prepared beneath the numerous breaches that lay open to assault. Pestilence and famine shortly began to enfeeble the garrison, but their spirit remained indomitable. On July 14th the assailants attempted to storm the breaches with some 3,000 troops, but were driven back with the loss of 400 men. This, however, was not effected without a corresponding sacrifice on the part of the defence, who were now reduced to 1,500 half-starved sickly men. The Queen, who had vindicated her honour by the noble defence that had been made against such overwhelming odds, now gave instructions that a capitulation should be effected. This was done on July 28th, Pelham being one of the four officers deputed to undertake the duty, and who afterwards remained as hostages until the terms had been fulfilled. He had been wounded in the siege, as also was the Engineer Goodall, who had conducted the mining operations.

In 1672 we again recover a trace of John Rogers, who had apparently been employed in Ireland for some years past. He was deputed at this time to undertake the conduct of three German nobles, who were anxious to inspect that island. It was desirable that they should not be allowed to see the nakedness of the land, and Burleigh gave Rogers instructions to show them as little as possible, and to confine their tour to a few of the best fortified towns.

Another Engineer of the period remains to be noticed, who was more celebrated for his great learning and mathematical genius than for his warlike achievements. This was Leonard Digges. Markham, in his "Five Decades of Warre," speaks of him as a rare Engineer of profound accomplishments. Fuller says of him that he was of excellent learning and deep judgment, his mind most inclining him to mathematics. He was the best architect of that age for all manner of building, for convenience, pleasure, state and strength, being excellent also in fortifications; and lest his learning should die with him he published for the public profit his "Tectonicon," "Prognostic General," and "Stratioticos "-the first treating of Surveying, the second of Meteorology, and the third of Mathematics as necessary to the military profession.

In 1575 Sir Richard Lee, the greatest Engineer of his age, died, having served his country from the time of Henry VII. to that of Elizabeth, in full employment the whole time, with the exception of the brief and ill-starred reign of Mary. There is no record of