old books, without success. Dr. Bernacki procured it for us in less than a month after we gave him the order-the volumes being in excellent condition. The price was very low indeed.

By the way, the Penny Cyclopedia is one of the finest works in the English language. It was commenced in the year 1833, and was completed about 1843. Its contributors, 179 in number, were of the most learned men of Great Britain. No encyclopedia has ever surpassed it. Those that have been published since it bring up the subjects to a more recent time, but the biography and history of the last thirty years is at the expense of abbreviating, more or less, the biography and history of that previous to it. We may, at some future time, copy articles devoted to Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation of the blood.

MR. COOK AND THE MICROSCOPE.-All of our readers have undoubtedly heard of the lectures which Mr. Joseph Cook, the eminent biologist, has been giving to large audiences every Monday in Boston. We give below an extract from a recent lecture of his. He gives but two more lectures. At his next lecture, the Boston Advertiser says, "the Hall will be darkened and photographs of the wonderful discoveries of Dr. Cutter, of Cambridge, and Dr. Harriman, of Boston, of the change produced by certain diseases in the shapes of blood corpuscles, will be thrown upon a screen:"

"I hold in my hand a most respectable journal of microscopy, published in Paris. There is in it an elaborate account of microscopical investigations conducted in Massachusetts by two of her experts, Dr. Cutter, of Cambridge, and Dr. Harriman, of Boston. These gentlemen have made photographs of the healthful and diseased appearances of the disks of the blood. You know that the blood is made up of three elements---a thin fluid, a multitude of red disks, and a few white corpuscles. The red disks and white corpuscles of the human blood science has put under the microscope and found that they change their shape in different ways in different diseases. The claim is now made that the character of certain diseases can be found out by ascertaining the changes which have been produced in the shape of the blood corpuscles. The audience sees this handkerchief [holding up a handkerchief folded into a flattened ball]. Suppose it be folded into a round mass or disk of symmetrical proportions. Now suppose that there shoots out of it a root at the lower part [changing the shape of the folded mass]. The change between the round form and that caudated form is not greater than certain diseases produce in the form of the red blood corpuscle, and especially in the white. This lectureship has been accused of taking facts at second hand. Next Monday at 11 o'clock the great hall of Tremont Temple will be darkened, the best microscope in Boston will be put in that gallery, representations of these disks will be thrown upon a screen here by the stereopticon. The results of certain recent Boston researches, of which

this French journal speaks so highly, you will have an opportunity to see, the first of all audiences in the world. [Applause.] The red blood corpuscle, when properly magnified and thrown upon the screen, will have a diameter of some ten or twelve feet. The gentlemen who have volunteered to assist the lectureship in putting these facts before the public are those who have given great professional attention to the matter, and who are commended in the warmest terms in the Journal de Micrographie (November, 1877, pp. 309--10), both of them by name. A large degree of commendation is here given to Mr. Tolles, our Boston maker of microscopes, who is regarded as a child of fortune because he has produced a one-seventy-fifth objective. Of this magnificent instrument you will have opportunity to make an inspection. The photographs which will be put before you are in large part its work. What may come from the investigation of the changes of shape in the disks in the blood I do not undertake to say, but this I do know, that science at the present moment stands with hushed breath before the question whether diseases can be traced by the changes they produce in the shape of the blood corpuscles. The blood is the life, we are told; and nearer and nearer investigation comes to the heart of biology. Science can show you the blood corpuscle changed by disease too infamous to be mentioned, from the round shape to a sprouted shape. On the topic of hereditary taints in blood you will need little eloquence on my part, after the facts at first hand, as ascertained by perhaps the best microscope in the world, have been put before you, first of all audiences on either side of the Atlantic."

A CALIFORNIA MEDICAL LAW.-A bill has passed both houses of the California Legislature, and is now (March 20) in the hands of the Governor of that State, for "The Protection of the Medical Profession and Society," which provides:

"1. That every person practicing medicine and surgery in the State shall present his diploma to the State Board of Examiners.

"2. That a certificate from the said Board of Examiners shall constitute a license to practice.

"3. That every practitioner shall be subject to a code of ethics agreed upon by said Board, and 'it shall be treated as a violation of said code, and subject any practitioner to rejection, if he advertises himself as an expert in any particular branch of practice or any specialty.""

This bill is, probably, a fair example of hasty legislation, such as is too frequently met with in the United States. A bill, born of professional prejudice, is introduced into one or the other branch of a Legislature, referred to a committee, reported back, and passed, with hardly a member (excepting its author) knowing the purport of the measure. The measure in question presents a combination of good and bad features. It is for the benefit of society to enforce measures compelling practitioners of medicine to show requisite testimonials of proficiency in

their calling, whether such testimonial be a diploma from a medical college, or certificate from a legally-organized State Examining Board. It is, however, a question whether or not a State Examining Board should be endowed with the power of regulating the ethics for the entire profession of a State. In fact, this would be a herculean task in some States, where, as in Illinois, the Board is made up with representatives of conflicting systems of practice.

The bill provides for a code of ethics to be adopted by the State Board; and from the latter part of the third section it clearly foreshadows that the code of ethics of the American Medical Association is the one to be adopted. To adopt the old code in its entirety is to enact a farce. This is clearly seen in the incident in question. The bill does not (nor does the code) prohibit the practice of specialism in medicine and surgery; it only decrees that the same shall not be advertised, because "it is derogatory to the dignity of the profession to resort to public advertisements, or private cards, or hand-bills, inviting the attention of individuals affected with particular diseases" (vide code). Whew! regulate a man's dignity by law, eh? Right here it may as well be said as not, for it is believed, that it is far more honorable in a medical man to take a modest card to a newspaper office, and pay to have it inserted than to go sneaking around some reporter or correspondent for a "puff." Lewis A. Sayre made a demonstration of his plaster-jacket application for Potts' Disease, before the American Medical Association, at its meeting in Philadelphia, in 1876. A few months later he was recuperating (?) at Long Branch, where he fell in with that sycophantic scribbler, George Alfred Townsend. A few days later, there appeared in the Cincinnati Enquirer a long communication from Long Branch over the signature of "Gath" (Townsend's nom de plume), that was a tissue of fulsome eulogy on Sayre; canonizing him for his (?) invention, and making the statement that the American doctors, in convention assembled, were such dunces that they could not comprehend Sayre's () method till the mighty surgeon sent out, picked up a hunch-back, swung him up and slapped on a plaster jacket. Sayre didn't advertise. Never! and is, therefore, dignified quite up to the standard of California and the code. This is an isolated case, but hundreds more might be adduced. But more on the code anon. R. C. S. R.

But

Body, Mind, Instinct, Intellect, Soul, Spirit, and Heart.*

Z. COLLINS M'ELROY, M. D., ZANESVILLE, OHIO.

A Physiologist's Understanding of What they are, their Union, and their Relations to each other in one Individual.

Ar the outset let it be distinctly understood that this is a study by one organized being, or the organic structure of one individual, of itself, and of like organic structures of his fellow-beings. It is purposely limited to human beings, though the mode is alike applicable to the study of all living beings, and things organic or inorganic. Or, still more explicitly, there is, and can be, no knowledge of either body, mind, instinct, intellect, soul, spirit, or heart, except through organic forms of structure of matter.

In this way, and it embodies the central facts concerned, a better understanding will be obtained of why different conclusions are, and must always be, reached by the organic structures of different individuals studying the same problem, or witnessing the same phenomena. For the educational influences, designed, or accidental, which determine the special forms of organic structure on which mind, or intellectual phenomena depend, vary for each individual. And, besides, each is, in fact, an individual, and is conscious of its own individuality. Ab

* From the Transactions of the Muskingum County Medical Society, April Session, 1878, held in the city of Zanesville, Ohio.

solute sameness must be at the expense of individuality. Body, mind, instinct, intellect, spirit, soul, and heart are the occasion of much confusion when any individual is asked to state exactly what is meant by either, or all of these terms.

Body is defined as "the collection of organs composing the frame;" or "the material substance of an animal;" or "the material part opposed to the principle of life, or to the spirit;" or, "the material organized substance of an animal, whether living or dead." But, however varied by definition, the same conclusion, substantially, is reached. This may be considered clear and sharp.

Not so, however, when mind, instinct, intellect, soul, spirit, or heart, come up for definition.

Thus, mind is defined to be, "the thinking faculty in man, with all its powers and operations; that by which we receive sensations, understand, and are affected with emotion or passion; the soul; the spirit;" or, "the intellectual, or intelligent power in man; the understanding, the power that conceives, judges, or reasons;" or, again, "intention, purpose, design, inclination, will, desire; the heart, or seat of affections."

Soul, as "the spiritual, rational, and immortal substance in man, which distinguishes him from brutes." "That part of man which enables him to think and reason, and which renders him a subject of moral government." "The vital principle, spirit, essence, or chief part," etc. Or, "that part of man which is considered distinctly from the material body, as giving it life, sensibility and understanding; the immaterial and immortal part of man, the mind, the spirit."

Worcester appends a note as follows: "Soul, mind, and spirit are all used to denote the thinking principle in man. Soul is opposed to body; mind and spirit to matter. Soul is used in the active sense; mind commonly in the passive; the soul acts; the mind receives; yet we speak of a vigorous mind, not soul. Mind is soul without regard to personality. Soul is the appropriate mind, or the disembodied spirit, of the person under notice. We speak of the number of souls, that is persons, in a town; or of a person being the soul of society; and of the faculties of the mind as the will and understanding; the philosophy of the mind, the same as intellectual, or mental philosophy." Spirit is defined. "The soul of man; the intelligent.