office in Athens. In 1831 he was editor and proprietor of a Democratic paper at Marietta -the Gazette; in 1833, with his brother Charles, he purchased and published the Lancaster Eagle, which gained great influence as a Democratic organ. In 1839 he was

elected State auditor.

"He entered upon the duties of his office at a time when the whole country still felt the effects of the panic of 1837, and when the State of Ohio was peculiarly burdened with liabilities for which there appeared to be no adequate relief. Mr. Brough devoted himself to reconstructing the whole financial system of Ohio, and retired from office, in 1846, with a high reputation as a public officer. In partnership with his brother Charles he undertook the management of the Cincinnati Enquirer, which was soon one of the most powerful Democratic journals in the West. At the same time he opened a law office in Cincinnati. Personally Mr. Brough took an active part in politics, and became the most popular Democratic orator in the State. He retired from active political life in 1848, and in 1853 was elected president of the Madison and Indianapolis railway, then one of the great lines of the West. He removed his residence to Cleveland, and, when the civil war began, in 1861, he was urged to become a candidate of the Republican Union party for governor. This honor he declined, although his position as a "war-Democrat' was always distinctly understood. The canvass of 1863 was held under very different conditions. The civil war was at its height, a large proportion of the loyal voters were in the army, and Southern sympathizers, led by Clement L. Vallandigham, were openly defiant. Vallandigham was arrested for disloyal utterances, tried by court-martial, and banished from the United States. He was sent within the Confederate lines, and subsequently received the regular Democratic nomination for governor of Ohio. There was apparently some danger that he would actually be elected by the "peace" faction of the party. At this crisis Mr. Brough made a speech at Marietta, declaring slavery destroyed by the act of rebellion, and earnestly appealing to all patriots, of whatever previous political affiliations, to unite against the Southern rebels. He was immediately put before the people by the Republican Union party as a candidate for governor, and the majority that elected him (101,099) was the largest ever given for a governor in any State up to that time. In the discharge of his duties as chief magistrate he was laborious, far-sighted, clear in his convictions of duty, firm in their maintenance, and fearless in their execution. He was distinctly the "War Governor of Ohio."

Whitelaw Reid says of him: "Gov. Brough was impetuous, strong-willed, indifferent to personal considerations, often regardless of men's feelings, always disposed to try them by a standard of integrity to which the world is not accustomed. His administration was constantly embroiled; now with

the Sanitary Commission, then with the officers in the field, again with the surgeons. But every struggle was begun and ended in the interest of the private soldiers as against the tyranny or neglect of their superiors; in the interest of subordinate officers as against those who sought to keep them down; in the interest of the men who fought as against those who shirked; in the interest of the maimed as against the sound; in the interest of their families as against all other expenditures. Never was a knight of the old chivalry more unselfishly loyal to the defence of the defenceless.

Brough was a statesman.

His views of

public policy were broad and catholic, and his course was governed by what seemed to be the best interests of the people, without regard to party expediency or personal advancement. He was honest and incorruptible, rigidly just and plain, even to bluntness. He had not a particle of dissimulation. People thought him ill-natured, rude, and hardhearted. He was not; he was simply a plain, honest, straightforward man, devoted to business. He had not the suaviter in modo. This was perhaps unfortunate for himself, but the public interests suffered nothing thereby. He was, moreover, a kindhearted man, easily affected by the sufferings of others, and ready to relieve suffering when he found the genuine article. He, perhaps, mistrusted more than some men, but when he was convinced he did not measure his gifts. He was a good judge of character. looked a man through and through at first sight. Hence no one hated a rogue more than he; and, on the other hand, no one had a warmer appreciation of a man of good principles. He was a devoted friend.

He

As a public speaker Brough had few superiors. His style was clear, fluent, and logical, while at times he was impassioned and eloquent. When the famous joint campaign was being made between Corwin and Shannon for governor the Democratic leaders found it expedient to withdraw Shannon and substi tute Brough, in order that they might not utterly fail in the canvass. Corwin and Brough were warm friends, and none of Brough's partisans ever had a higher admiration for his genius than had Corwin.

In 1832 Mr. Brough married Miss Achsah P. Pruden, of Athens, Ohio. She died September 8, 1838, in the twenty-fifth year of her age. In 1843 he married at Lewiston, Pa., Miss Caroline A. Nelson, of Columbus, Ohio, by whom he had two sons and two daughters. Both of the sons have died. So soon as Gov. Brough became aware of the dangerous nature of his disease he made his will, and talked freely to his wife, children, and friends. He sought full preparation for death. Though not a member of a church, nor during the last ten years of his life an active attendant at any place of worship, he stated very calmly, yet with deep feeling, that he was, and always had been, a firm believer in the doctrines of Christianity; that he had full faith and hope in Jesus Christ, and

through him hoped for eternal life. He remarked that he had never been a demonstrative man, but his faith had, nevertheless, been firmly and deeply grounded.

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, president of the Standard Oil Company, at Cleveland, Ohio, was born, the son of a physician, July 8, 1839, in Central New York. In 1853 he removed to Cleveland. In the spring of 1858 he formed a partnership with M. B. Clark in the produce commission business, and the firm having in 1862 become interested in the refining of petroleum, Mr. Rockefeller's energies became so interested that, in 1865, he sold out his share in the commission business and gave his entire attention to the refining of petroleum. He established the firm of Rockefeller & Andrews, and from this beginning the Standard Oil Company was developed. This company was organized in 1870 with a capital of a million dollars. From the "Biographical Cyclopædia" of Ohio we take the following account of the gigantic interests controlled by this concern.

"Large tracts of land were purchased and fine warehouses erected for the storage of petroleum; a considerable number of iron cars were procured, and the business of transporting oil entered upon; interests were purchased in oil pipes in the producing regions, so that the company and its associates controlled about 200 miles of oil pipes and several hundred thousand barrels of oil tankage. Works were erected for the manufacture of barrels, paints, and glue, and everything used in the manufacture or shipment of oil. The works had a capacity of distilling 29,000 barrels of crude oil per day, and from 3,500 to 4,000 men were employed in the various departments. The cooperage factory, the largest in the world, turned out 9,000 barrels a day, which consumed over 200,000 staves and headings, the product of from fifteen to twenty acres of selected oak. When it is remembered that it was formerly the full labor of one man to manufacture three or four barrels daily, the magnitude of this accessory to the business can be realized. Only about forty per cent. of the company's business was done in Cleveland, the remainder being widely diffused over the country, stimulating industry and traffic wherever it was established; but, the business originating in Cleveland, the managers felt a pride in keeping a large proportion of it in that city.

With the exception, perhaps, of the combined iron industries of the city, the oil refining interests, almost entirely owned by the Standard Oil Company, made larger additions to the wealth and growth of Cleveland than did any other one branch of trade or manufacture. The greater part of the product was shipped to Europe, and the market for it was found in all parts of that continent and the British Islands; in fact, all over the world. Every part of the United States was supplied from the main distilling point (Cleveland), and the company virtually controlled the oil market of this continent, and, in fact, of the world. Besides the president, the principal

active members of the company were William Rockefeller, vice-president; H. M. Flagler, secretary; Col. O. H. Payne, treasurer, and S. Andrews, superintendent, who had charge of the manufacturing. The success of the company was largely due to the energy, foresight, and unremitting labors of its founder and president.

The great responsibilities and labor of such immense enterprises as have engaged the attention of Mr. Rockefeller have prevented his taking a leading part in public life. He has, however, always given freely to all patriotic, benevolent and religious purposes, and many a worthy cause owes success to the private and unostentatious aid from him. The city of Cleveland owes much to him, not alone from the indirect benefit derived from the immense industries he controlled, but also from improvements in real estate within its limits.

He is a member of the Second Baptist church, with which he has been connected for about twenty years-two years as a scholar, twelve or thirteen years as a teacher, and the remainder as superintendent of its Sabbath and Mission schools--and he has made liberal donations to its fund, as he did also to the Baptist college at Granville.

He is essentially a man of progress, and the rare success which has attended him through life is attributable to his enterprising, ambitious spirit, the confidence his integrity and ability inspired in others, a power of concentrating his mind and energies in a special, well-chosen channel, and a systematic, judiciously economical method of engineering and managing great projects. Foremost among those who gave him timely assistance and aid in his early struggles he ever cherished the memory of T. P. Handy, Esq., who has ever been a great power, a promoter of whatever appertained to the moral and material interests of the city. In 1864 Mr. Rockefeller married Miss Laura C. Spelman, of Cleveland.

AMASA STONE was born in Charlton, Massachusetts, April 27, 1818, and died in Cleveland, May 11, 1883. He was a man of remarkable activity of body and mind; we look over the record of his life with a sense of astonishment that one man could have directed and completed so many large enterprises.

His youth was spent in assisting his father on the New England farm, and in gaining his education at intervals between the farmwork. At the age of seventeen he left the farm and with an elder brother was engaged in the trade of building at Worcester. In 1839 he was associated with his brother-inlaw, Mr. Howe, inventor of the famous "Howe Truss Bridge," and a year or two later he and Mr. Azariah Boody purchased Mr. Howe's patent for the New England States and formed a company for their construction. He made important improvements in the Howe bridge, and while yet a young man became one of the most eminent constructors of railroads and railroad bridges in New England.

In 1845 he assumed the duties of superintendent of the New Haven, Hartford & Springfield railroad, but shortly resigned to devote his entire time to bridge and railroad construction.

One of his enterprises, which at that day was considered a marvel of dispatch, was the reconstruction in forty days of a bridge on the New Haven, Hartford & Springfield road over the Connecticut river at Enfield Falls, which had been carried away by a storm.

Shortly after this Mr. Stone dissolved the partnership with Mr. Boody and formed another with Mr. D. L. Harris for Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, and still another with Mr. Stillman Witt and Mr. Frederick Harbach for the construction of the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati road, from Cleveland to Columbus. The enterprise was carried through so satisfactorily to the owners of the road, that on its completion Mr. Stone was offered and accepted the superintendency and in 1850 made his home at Cleveland.

Immediately thereafter he engaged in the construction of a railroad from Cleveland to Erie, which was successfully accomplished. and he was also offered the superintendence of this road, being for some years superintendent of both roads, as well as a director in the companies which owned them.

From a sketch in the "Magazine of Western History we quote the following: "He was for a long time president of the Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula railroad, and in 1858, in company with his partner and lifelong friend, Stillman Witt, he contracted to build the Chicago & Milwaukee railroad, of which he became and remained for many years a prominent director. He was also a director of the Jamestown & Franklin and of the Tuscarawas Valley, now the Cleveland, Lorain & Wheeling railroad and of several others.

He was not only one of the most succe sful railway contractors and administrators in the United States, but there was not a single department of financial or industrial enterprise in which he did not seem to bear a conspicuous and useful part. He was one of the leading bankers of the State of Ohioa director in the Merchants' Bank, the Bank of Commerce, the Second National Bank, the Commercial National Bank and the Cleveland Banking Company, all of the city of Cleveland. He was the president of the Toledo branch of the State Bank of Ohio, and president of the Mercer Iron and Coal Company. He also gave financial aid and wise and sagacious counsel to many manufacturing enterprises. He constructed iron mills, woollen mills, car works and other manufacturing establishments. He designed and built the Union Passenger Depot at Cleveland. He was, we believe, the first man to design and build pivot bridges of long span, and he was constantly introducing important improvements in the construction of railway cars, locomotives, and all the appliances of the great transportation system of the country. During the war for the Union Mr. Stone was

an ardent and active supporter of the administration of Mr. Lincoln, of whom he was a trusted friend and counsellor. The President frequently sent for him to come to Washington to advise him in the most important problems of supply and transportation of the army. He tendered him an appointment as brigadier-general, for the purpose of superintending the construction of a military railway from Kentucky to Knoxville, Tennessee, a project which was, on Mr. Stone's advice, afterwards relinquished by the gov

ernment.

Soon after the war closed he met with a great misfortune in the death of his only son, Adelbert Barnes Stone, who was drowned while bathing in the Connecticut river, being at the time a student in Yale college.

In 1873, at the earnest solicitation of Commodore Vanderbilt and other large stockholders of the Lake Shore road, he assumed charge of that road as managing director, but two years afterwards resigned it, and from that time onward steadily declined any position involving great labor or responsibility. He had for many years been planning in his mind a series of important benefactions to the city of Cleveland, and he now devoted his leisure to carrying them successively into effect. He first built and endowed the Home for Aged Women on Kennard street, a beautiful and estimable charity, by means of which ladies stricken in years and misfortune find a peaceful refuge for their age. His next work was the construction and presentation to the Children's Aid Society of the commodious stone edifice on Detroit street, as a place of shelter and instruction for destitute children gathered up by that admirable institution from the streets and saved from lives of vice and ignorance to be placed in respectable Christian homes. When this work was completed he made ready in his mind for the greatest and most important of his benefactions. On condition that the Western Reserve college at Hudson should remove to Cleveland and assume in its classical department the name of his lost and lamented son, he endowed it with the munificent sum of half a million dollars, which at his desire after his death was increased by his family to the amount of six hundred thousand dollars. In each of these cases he gave not merely his money, but his constant labor and supervision in all the details of construction and administration. He gave of himself as liberally as of his means.

He had a mind remarkable for its grasp both of great and minute matters. In discussing the construction of a railroad he could compute, without putting pencil to paper, the probable expenses of engineering and equipment, amounting to millions; and he was equally ready in the smallest things. . .

He remained to the end of his days one of the simplest and most unassuming of men. This does not mean that there was anything of diffidence or distrust in his nature; on the contrary, he was perfectly aware of his own powers and confident in the exercise of them.

But he never lost the inherent American democracy of his character; the puddler from the rolling mill, the brakenian of the railroad was always as sure of a courteous and considerate hearing from him as a senator or a millionaire. There was no man in the country great enough to daunt him, and none so simple as to receive from him the treatment of an inferior. He was a man extraordinarily clean in heart, in hand and in lips."

JEPHTHA H. WADE was born in Seneca county, N. Y., August 11, 1811, the son of a surveyor and civil engineer. He early gave evidence of great mechanical and inventive ability, combined with great executive capacity. Before arriving at the age of twentyone he was the owner of a large sash and blind factory. He studied portrait-painting under Randall Palmer, a celebrated artist, and achieved considerable reputation as an artist, and when about thirty years of age became interested in the discovery of Daguerre. Being then located at Adrian, Mich., he procured a camera and took the first daguerreotype ever made west of New York; but about this time the invention of telegraphy attracted his attention, and he opened and equipped the Jackson office, along the Michigan Central line, the first road built west of Buffalo.

Later he entered into the construction of telegraph lines in Ohio and other Western States, which were known as Wade's lines. He made many important telegraphic inventions and improvements, among which was Wade's insulator. He was also the first to enclose a sub-marine cable in iron armor, on a line across the Mississippi river at St. Louis. This was a very important invention, as, through it, the crossing of oceans and large bodies of water was made practicable.

The numerous rival telegraph companies which had sprung up in the West were engaged in a ruinous competition when a consolidation was effected under the name of the Western Union Telegraph Company, with Mr. Wade as general manager.

Largely through Mr. Wade's efforts the construction of a trans-continental line was commenced under his superintendence in the spring of 1861, and through his efficient management, in October of the same year communication opened. In California he consolidated the competing lines and was made the first president of the Pacific Telegraph Company, which was in turn consolidated with the Western Union Company and Mr Wade made president of the entire consolidation, a position which he filled until 1867, when he retired from active business life on account of ill health. His retirement, however, did not preclude his engaging in an advisory capacity in many large enterprises. He is a leading director in several factories, banks, railroads and other institutions.

His great interest and enterprise in the development of the city of Cleveland has resulted in great benefit to that city, he having opened and improved many streets and localities and originated the Lake View Cem

etery association, with its more than 300 acres of tastefully arranged grounds. At great expense he beautified an extensive tract of land adjoining Euclid avenue, known as Wade Park, and opened it to the enjoyment of the public. He also built for the Cleveland Protestant Children's Home a fine large fire-proof building, with accommodations for from 100 to 150 children.

Mr. Wade's life has been one of great benefit and usefulness to his fellow-men, not only in his private and public charities, but in opening up new avenues of industry, thus contributing to the wealth and comfort of the community at large.

Colonel CHARLES WHITTLESEY was born in Southington, Conn., October 4, 1808. His father, Asaph Whittlesey, wife and two children, started in the spring of 1813 for Tallmadge, Portage county. The wilderness was full of perils from savage men and beasts and the journey a long and hard one, with many incidents of trial, so that their destination was not reached until July. His father having settled at Tallmadge, Charles spent his summers in work on the farm and winters at school. Tallmadge was settled by a colony of New England Congregationalists, and the religious austerity and strict morality of the inhabitants had much influence upon the mind of Charles, who had inherited from his father a vigorous mind and great energy and from his mother studious habits and literary tastes. Reared midst the severe surroundings of the early pioneer days, he learned to realize at an early age the earnestness of life and the vast possibilities of this new country. He saw Ohio develop from a wilderness to a wonderfully productive and intelligent commonwealth of more than 3,000,000 inhabitants.

In 1827 he entered West Point, graduating therefrom in 1831, when he became brevet second-lieutenant in the Sixth United States Infantry.

Later he exchanged with a brother officer into the Fifth United States Infantry, with headquarters at Mackinaw, and started in November on a vessel through the lakes, reaching his post after a voyage of much hardship and suffering from the severity of the weather. Here he was assigned to the company of Capt. Martin Scott, the famous shot and hunter.

At the close of the Black Hawk war Lieut. Whittlesey resigned from the army and opened a law office in Cleveland, and in connection with his law practice was occupied as part owner and co-editor of the Whig and Herald until 1837, when he was appointed assistant geologist of the Ohio Survey. This was disbanded in 1839 through lack of appropriations to carry on the work, but not before great and permanent good had been done in disclosing the mineral wealth of the State, thus laying the foundation for immense manufacturing industries.

During this survey Col. Whittlesey had become much interested in the geology and ancient earthworks of the State, and after

its disbandment induced Mr. Joseph Sullivant, a wealthy gentleman of Columbus, much interested in archæology, to furnish means for continuing investigation into the works of the Mound Builders, with a view to a joint publication.

During the years 1839 and 1840, under this arrangement, he examined nearly all the remaining earthworks then discovered, but nothing was done toward publication of the results until some years later, when much of the material gathered was used in the publication by the Smithsonian Institute of the great work of Squier & Davis. The first volume of that work says:

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'Among the most zealous investigators in the field of American antiquarian research is Charles Whittlesey, Esq., of Cleveland, formerly topographical engineer of Ohio. His surveys and observations, carried on for many years and over a wide field, have been both numerous and accurate, and are among the most valuable in all respects of any hitherto made. Although Mr. Whittlesey, in conjunction with Joseph Sullivant, Esq., of Columbus, originally contemplated a joint work in which the results of his investigations should be embodied, he has, nevertheless, with a liberality which will be not less appreciated by the public than by the authors, contributed to this memoir about twenty plans of ancient works which, with the accompanying explanations and general observations, will be found embodied in the following pages.

It is to be hoped the public may be put in possession of the entire results of Mr. Whittlesey's labor, which could not fail of adding greatly to our stock of knowledge on this interesting subject.”

Among other discoveries of Mr. Whittlesey in connection with the ancient earthworks of Ohio was that the Mound Builders were two different races of people, the "longheaded and short-headed,' so called from the shape of their skulls.

In 1844 Mr. Whittlesey made an agricultural survey of Hamilton county. That year a great excitement was created by the explorations and reports of Dr. Houghton in the copper mines of Michigan. Companies were organized for their development and from Point Keweenaw to the Montreal river the forests swarmed with adventurers as eager and hopeful as those of California in 1848. Iron ore was beneath their notice.

A company was organized in Detroit in 1845 and Mr. Whittlesey appointed geologist. In August they launched their boat and pulled away for Copper harbor, and thence to the region between Portage lake and the Ontonagon river, where the Algonquin and Douglass Houghton mines were opened. The party narrowly escaped drownnarrowly escaped drowning the night they landed.

Col. Whittlesey has given an interesting account of their adventures in an article entitled "Two Months in the Copper Regions,' published in the National Magazine of New York city.

In 1847 he was employed by the United States government to make a geological survey of the land about Lake Superior and the Upper Mississippi river. His survey was of very great value and gave proofs of great scientific ability and judgment. He was afterwards engaged by the State of Wisconsin to make a survey of that State, which work was uncompleted when the war of the rebellion broke out.

Upon his return to Cleveland, Col. Whittlesey became identified with a local military organization which was tendered to Gen. Scott early in the year 1861. On April 17, 1861, he became assistant quartermaster general upon the Governor's staff, and he was immediately sent to the field in Western Virginia, where he served during the three months' term as State military engineer with the Ohio troops. He re-entered the three years' service as colonel of the Twentieth regiment Ohio volunteers. He was detailed as chief engineer of the department of Ohio, and at the battle of Shiloh on the second day of the fight was placed in the command of the third brigade of Gen. Wallace's division, and was specially commended for bravery. Soon after this engagement he resigned from the army. Gen. Grant endorsed his application: "We cannot afford to lose so good an officer." The following letter written soon after his decease shows in what estimation he was held by his army associates.

“CINCINNATI, O., Nov. 10, 1886.

"DEAR MRS. WHITTLESEY: Your noble husband has got release from the pains and ills that made life a burden. His active life was a lesson to us how to live. His latter years showed us how to endure. To all of us in the Twentieth regiment he seemed a father. I do not know any other colonel that was so revered by his regiment. Since the war he has constantly surprised me with his incessant literary and scientific activity. Always his character was an example and an incitement.

After retiring from the army Col. Whittle sey again turned his attention to explorations in the Lake Superior and Upper Mississippi river basins, and new additions to the mineral wealth of the country were the result of his surveys and researches."

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In 1867 Col. Whittlesey organized the Western Reserve Historical Society, and was its president until his death, which occurred in 1866. The latter years of Col. Whittlesey's life were full of ceaseless activity and research in scientific and historical fields. His published literary works were very numerous, commencing in 1833 and ending with his death; they number one hundred and ninetyone books and pamphlets.

"His contributions to literature," said the New York Herald, “have attracted wide attention among the scientific men of Europe and America!" and adds, "he was largely