51. Document No. xxx1, Virginia State Papers, p. 6.

52. Life of Henry A. Wise, by Barton H. Wise, pp. 263–264.

53. Ibid., p. 405.

54. Major-Gen. William B. Taliaferro to Governor Wise, Charlestown, Dec. 2, 1859. Original in possession of Mr. Edwin Tatham.

55. John Brown's Expedition, Reviewed in a Letter from Rev. Theodore Parker, at Rome, to Francis Jackson, Boston. Boston, 1860 (pamphlet), p. 7.

56. Higginson to Sanborn, Worcester, Feb. 3, 1860.—Original in Higginson Collection, Boston Public Library. This letter never was sent.

57. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, by Himself, p. 343 et seq. and p. 358; see also Douglass's self-justification in his paper, the North Star, of Nov. 4, 1859. 58. Sanborn, Recollections of Seventy Years, vol. 1, pp. 188 and 200.

59. Original in Higginson Collection.

60. Sanborn, Recollections of Seventy Years, vol. 1, p. 188.

61. J. A. Andrew to G. L. Stearns, Oct. 21, 1859. —Original in G. L. Stearns Papers.

62. Life of George L. Stearns, by F. P. Stearns, pp. 188 and 198.

63. John A. Andrew to Hon. William Pitt Fessenden, Boston, Dec. 12, 1859. — Original in possession of the author.

64. See N. Y. Tribune, Nov. 16, 1859.

65. Recollections of Seventy Years, pp. 228-230; see also Sanborn's Life and Letters of John Brown, pp. 438 and 447.

66. See a first draft of a letter dated Nov. 15, 1859, now in the Higginson Collection, for an emphatic statement of Mr. Higginson's feeling at that time about Dr. Howe's conduct.

67. See letter of Higginson to Sanborn, Worcester, Nov. 15, 1859; also letter of Sanborn to Higginson, Concord, Nov. 17, 1859. — Both originals in Higginson Collection.

68. S. G. Howe to T. W. Higginson, Boston, Feb. 16, 1860. —Original in Higginson Collection.

69. Ibid.

70. See F. B. Sanborn's letter to the N. Y. Evening Post, dated March 15, 1878, quoted in Recollections of Seventy Years, p. 230.

71. F. B. Sanborn to T. W. Higginson, Concord, Nov. 17, 1859.-Original in Higginson Collection.

72. A first draft of this letter is also in the Higginson Collection.

73. Sanborn, Recollections of Seventy Years, p. 250. For the original of the letter here cited, see F. B. Sanborn to T. W. Higginson, Concord, Nov. 19, 1859, in Higginson Collection. In Recollections of Seventy Years, Mr. Sanborn recounts circumstantially his experiences in this connection. Other related matter will be found in the Higginson Collection, and also in Mr. Sanborn's letters to Charles Sumner in the month of April, 1860. — Originals in Sumner Correspondence, Library of Harvard University.

74. Sanborn, Recollections, pp. 206-207.

75. See letter of G. L. Stearns to S. G. Howe, Philadelphia, Feb. 27, 1860. — Original in G. L. Stearns Papers.

76. Ibid.

77. Mason Report, p. 242.

78. Frothingham's Gerrit Smith (suppressed edition), p. 244. 79. See letter of Sanborn to Higginson of Nov. 17, 1859. Original in Higginson Collection. Cf. Recollections of Seventy Years, p. 196; see also Sanborn's Life and Letters of John Brown, p. 438, and Frothingham's Gerrit Smith, pp. 242–243.

80. Testimony of John Brown, Jr., taken before a United States Commissioner in the case of Gerrit Smith vs. the [Chicago] Tribune Company, at Sandusky, Ohio, July 19, 1867, - Mr. Horace White's copy of this, in the handwriting of the stenographer who took the notes, is in the author's possession; Sanborn's Recollections, pp. 196–197.

81. Frothingham's Gerrit Smith (suppressed edition), p. 249.

82. Gerrit Smith's Manifesto, ibid., pp. 253-255.

83. Ibid., p. 241. The editor of the Chicago Tribune in 1867, Mr. Horace White, a man of highest integrity and judicial temperament, when his paper was sued for libel by Gerrit Smith for asserting that the latter feigned insanity in order to escape the consequences of the raid, made an investigation of his own, taking the testimony of John Brown, Jr., and Frederick Douglass, and became fully convinced that the assertion was true. The Tribune retracted its charge, but Mr. White remains of the same opinion.

84. Original in possession of Miss Brown.

Well might the words written by another anti-slavery worker, when confined in a Southern prison for attacking slavery, have been penned of John Brown at this time:

"High walls and huge the BODY may confine,
And iron gates obstruct the prisoner's gaze,
And massive bolts may baffle his design,
And vigilant keepers watch his devious ways;
Yet scorns the immortal MIND this base control!
No chains can bind it, and no cell enclose:
Swifter than light, it flies from pole to pole,
And, in a flash, from earth to heaven it goes!"

From a sonnet, 'Freedom of the Mind,' by William Lloyd Garrison.
William Lloyd Garrison, vol. 1, p. 179.

85. Col. William Fellows, a jail guard, in N. Y. Sun, Feb. 13, 1898.

86. The John Brown Invasion, pp. 47-48.

87. Original in Dreer Collection.

Life of

88. John Brown to "Wife & Children every one," Charlestown, Nov. 8, 1859.Original in possession of Mrs. Clara Endicott Debuchy, Boston, Mass.

89. From copy in possession of Miss Brown.

90. From the original in the possession of Theodore Parker Adams, Plymouth, Mass.

91. John Brown to Rev. Luther Humphrey. - Original in possession of Messrs. D. R. and William G. Taylor, Cleveland, Ohio.

92. Original in Higginson Collection.

93. N. Y. Tribune, Nov. 5, 1859.

94. N. Y. Herald, Oct. 31, 1859.

95. From MS. of the late Rev. George V. Leech, who was present at this interview. ·Original in possession of Mrs. George V. Leech, Washington D. C. 96. Letter of Nov. 23, 1859; Redpath's Life, p. 359.

97. See issue of Independent Democrat of Nov. 22, 1859.

98. Statement of Mrs. Russell, Jan. 11, 1908, to K. Mayo.

99. See letter of Thomas Russell to C. A. Foster, Plymouth, Mass.- Original in Hinton Papers, Kansas Historical Society; Mr. Phillips's speech will be found in the N. Y. Herald of Dec. 16, 1859.

100. T. W. Higginson to the family at North Elba, Worcester, Nov. 4, 1859. — Original in possession of Miss Brown.

101. Mrs. Spring's MS. narrative is in the possession of the author.

102. Statement of E. A. Brackett to K. Mayo, Winchester, Jan. 13, 1908; for Hoyt's letter, and a Liberator editorial, relating to this bust, see the Liberator, Jan. 6, 1860.

103. See letter of M. B. Lowry in the True American, Nov. 26, 1859; A Tribute of Gratitude to the Hon. M. B. Lowry, Philadelphia, 1869 (pamphlet), p. 31; letter of Gov. Wise to B. F. Sloan, Richmond, Dec. 10, 1859,-original in Dreer Collection; letter of M. B. Lowry to Mrs. John Brown, Erie, Pa., Dec. 3, 1859, -original in possession of Miss Brown.

104. See S. C. Pomeroy's letter in the Christian Cynosure of March 31, 1887. 105. Richmond Enquirer, Nov. 29, 1859, quoting correspondence of Baltimore American; John Brown, by Henry Clay Pate.

106. Telegram of Col. Davis to Gov. Wise, Nov. 19, 1859, — original in possession of Mr. Edwin Tatham; N. Y. Herald, Nov. 22, 23 and Dec. 3; N. Y. Tribune, Nov. 30; Richmond Enquirer, Nov. 25 and 29, 1859, citing correspondence of Baltimore American.

107. The Two Rebellions, or Treason Unmasked, by a Virginian, Richmond, 1865, p. 97.

108. Richmond Daily Despatch, Nov. 24, 1859. "A member of a volunteer company who visited Old Brown some days ago, was put under arrest and sent home under an escort for having observed to Brown that he would like to have the pleasure of putting a rope around his neck." — N. Y. Herald, Dec. 4, 1859. 109. See Cooper Union speech of Wendell Phillips, reported in N. Y. Herald, Dec. 16, 1859.

110. Henry A. Wise, by Barton H. Wise, pp. 249-250.

III. Mason Report, pp. 67-68. A MS. copy of the letter, now in the Dreer Collection, bears the following endorsement in Gov. Wise's hand: "This was prepared from a promise made to me after a statement made in presence of Brig. Genl. William C. Scott of Powhatan. H. A. WISE."

112. J. M. McKim to T. W. Higginson, Philadelphia, Nov. 8 and 11, 1859, — original in Higginson Collection; T. W. Higginson to Mrs. John Brown, Worcester, Nov. 13, 1859, - original in possession of Miss Brown; J. M. McKim to John Brown, Philadelphia, Nov. 22, 1859, — original in possession of Miss Brown.

113. Mary D. Brown to the Hon. H. A. Wise, Philadelphia, Nov. 21, 1859, — original in Dreer Collection; J. M. McKim to T. W. Higginson, Philadelphia, Nov. 23, 1859, original in Higginson Collection.

114. The originals of both letters of Gov. Wise to Mrs. Brown are in the Dreer Collection.

115. See draft of telegram in Gov. Wise's hand, endorsed on telegram of Gen. Taliaferro, Charlestown, Nov. 30, 1859. — Original in Dreer Collection.

116. Richmond Enquirer, Dec. 6, 1859, citing correspondence of Baltimore American.

117. See letter of J. M. McKim, unsigned, dated Nov. 28, in National AntiSlavery Standard, Dec. 3, 1859.

118. For accounts of the meeting, see N. Y. Tribune and N. Y. Herald of Dec. 3 and 5, 1859.

119. Testimony of Andrew Hunter, Mason Report, p. 67; see also 'John Brown's Raid,' by Andrew Hunter, New Orleans Times-Democrat, Sept. 5, 1887. This will, dated Dec. 2, 1859, is recorded in Will Book No. 16, p. 143, of Jefferson County Court Records.

120. Original in the George L. Stearns Papers, Medford, Mass. 121. Original in Dreer Collection.

122. The passages marked are thus given in the N. Y. Illustrated News of Dec. 10, 1859:

“Genesis XV, 13, 14; XL, II, 12, 13, 55, 56, 57; L, 15 to 21. Exodus I, all; II, 3, 4, II to 15; III, 7, 12 to 22; V, 13 to 23; VI, 4 and 5; XV, 1 to 13; XVIII, 9 to 11; XXI, 5 to 10, 15, 26 to 34; XXII, 21 to 24; XXIII, I to 9. Leviticus XXIV, 13, 15, 18, 33 to 37; XXV, 8 to 17, 35 to 55; XXVI, 13, 35, 36. Deuteronomy 1, 17; X, 17 to 19; XV, 12 to 19; XVI, II to 14; XXI, 10 to 14; XXIII, 15 to 17; XXIV, 7, 14 to 18, 22. Job xxiv, 17 to 19; XXIX, 12 to 14; XXXI, 13 to 16, 38 to 40. Proverbs XIV, 20 to 22, 31; XXII, 16, 22, 23. Ecclesiastes IV, 1, 2; III, 16, 17; v, 8, 9; vII, 7. Isaiah IX, 13 to 17; XXXIII, 15; XLII, 7; XLIX, 24 to 26; LII, 5; LIV, 14; LXI, 3 to 8; LXIV, 3 to 15; LXI, I, 2. Jeremiah II, 8, 34, 35; V, 13, 14, 25 to 31; VI, 13 to 17; VII, I to 9; VIII, 10 to 12; IX, I to 10, 23, 24; XII, I to 4. Matthew v, 16 to 44; VII, 16 to 19; IX, 13; XII, 7; XXIII, 14, 23, 29 to 35; xxv, 44 to 46. Revelations XVIII, 13." This Bible, originally presented to John H. Blessing, of Charlestown, is now in the possession of Mr. Frank G. Logan, of Chicago.

123. The original of this letter, with its enclosures, is in the Dreer Collection. 124. Col. William Fellows, in N. Y. Sun of Feb. 13, 1898.

125. N. Y. Tribune and N. Y. Herald, Dec. 3, 1859; Dr. Starry's 'Recollections,' in Semi-Weekly Tribune, May 27, 1884.

126. Col. William Fellows, in N. Y. Sun of Feb. 13, 1898.

127. Original in possession of Mr. Frank G. Logan, of Chicago.

128. General Turner Ashby was born in Rose Hill, Fauquier County, Virginia, in 1824. A planter and a local politician, at the outbreak of the war he raised a regiment, the Seventh Virginia Cavalry, and became its lieutenant-colonel. He was killed in action near Harrisburg, Virginia, June 6, 1862.

129. See Richmond Enquirer, Nov. 29, 1859.

130. See letter of J. M. McKim to Mrs. John Brown, Philadelphia, Dec. 2, 1860. - Original in possession of Miss Brown.

131. Statement of Mr. Cleon Moore, Charlestown, March 20, 1908, to K. Mayo; N. Y. Herald and N. Y. Tribune, Dec. 3, 1859.

132. Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, by his widow, Mary Anna Jackson, Louisville, 1895, p. 131.

133. For Col. Preston's detailed account of the execution, dated Charlestown Dec. 2, 1859, see Life and Letters of Margaret Junkin Preston, by Elizabeth Preston Allan, Boston, 1903, pp. 111-117; see also Gen. T. J. Jackson's narrative, in the volume cited above; Murat Halstead's recollections were published in the Independent, Dec. 1, 1898; Mr. Andrew Hunter's article in the New Orleans TimesDemocrat is important here. The author has also consulted, among other sources, aside from local and metropolitan press accounts, the Military Order-Book of the John Brown Raid, Department of Archives, Richmond; Doc. No. XXVIII, Virginia State Papers; military orders in the possession of Mr. Braxton Davenport Gibson, of Charlestown; the affidavit of John Avis (see Appendix), in possession of Rev. Dr. Abner Hopkins, of Charlestown; and the statements of Col. Chew, Mr. Cleon Moore and Mr. L. P. Starry, Charlestown, March, 1908, of Mr. Charles P. Conklyn, Charlestown, April 9, 1909, of Mayor Philip A. Welford, Richmond, April 21, 1909, and of Mr. Jacob Tutwiler, Harper's Ferry, April 14, 1909, all eye-witnesses of the execution, all to K. Mayo.

134. N. Y. Herald, Dec. 3, 1859.

135. Life of John A. Andrew, by Henry Greenleaf Pearson, Boston, 1904, vol. I, p. 100.

CHAPTER XV

YET SHALL HE LIVE

1. A Memoir of Hector Tyndale, Philadelphia, 1882, p. 8; letter of Major T. J. Jackson to his wife, Charlestown, Dec. 2, 1859, cited in Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson.

2. Order of Gen. William B. Taliaferro to Andrew E. Kennedy, N. Y. Herald, Dec. 5, 1859; Order No. 55, Special Order-Book of the John Brown Raid, Department of Archives and History, Richmond.

3. N. Y. Herald, Dec. 6, 1859; see also letter of Alfred M. Barbour, Superintendent of the arsenal, to J. Miller McKim, Harper's Ferry, Dec. 8, 1859. — original in J. M. McKim Collection, Cornell University.

4. Thomas Featherstonhaugh, 'Burial of John Brown's Followers,' New England Magazine, April, 1901.

5. Broadside announcement, dated Ravenna, Friday morning, Dec. 2, 1859, in Department of Archives and History, Richmond, Va.

6. See A Tribute of Respect Commemorative of the Worth and Sacrifice of John Brown of Ossawatomie, Cleveland, 1859, a pamphlet containing an account of the Cleveland meeting.

7. Historical Address delivered 12th of January, 1908, by Horace Howard Furness, Philadelphia, 1908, p. 16; see also Life and Letters of Peter and Susan Lesley, p. 379.

8. Liberator, Dec. 9, 1859.

9. N. Y. Herald, Dec. 5, 1859; Liberator, Dec. 9, 1859. Less than two months later, at another meeting, Mr. Garrison said: “The sympathy and admiration now so widely felt for him [John Brown] prove how marvelous has been the change effected in public opinion during thirty years of moral agitation—a change so great, indeed, that whereas, ten years since, there were thousands who could not endure my lightest word of rebuke to the South, they can now easily swallow John Brown whole, and his rifle into the bargain. In firing his gun, he has merely told us what time of day it is. It is high noon, thank God!"— Liberator, Feb. 3, 1860.

10. Herald, Nov. 20, 1859; Liberator, Nov. 25, 1859; The John Brown Invasion, pp. 96-110.

11. Horace Howard Furness, Historical Address of Jan. 12, 1908, p. 18. 12. N. Y. Herald, Dec. 5, 1859.

13. This story of the trip to North Elba with the body is drawn from the N. Y. Herald, Dec. 5 and 6; The John Brown Invasion, pp. 70–79; and the letter of D. Turner to Dr. Joshua Young, Salem, Jan. 29, 1899, — original in possession of Dr. Young's family, Winchester, Mass.

14. N. Y. Tribune, Dec. 12, 1859; The John Brown Invasion, pp. 72-79; 'The Funeral of John Brown,' by Rev. Joshua Young, New England Magazine, April, 1904.

15. N. Y. Herald, Dec. 1859.

16. Boston Courier Report of the Union Meeting in Faneuil Hall, Thursday, Dec. 8, 1859; Boston, 1859 (pamphlet).

17. N. Y. Herald, Dec. 20, 1859.

18. Rise and Progress of the Bloody Outbreak at Harper's Ferry published by the New York Democratic Vigilant Association, New York, 1859 (pamphlet), p. 4.