nalist and as a connoisseur in art. He was educated at Westminster and Cambridge, and was associated with his father for many years in editing the Athenæum. The last twenty years of his life were spent chiefly in art matters. He died at St. Petersburg. CHARLES WENTWORTH DILKE, grandson of the first named, and a Member of Parliament, published in 1868 a valuable work, Greater Britain, describing the power and growth of the various English-speaking communities which, by colonization or otherwise, have sprung from Great Britain. Mr. Dilke belongs to the most advanced class of political reformers.

Alfred Crowquill.

ALFRED HENRY FORRESTER, better known as Alfred Crowquill, 1805 is an artist and a humorous writer, whose pencil and pen have contributed much to the public amusement.

Mr. Forrester was engaged with Theodore Hook, Disraeli, and others, in the production of the Humorist Paper for Mr. Colburn. Afterwards he wrote for Bentley, in company with Dickens, Prout, Ingoldsby, Maginn, etc. He was the first illustrator of Punch and of the Illustrated News. Some of his separate works are the following: Comic English Grammar; Comic Arithmetic; Railway Raillery; St. George and the Dragon; A Bundle of Crowquills; Picture Fables: Gold, a Poem; Wanderings of a Pen and Pencil, a large antiquarian book, profusely illustrated. Mr. Forrester was born in London, and educated at a private institution in Islington, where he was a school-fellow of Capt. Marryat. He became a notary in the Royal Exchange, with which office his family has been connected for a century and a half. He retired from business in 1839. His literary career began at the age of sixteen with contributions to the periodicals. Later in life he devoted himself to drawing, modelling, and engraving, both on steel and wood, illustrating in this way the productions of his pen.

Douglas Jerrold.

DOUGLAS JERROLD, 1803–1857, was one of the famous wits of this century.

Mr. Jerrold was a native of Sheerness. He entered the Royal Navy, but soon abandoned it for letters. His contributions to the London Punch alone would serve to make him famous. No less popular are his comedies. The best known among them are Black-Eyed Susan and Nell Gwynne. Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lectures and Punch's Complete Letter Writer have become proverbial. In 1854 appeared an edition of his collected works, in 8 vols., 12mo. Jerrold was also editor of The Heads of the People, The Illuminated Magazine, The Shilling Magazine, and Lloyd's Weekly.

"A perusal of them [Jerrold's Works] serves to confirm our original opinion that their object is to advance the good of mankind; that to this object there has been a devotion of rare skill, undoubted originality, imperturbable good-temper, concealed, perhaps, occasionally under apparent fierceness of phrase, and a force and flash of wit at once dazzling and delightful. A body of works more original, either in the artistic construction or in the informing spirit, has not been added to the national literature of our time." - London Athenæum, 1854. (1293.)

MARK LEMON, 1809-1870, a native of London, was editor of the London Punch from its first appearance until his death. He was also literary editor of The Illustrated

London News. Besides his numerous contributions to these periodicals and to Dickens's Household Words, Lemon is the author of a large number of melodramas and farces, of which the best known, perhaps, are The Serious Family, The Ladies' Club, and The School for Tigers. He also published a fairy tale for children, and a collected volume of Prose and Verse.

Mrs. Jameson.

MRS. ANNA JAMESON, 1797-1860, has a high reputation as a writer on art and literature.

Mrs. Jameson was the daughter of Murphy, the painter-in-ordinary to the Princess Charlotte. She was separated from her husband in 1824. Her principal works are: Diary of an Ennuyée, Loves of the Poets, Characteristics of Women, Memoirs of Celebrated Female Sovereigns, Lives of the Early Italian Painters, The Poetry of Sacred and Legendary Art. Mrs. Jameson's works have ever been held in high favor. They exhibit rare powers of insight combined with grace of expression and purity of sentiment. Probably no other English female writer of her day is more read and quoted. In her Sacred and Legendary Art she has evinced her capacity for antiquarian research, while her Characteristics of Women is, according to Whipple, "A most eloquent and passionate representation of Shakespeare's women, and in many respects is an important contribution to critical literature."

IV. WRITERS ON PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE.

Sir William Hamilton.

Sir William Hamilton, 1788-1856, was, at the time of his death, the acknowledged leader of English metaphysicians.

Sir William was educated at Oxford. In 1821 he was appointed Professor of History in the University of Edinburgh; and in 1836 was called to the chair of Logic and Metaphysics in that institution.

Hamilton is universally allowed to have been a man of uncommon erudition, and of equal clearness in thought and expression. His Lectures on Logic and Metaphysics, 2 vols., are the accepted text-books in nearly all American colleges. His original productions have appeared chiefly in the shape of essays in the Edinburgh Review. Besides these, he edited, with elaborate notes and dissertations, the works of Thomas Reid, and was engaged, at the time of his death, in the preparation of a similar edition of the works of Dugald Stewart.

"It would be difficult to name any contributions to a review which display such a despotic command of all the resources of logic and metaphysics as his articles in the Edinburgh Review on Cousin, Dr. Brown, and Bishop Whately. Apart from their scientific value, they should be read as specimens of intellectual power. They evince more intense strength of understanding than any other writings of the age; and in the blended merits of their logic, rhetoric, and learning, they may challenge comparison with the best works of any British metaphysician. He seems to have read every writer, ancient and modern, on logic and metaphysics, and is conversant with every

philosophical theory, from the lowest form of materialism to the most abstract development of idealism; and yet bis learning is not so remarkable as the thorough manner in which he has digested it, and the perfect command he has of all its stores. Everything that he comprehends, no matter how obstruse, he comprehends with the utmost clearness and employs with consummate skill. He is altogether the best trained reasoner of his time on abstract subjects."- E. P. Whipple, Essays and Reviews.

J. D. MORELL, the present day.

is a prominent philosophical writer of

Morell's contributions to the science of philosophy are as follows: Historical and Critical View of the Speculative Philosophy of Europe in the Nineteenth Century; Lectures on the Philosophical Tendencies of the Age; The Philosophy of Religion; Elements of Psychology. Besides these separate works, Mr. Morell is also the author of the articles on National Education in the Encyclopædia Britannica. His Historicai and Critical View has the merit of being the first comprehensive presentation in England of contemporaneous philosophical speculation on the continent. Mr. Morell is a clear thinker and writer, and an earnest worker in the cause of national education.

HENRY LONGUEVILLE MANSEL, 1820-1871, is favorably known as an able writer on intellectual philosophy.

Mansel was educated at Oxford. He became Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy, and afterwards Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History, in that University; and then Dean of St. Paul's, London.

Mansel is the author of several metaphysical treatises and essays, and is widely known by his work On the Limits of Religious Thought, in which he develops Sir William Hamilton's position that "the unconditioned is irrecognizable and inconceivable." He is also the author of the article on Metaphysics (since published separately) in the Encyclopædia Britannica.

Buckle.

HENRY THOMAS BUCKLE, 1822-1862, acquired great celebrity by his work on the History of Civilization.

Buckle was the son of a wealthy merchant, and came, by the death of his father, into the possession of an ample fortune at the age of eighteen. Having a great thirst for knowledge, he collected a large library, and devoted himself with intense zeal to study.

In 1857, at the age of thirty-five, Buckle published the first volume of the great work which he had projected, A History of Civilization. This work, so daring in thought, and so beautiful in expression, created at once a profound impression wherever the English language was spoken. It was unmistakably infidel in its assumptions; and it supported them with such a fulness and beauty of illustration as to create for a time a feeling of alarm in the minds of many. The public were taken by surprise by the wealth of learning at his command, and at the same time fascinated by the quiet ease and elegance with which these stores of wealth were spread out before them.

His second and larger volume came out in 1861, but did not create the excitement produced by the first. People had had time to recover from the spell thrown over

them, and nad found that his logic was by no means equal to his rhetoric. They could still admire his style, which for philosophical writing has indeed never been excelied; and yet could see that his reasoning was unmistakably weak.

His health failing, Mr. Buckle travelled to the East in the hope of recovery, but died at Damascus, in the spring of 1862.

His work, if carried out to completion on the plan proposed, would have been one of colossal proportions. As it is, it is a splendid fragment, which must ever command respect, even from those who dissent from the conclusions of the author.

writers of the day on philosophical subjects.

Mr. Spencer studied for the engineering profession, but abandoned it for a life of authorship. He belongs to the same infidel school as Buckle, Lecky, and Darwin. He has been a contributor to the great English quarterlies, chiefly to the Westminster Review, and to some scientific journals.

Mr. Spencer may be described in general terms as a Darwinist, seeking to ascertain by deduction the physical and psychical laws underlying social life, and to make them, instead of abstract speculation, the basis of philosophy. According to Mr. Spencer's views there is no such thing as metaphysics in the ordinary use of that term, no a priori construction of the world of thought out of the philosopher's own consciousness, but only a science of human life based upon broad and carefully prepared data, and treated like other inductive sciences.

Mr. Spencer's principal works are: Social Statics, The Principles of Psychology, Education, First Principles, Principles of Biology, Classification of the Sciences, and Universal Progress. His Essays have been collected and published in one volume. In education, also, Mr. Spencer is a radical, seeking to abolish all conventional tests of excellence, and to make education a real development of the several faculties of memory, judg ment, imagination, and observation, - -a practical training for the pursuits of life. Mr. Spencer is a master of style, and pours upon his pages a wealth of illustration gathered through the most extensive reading, so that his works are fascinating to all interested in the subject. The originality and the straightforwardness of his views are not suited to make him a favorite with the general public; but his followers, although not numerous, are enthusiastic in their admiration.

MR. W. E. H. LECKY is a philosophical writer of considerable prominence. His two works are A History of Rationalism in Europe, published in 1865, and A History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne, published in 1869. These works are enough to stamp Mr. Lecky as an able writer and thinker.

The Duke of Argyle.

GEORGE JOHN DOUGLASS CAMPBELL, Duke of Argyle, 1823 an eminent British statesman, orator, and author.

The Duke is an earnest advocate of the principles of the Church of Scotland, and he took an active part in the proceedings which led to its disruption. He published Presbytery Examined, giving a review of the ecclesiastical history of Scotland since the Reformation. In the House of Lords he acts with the Liberal party, and he is an

earnest promoter of science, and of popular education. He has at different times been a member of the Cabinet, holding offices of great importance, and he was President of the British Association in 1865. His latest work is a philosophical treatise on The Reign of Law, which has been very favorably received.

Sir David Brewster.

SIR DAVID BREWSTER, LL. D., 1781-1868, a native of Scotland and a resident of Edinburgh, was one of the greatest experimental philosophers of the present century.

While a student at the University of Edinburgh, Brewster became intimate with Dugald Stewart and Playfair. In conjunction with Jameson, he established the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal. He afterwards began the Edinburgh Journal of Sciance, of which 16 vols. were issued. He edited the whole of the Edinburgh Encyclopædia, 1808–1829, and wrote many of its articles. He contributed also to the Encyclopædia Britannica, and to the North British Review. His papers in the Transactions of various learned societies are very numerous.

Of his separate works, of a more popular character, the following are the chief: Letters on Natural Magic; More Worlds than One, the Creed of the Philosopher and the Hope of the Christian; Lives of Sir Isaac Newton, Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler. Among the works more strictly scientific are A Treatise on Optics; A Treatise on the Kaleidoscope, etc.

It is remarked of Brewster's style, that while in his youth it was severe and almost cold, confining itself to rigid scientific statement, it became in his later days warm and glowing, giving free scope to the imagination and the fancy. "In the earlier compositions of Sir David, always severe in style and sternly scientific in form, there is comparatively little indication of that rich flow of fancy and imagination, and that fertility of happy illustration, which his later writings exhibit. As in the far West, his year of life enjoys an Indian summer,' greatly richer and more gorgeous in its scenery than any of the seasons that have gone before."- Hugh Miller, "There is some natural tendency in the fire of genius to burn more brightly, or to blaze more fiercely, in the evening than in the morning of human life."- Mackintosh.

Faraday.

MICHAEL FARADAY F. R. S., 1791-1867, was pre-eminent in his day as a chemist.

Faraday was the son of a blacksmith, and apprenticed to a bookbinder. His early education was very limited, but he had from the first a strong bias towards chemical science. Having an opportunity to attend the last four lectures of Sir Humphry Davy, he took notes and wrote out a sketch of the lectures, and sent it to Sir Humphry. Sir Humphry was so struck with the character of these notes that he recommended the appointment of young Faraday as an assistant in the laboratory of the Royal Institution. From that time Faraday devoted himself entirely to chemical research, and for many years before his death he was the most eminent authority in the world on that subject. His researches and discoveries were published in the Philosophical Transactions, and have been republished in 3 vols., as Experimental Researches in Chemistry. For the last forty years of his life, he delivered annual Lectures on Chemistry at the Royal Institution. These lectures were celebrated, not only