protection; to give his personal service, or an equivalent, when neceffary: but no part of the property of any individual can, with juftice, be taken from him, or applied to public ufes, without his own confent or that of the representative body of the people: in fine, the people of this Commonwealth are not controulable by any other laws than those to which their constitutional representative body have given their confent. And whenever the public exigencies require that the property of any individual should be appropriated to public ufes, he shall receive a reasonable compenfation therefor.

XI. Every subject of the Commonwealth ought to find a certain remedy, by having recourfe to the laws for all injuries or wrongs which he may receive in his perfon, property or character. He ought to obtain right and justice freely, and without being obliged to purchase it; compleatly, and without any denial; promptly, and without delay; conformably to the laws.

XII. No fubject shall be held to answer for any crime or offence, until the fame is fully and plainly, fubftantially and formally, described

to

to him; or be compelled to accuse, or furnish evidence against himself. And every subject fhall have a right to produce all proofs that may be favourable to him; to meet the witneffes against him face to face, and to be fully heard in his defence by himself or his counfel, at his election. And no fubject fhall be: arrested, imprisoned, defpoiled, or deprived of his property, immunities, or privileges,, put out of the protection of the law, exiled, or deprived of his life, liberty, or estate, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land..

And the legislature fhall not make any law, that fhall fubject any perfon to a capital or infamous punishment, excepting for the government of the army and navy, without trial by jury.

XIII. In criminal profecutions, the verification of facts in the vicinity where they happen, is one of the greatest fecurities of the life, liberty and property of the citizen.

XIV. Every fubject has a right to be fecure from all unreasonable searches, and feizures, of his perfon, his houses, his papers, and all his poffeffions. All warrants, therefore, are con

trary

trary to this right, if the cause or foundation of them be not previously supported by oath or affirmation; and if the order in a warrant to a civil officer, to make fearch in all fufpected places, or to arreft one or more fufpected persons, or to feize their property, be not accompanied with a special defignation of the perfons or objects of fearch, arreft, or feizure; and no warrant ought to be iffued, but in cafes and with the formalities prescribed by the laws.

XV. In all controverfies concerning property, and in all fuits between two or more perfons, except in cafes in which it has heretofore been otherways used and practifed, the parties have a right to a trial by a jury; and this method of procedure fhall be held facred, unlefs, in causes arifing on the high feas, and fuch as relate to mariners wages, the legislature shall hereafter find it necessary to alter it.

XVI. The liberty of the prefs is effential to the fecurity of freedom in a State; it ought not, therefore, to be reftrained in this Commonwealth.

XVII. The people have a right to keep and to bear arms for the common defence. And as in time

of

of peace armies are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be maintained without the confent of the legislature; and the military power fhall always be held in exact subordination to the civil authority, and be governed by it.

XVIII. A frequent recurrence to the fundamental principles of the constitution, and a constant adherence to thofe of piety, justice, moderation, temperance, industry, and frugality, are abfolutely neceffary to preserve the advantages of liberty, and to maintain a free government. The people ought, confequently, to have a particular attention to all thofe principles, in the choice of their officers and representatives: and they have a right to require of their lawgivers and magiftrates, an exact and conftant obfervance of them, in the formation and execution of all laws neceffary for the good adminiftration of the Commonwealth.

XIX. The people have a right, in an orderly and peaceable manner, to affemble to confult upon the common good; give instructions to their Representatives; and to request of the legislative body, by the way of addreffes, petitions or remonstrances, redrefs of the wrongs done them, and of the grievances they suffer.

XX. The

XX. The power of fufpending the laws, or the execution of the laws, ought never to be exercised but by the legislature, or by authority derived from it, to be exercifed in fuch particular cafes only as the legislature shall exprefly provide for.

XXI. The freedom of deliberation, speech, and debate, in either Houfe of the Legislature, is fo effential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foundation of accufation or profecution, action or complaint, in any other court or place whatsoever.

any

XXII. The legislature ought frequently to affemble for the redress of grievances, for correcting, ftrengthening, and confirming the laws, and for making new laws, as the common good may require.

XXIII. No fubfidy, charge, tax, impoft, or duties, ought to be established, fixed, laid, or levied, under any pretext whatsoever, without the consent of the people, or their reprefentatives in the legislature.

XXIV. Laws made to punish for actions done before the exiftence of fuch laws, and which have not been declared crimes by pregeding laws, are unjust, oppreffive, and in

confiftent