is passed involuntarily, saliva dribbles from the corners of the mouth and the end usually comes in from one to three days after a short, sharp convulsive struggle.

Those that do not die are usually very unthrifty and it takes a long time to get them back to condition. It is frequently found to be cheaper to destroy those calves which have the disease in a severe form than to attempt to carry them through the disease, in view of the disappointing results following a seeming recovery. They suffer frequently from chronic inflammation of the joints, mouth and respiratory apparatus.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

True white scours may be distinguished from simple catarrhal inflammation of the stomach and bowels by its enzootic character; by its severe, rapidly fatal course; by the characteristic color of the bowel discharges, and from its occurrence during the first few days of life. In gastro-intestinal catarrh, which is due to improper food or to the fact that the cow has been fed something either prior to or immediately after calving, which upsets the digestion of the calf, we find that the disease runs a much milder course. The bowel discharges are either clay-colored or greenishyellow and the disease as a rule makes its appearance at a later date; namely, after the calf is three or four days old.

PREVENTION

As soon as the disease is noticed, all affected calves should be immediately separated from the well ones and the stalls and sheds cleaned and disinfected. The following routine may be used to advantage. Clean out all manure, litter, and cobwebs. Remove the litter to the fields or burn it in the barnyard. Wash walls, mangers, stanchions, partitions, feeding buckets, etc., with hot water to which has been added equal parts of crude carbolic and sulphuric acid (commercial) in the proportion of seven ounces to each gallon of water. Thoroughly whitewash interior, using six ounces of chloride of lime to each gallon of lime-wash. Chloride of lime should also be sprinkled freely in the gutters. The lime-wash is best applied hot, using a power sprayer.

If the disease is prevalent in a barn, all pregnant cows should be removed to a clean shed and supplied with plenty of clean litter. The genital organs should be washed out both before and after calving with a disinfectant solution, such as 60 grains of permanganate of potash to each gallon of water or with a 3 per cent. solution of creolin. The external genitals may be washed with the same strength creolin solution used for the injections. As the disease may arise from infection through the umbilicus, the cord should be tied off close to the body by a string dipped in the disinfectant solution and the stump painted with tincture of iodine or Lugol's solution.

In Holland very good results have been obtained from the following procedures recommended by Poels for the prevention of "calves" dysentery.

1. Observances before calving. (a) The tail of the cow is tied up with a string, by which the tuft is secured to a rope placed around the neck, so that the tail rests against the flank. (b) Before the discharge of waters, the hinder parts of the cow, especially the vulva and the udder are carefully cleaned with a sponge dipped in a 3 per cent. creolin solution (two tablespoonfuls of creolin to a gallon of water). (c) The vagina is rinsed out with a solution of 15 grains of sublimate in rather more than a gallon of water, and applied with a specially prepared syringe. (d) The vicinity of the vulva is cleaned with a special brush and a sublimate solution. (e) Care is taken that neither the membranes nor the calf become soiled with the intestinal evacuations.

2. Observances during and after calving. (a) The cow is bedded on clean straw and the calf is caught on a clean linen cloth. (b) The navel string is tied as closely as possible to the trunk with a cord previously boiled or dipped into one of the solutions, letters (c) and (d) named above, and is then cut off close to the seat of ligature. (c) The stump of the navel-string is then washed with a solution of 75 grains of permanganate of potash in a quart of water. (d) The calf is cleansed of adhering mucus, especially at the mouth and nose. (e) A closely woven muzzle is placed on the calf which during the first six or seven days is removed only at the time of drinking. (f) The calf is brought into a clean, quiet shed, free from draughts and fairly

warm. (g) A little of the first milk is drawn from each of the cows' teats, and about two quarts is then milked into a clean vessel. This is given to the calf and the process repeated after a half (or whole) hour. (h) The milk supply for the calf which should always be supplied from its own dam, is, for the first 24 hours, 31% to 412 quarts, on the second day up to 6 or 7; on the third to 10 or 11; on the fourth, to 12 or 13; on the fifth, to 12 or 13; and on the sixth day to 17 or 18 quarts.

TREATMENT

At the outset the calf should receive from one to two ounces of castor oil to clean out the intestinal tract. This should be followed by intestinal antiseptics. The ones that have given the best results are the compound sulphocarbolates (sulphocarbolate of calciumsodium, zinc and copper) in 30 grain dosage, repeated every two or three hours. The food should be of a mucilaginous character, such as linseed tea, thin oatmeal gruel and raw eggs. Lime water and opium may be added to the linseed tea or gruel.

The following mixture is recommended by Friedberger and Fröhner:

to be given in one dose to a calf with 311⁄2 ounces of camomile tea, or 111⁄2 ounces of whiskey. Tannin and salicylic acid, 30 grains of cach in camomile tea once or twice a day for calves is also highly esteemed by many persons. Fifteen drops of creolin in water three times daily is said to give good results.

The indications for treatment are: First, clean out the intestinal tract. Second, disinfect the bowels by the use of a suitable intestinal antiseptic. Third, support the strength of the young animal by easily digested demulcent drinks and stimulants if necessary.

Good hygienic surroundings of both cow and calf are of great importance in controlling an outbreak of this nature. Keep healthy calves from contact with bowel discharges of infected animals and thoroughly disinfect premises after each outbreak.

The annual loss to the agricultural interests of the country from this disease are enormous. Röll reports that out of 3,318 calves, 1,196 became infected, and of this number 1,152 died, a total of 97 per cent. While these figures are probably greatly in excess of our experience with this disease in New York State, white scours is still sufficiently prevalent in certain localities to interfere very seriously with the dairy industry. While the treatment outlined above will bring a fair measure of success, it is easier and cheaper in the long run to adopt a modification of Poel's routine care of cow and calf at the time of parturition, in which better hygienic surroundings of both parent and offspring is of primary importance. By this means the disease may in nearly every case be prevented and the annual losses from this troublesome affection reduced to a minimum.