tives to the assembly came to be chosen by the counties, instead of by the "tenths."

New Jersey becomes a Royal Province.

During the first thirty years of the history of the colony, there were continual disputes between the proprietors and the Duke of York, between the successive proprietors themselves, and between the proprietors and the people. There was hardly any time when there was not more or less confusion in the administration of public affairs. This unfortunate condition was terminated in 1702, when the proprietors surrendered to the crown all their jurisdiction in both provinces. In that year, one royal province was formed, with a governor and council appointed by the crown, and an assembly of deputies chosen partly by counties and partly by some of the towns. A large property qualification was required. both for the representatives and for the voters; but this was afterward diminished. Laws made were subject to the negative of the governor, and were to be transmitted to the crown for approval. The governor and council were authorized to constitute courts of justice, and to appoint all judicial officers.

Thus it appears that the new government was much less favorable to the interests of the people than the old had been. The control of the judiciary, of expenPreparation for ditures, and of its own sessions, was taken Independence. from the assembly, and nothing given in their place. New Jersey, like Massachusetts, had le political liberty in the second period of its history t in the first; and it was this very change which pre the people for complete independence. From th until the Revolution, the history of New Jerse bles that of the other provinces. The royal

were frequently haughty and exacting, the assemblies sometimes submissive, but more often persistent in resisting what were considered violations of their rights. The people were gradually driven to see that the only security for permanent peace was in independence; and they united readily with the other colonies in securing it.

SUMMARY.

1. The territory between the Connecticut and the Delaware Rivers was claimed by the Dutch, and called New Netherlands.

2. From 1615 to 1621, settlements were made at New York and Albany, under the Dutch West India Company.

3. Political power was wholly in the hands of a director-general and a council appointed by the company. For the first thirty years, the people had no voice either in the local or general administration.

The people became dissatisfied with their condintrasting it with the freedom of New England; complaints were not heeded.

g Charles of England gave the territory to ke of York ho took it from the Dutch S

governed in nearly the same manner as Massachusetts; and the people, from this time, were earnest in defence of their political privileges.

9. The territory of New Jersey was granted by the Duke of York to proprietors, who encouraged emigration, and gave to the settlers extensive political powers.

10. The local administration was in the hands of the people, and continued to be so without interruption. Dissension between the proprietors and the people caused the colonial government to be frequently in a confused state.

11. The colony next came under the control of William Penn and others, by whom the people were favorably treated; but the dissension continued.

12. In 1702 the colony became a royal province, governed like the others, and subject to the same encroachments of king and parliament.

CHAPTER XV.

THE COLONIES OF PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE, AND

MARYLAND.

PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.

Early Settlements.

SOON after the colonization of New York by the Dutch, a company of Swedes settled on the Delaware near the present site of Newcastle; and they extended their limits northward nearly to where Philadelphia is now situated, and southward. After a few years, the Dutch governor of New Netherlands compelled them to submit to his rule; and they were governed in the same way as the villages of New York. After the conquest by the English, this whole territory was claimed by the Duke of York, and, being formed into three counties, was under the control of the English governor of New York. The laws of England were substituted for those of Holland; and Newcastle was incorporated as a city with the usual officers.

United to New

York.

In 1681 William Penn obtained from Charles II. a grant of the land now included in the

The description

Grants to Penn.

State of Pennsylvania. of the southern boundary seemed to conflict with the claims of the proprietor of Maryland; and disputes arose which were not settled until 1763. In that year,

the final survey was made; and the boundary has since been famous as Mason and Dixon's line. This charter gave to Penn the usual proprietary right to govern the settlers, and to appoint officers, but also required him to hold assemblies of the people for legislation.

Penn.

At the date of Penn's charter, there were within Settlements by the limits of his province some Dutch and Swedes; and he soon obtained from the Duke of York a cession of the lower counties, as they were called, on the Delaware. Penn immediately sent out a colony under a deputy governor. The next year he came himself; and the country along the river was rapidly filled by Quakers from England and the Continent. No other colony grew so rapidly, nor from the beginning was so flourishing.

Government under Penn.

Penn very early divided the province into counties, from each of which delegates were chosen both to the provincial council and to the assembly. The council consisted of eighteen persons chosen by ballot by the freemen of the counties for three years, one-third retiring annually. This body, with the governor or deputy governor, who presided, had power to prepare all bills, and propose them to the assembly, together with the general executive power, the management of the finances and of schools, and the establishment of courts of justice. The governor could do nothing without the consent of this body. The assembly consisted of a large number of delegates chosen in the same manner as the councillors. Judges, sheriffs, coroners, and justices of the peace were appointed and commissioned by the governor. The proprietor made no change in the form of government without the consent of the council and assembly; but in the council he had three votes.