ative, he informed them, that at least they were bound to take their seats in the tribunal during the publication of the judgment, which if they did not do, he should be obliged to compel them by force. The two judges again replied, that they would not yield except to force, and that they were satisfied to endure all for justice' sake;" and obstinately persisted in refusing to enter the court, to be present at the publication of the sentence. The minister then ordered the major of gendarmerie to conduct these gentlemen to their seats in the court. This order was executed, and the sentence was duly published and registered. It was afterwards commuted to imprisonment for twenty years. The trial ended on the 7th of June; on the following day Polyzoides and Tertzetti were suspended, and proceedings were instituted against them for refusing to fulfil the duties of their functions. They were acquit ted, and restored to their functions. The conclusion of the trial was followed by a change of ministry. Mavrocordati was removed from the foreign department, and sent as ambassador to Berlin. Rizo succeeded him, and Coletti was appointed president of the council, In TURKEY the ascendancy of Russia was increased by an alliance, offensive and defensive, which was concluded between those two powers. The emperor gave up two-thirds of what remained to be paid in respect of the indemnities stipulated for by the treaty of Adrianople, and on the other hand, to round his Asiatic frontier, the Porte ceded to him an extensive tract of country in the Pachalich of Athattsick. Turkey was to pay that portion of the indemnity which was not relinquished, when it might suit her finances and in the mean time Silistria was to remain as a pledge in the hands of the Russians; an arrangement which gave them the effective command of Moldavia and Wallachia, and left the frontier of Turkey defenceless against invasion. The free passage of the Dardanelles, also, was conceded to Russia. In September the Hospodars of Wallachia and Moldavia, were formally invested with their respective dignities. Shortly afterwards the Russian troops withdrew into Bessarabia, and left the Sultan's nominal deputies to rule according to the dictates of the Russian consuls in Bucharest and Jassy, and the mandates coming from St. Petersburgh. The Turkish administration continued to manifest a disposition to improve the political arrangements of the country. Regulations were introduced to modify the collection of such taxes, as were felt to be most oppres sive, particularly the poll-tax; and a firman was issued establishing a militia, or national guard, under the denomination of RedifiMansuri. This new militia was not to be constantly embodied, but was to be assembled, from time to time, to receive instruction in military discipline and manœuvres, and in the use of arms. A measure which excited great dissatisfaction among the Greeks, was the arbitrary conduct of the Sultan in deposing the Patriarch and nominating his successor. The right of electing their spiritual chief was almost the only privilege of the Greek subjects of the Porte, which had never before been infringed. The Sultan enjoyed the gratifi cation of seeing that Ibrahim to press them on all points. The fortified village of Zeitta, seven or eight hours' march distant from Naplous, was carried at the point of the bayonet; two hours afterwards the mountaineers were vanquished in a second encounter, in which they lost 400 men. After this defeat all the villages submitted, and the Egyptian troops entered Naplous without firing a shot. The population which had taken part in the revolt were disarmed, and three chiefs were beheaded. At the commencement of August the authority of Ibrahim was perfectly restored throughout Syria, and Mehemet Ali returned to Alexandria. Pacha's rule was not acceptable to many of his newly-conquered Syrian subjects. Towards the end of May an insurrection broke out in the mountains of Naplous, Jerusalem, and Diebel-Kahlil, including all Palestine and Galilee, produced, it was said, by the harshness of the means employed to compel the people to enter the Egyptian military service, and by the disgust of the chiefs of the mountains at the measures adopted to prevent the exactions which they were in the habit of levying, from all pilgrims, who went to visit the holy city. Commotions also broke out among the Anezes Arabs, to the east of Jordan, and among the Ansaries, in the mountains of Tripoli. A regiment of cavalry, which, for want of disposable infantry, Ibrahim had sent against the Naplousians, was attacked in a defile, and was compelled to retreat, leaving in the power of the enemy its baggage and a hundred killed, among whom were the colonel and two captains. This check was followed by another still more disastrous. The 19th fegiment of infantry, which had been sent for from Damascus, made an ill-directed attack upon the rebels, and was repulsed with great loss; the colonel and lieutenant-colonel being killed. On other points, where Ibrahim was in person, the insurgents were defeated. In order to put an end to the insurrection, Mehemet Ali quitted Egypt and embarked for Jaffa, on the 24th of June, with a corps of about 8,000 men. His presence, with so powerful a reinforcement, produced a decisive effect: the insurgent chiefs, struck with dismay, remained nearly inactive, while Ibrahim continued VOL. LXXVI. The tranquillity, which was thus established, was not of long duration. In the beginning of October a rising took place in Aleppo, which was not suppressed till after several sanguinary conflicts, and was followed by numerous executions. About the same time the people revolted in Beirout and Antioch. The Egyptians again obtained the mastery, but not without the loss of many of their men. A few days later the whole population of the Kesroan, a part of Anti-Lebanon, broke out into open war, and would have intercepted the communications of the Arabian troops, had not the Emir of the Druses hastened to the assistance of the latter, and decided the victory in their favour. While such was the course of events in Syria, the Sultan had sent considerable reinforcements to the army of the Redschid Pacha in Asia Minor, in order to be in a situation to avail himself to the utmost of any opportunity that might occur of recovering his lost dominions. Pretexts for a rupture were not wanting. The [2 H] d.. CHAP. XVII. pesh sa bay THE UNITED STATES. The Bank Question Disputes between the Senate and the President Substitution of a Metallic currency for paper-Elections to the new Congress Riots in New York-MEXICO-Bravo's insurrection -Dissolution of the Chambers -Civil war- -Santa Anna prevails-New Congress-VENEZUELA THE EQUATOR - PERU -NEW GRANADA -BRAZIL. HE United States continued to be agitated by the contest, which had begun in the preceding year as to the legality of the conduct of the president in withdrawing the public deposits from the national bank. Many petitions were presented to Congress from different parts of the country, praying that the deposits might be restored to the bank; and deputations from Philadelphia, New York, and various other towns waited on the president, in order to induce him to alter his line of conduct. But nothing could moderate his hostility to the bank: and to a certain extent he was supported by the house of representatives. A committee of ways and means had made an elaborate report, concluding with four resolutions, two of which were, that the bank ought not to be re-chartered, and that the public deposits ought not to be restored to it; and this report was adopted by the house of representatives, by a majority of fifteen. On the other hand, the Senate declared by a majority of twenty-six out of forty-six members," that the president in the BUENOS AYRES late executive proceedings, in relation to the public revenue, had assumed upon himself authority and power not conferred by the constitution and laws, but in derogation of both." Thus, the Senate, which partly shares with the president in the executive power, and before which, as a judicial tribunal, he would be tried on impeachment, declared his conduct "illegal;" and this resolution drew from the president a protest, in which he endeavoured to prove that he had acted within the bounds of the constitution, and that his accusers were the persons who had adopted "an unconsti_ tutional and unlawful" course of proceeding. The senate refused to receive or place upon their journals, either the protest, or a supplementary and explanatory document, which he subsequently issued. The Senate of the American union is not only a branch of the legislative power of the confederation, but likewise shares largely in the executive authority of the chief magistrate. The latter may appoint his ministers and immediate dependents. without [ 2 H 2] the concurrence of the Senate, but he cannot nominate an ambassador to a foreign court, or even promote a military or naval officer to a command at home, without the sanction of that body. The original capital of the bank was $7,000,000, of which the government of the Union took $37,000,000; and in order to superintend its interests in the concern, the president was empowered to nominate five of the directors. The nomination of these directors, like that of ambassadors and other officers, must be sanctioned by the Senate; and the Senate determined to reject the list of the president. General Jackson was so well pleased with the conduct of four of the directors, whom he appointed at the last election, and who supplied him with information to enable him to throw imputations on the management of the bank, that he appointed them anew at the beginning of the present year. The Senate entertained a different opinion of the manner in which these gentlemen had executed the duties of directors, and put its negative on their renewed appointment. The president sent in the same list a second time, and it was again rejected. In a long message, stating his reasons for re-appointing the obnoxious individuals, general Jackson declared, that if they were again rejected, he would nominate no others. The Senate answered by a peremptory reply through a committee, that if he exerted his prerogative, they were determined to adhere to their rights, and to exercise to the best of their judgment, the control given them by the constitution on his nominations that the re-nomination of : the same persons who had been rejected was without precedent, except in very unimportant cases; and that president Washington, on an occasion, in which he felt severely the rejection of a friend, whom he had named to an office, never thought of gaining his object by proposing him for the approval of the Senate a second time. Other nominations of persons to fill official situations were rejected by the Senate. In order to remedy the inconveniences flowing from the restrictions of the circulating medium, which the president's measures had occasioned, it was thought necessary in some of the states to assist public credit by state loans. In the state of New York, the local Congress, which sitting in Albany, had little or no sympathy with the trading, and the monied interests of New York, the great commercial capital of the American Union, author. ized a loan to the state banks within its own territory of $6,000,000: in other words, it empowered these banks, in certain proportions, to issue more notes than they did before, when the extent of their circulation was the cause of their danger. On the other hand, a report of the Union committee" was adopted at a meeting of the chief merchants and public men in New York, which declared that the restoration of the government deposits to the bank, and the continuance of that great establishment were essential to the safety of the country. From this report, to which, among other high names, that of Mr. Gallatin was subscribed, it appeared, that in New York itself, there were in |