Aeolus (Plin. III §§ 93, 94. Solin. 6. Agathokles ap. schol. Apoll. Rh. Iv 761. Apoll. ib. and III 42. Val. Fl. 1 579 seq. Heyne exc. I on Aen. 1). Verg. Aen. VIII 416-422 insula Sicanium iuxta latus Aeoliamque | erigitur Liparen, fumantibus ardua saxis, | quam subter specus et Cyclopum exesa caminis | antra Aetnaea tonant, validique incudibus ictus | auditi referunt gemitum, striduntque cavernis | stricturae Chalybum, et fornacibus ignis anhelat; | Vulcani domus et Vulcania nomine tellus. Iuv. still alludes to the Argonauts who visited Vulcan's forge and the isle of Aeolus; perhaps to the poem of Val. Fl., as Giampaolo Parisio (Janus Parrhasius +1534) maintained.

ANTRUM VULCANI

Val. Fl. II 335-6 'haec antra videtis Vulcanique' ait ' ecce domos.' 9 QUID AGANT VI 403 quid Seres, quid Thraces agant. The winds come naturally after their king Aeolus. Agere is the proper term to express their deliberation in Val. Fl. 1 574-608. 10 Val. Fl. 1 827 -849. AEACUS, Minos and Rhadamanthus were the judges of the dead. Torture (torqueat) might be applied by a iudex quaestionis; here wasted upon airy ghosts. See Heyne exc. xi on Aen. vi 431-3. ALIUS Iason, so alius again, x 257. Obs. the satirical furtivae and pelliculae diminutive, contemptuous for velleris. cf. 84 and vi 153 mercator Iason. As Iuv. here mocks the fable, others rationalised it. Varro r. r. 11 1 § 6 makes the golden fleeced rams stolen by Iason and Thyestes (Attius ap. Cic. n. d. III § 68) to be so named propter caritatem, and others (Suid. dépas) found in the golden skin an alchymist's parchment, containing the mystery of gold-making. Ov. amor. 1 15 20, 21 of the Argonautica of Varro Atacinus Varronem primamque ratem quae nesciat aetas | aureaque Aesonio terga petita duci?

11 MONYCHUS the Homeric epithet of a horse used by Latin writers as the proper name of a man-horse. In the affray with the Lapithae this Centaur Ov. met. XII 510 insani deiectam viribus austri | forte trabem nactus validum coniecit in hostem, | exemplumque fuit. Lucan vi 385. Val. Fl. 1 146. On the syncope (μovávvxos) see Lobeck paralip. 1 44 and Galen there. On the quantity L. Müller de re metr. 252. 12 FRONTONIS

Mart.

a rich patron, who lent his grounds for recitation, III 9 n. vII 40 n. IV 6 4,5 qui compositos metro Tibulli | in Stellae recitat domo libellos. Plin. ep. VIII 12 § 2 domum suam recitantibus praebet, speaking of Titinius Capito. M. Sen. suas. 6 § 27 Sextilius Ena... recitaturus in domo Messalae Corvini Pollionem Asinium advocaverat et in principio hunc versum non sine assensu recitavit: Deflendus Cicero est Latiaeque silentia linguae. Pollio Asinius non aequo animo tulit et ait: Messala, tu quid tibi liberum sit in domo tua videris: ego istum auditurus non sum cui mutus videor'; atque ita consurrexit. Niebuhr (Fronto xxxvii) identifies the Fronto of Iuv. with Fronto Catius, highly commended as an orator by Plin. ep. II 11 § 3. IV 9 § 15. vI 13 § 3. From Front. ep. ad M. Caesar. 18 p. 23 Naber Horatius Flaccus memorabilis poeta, mihique propter Maecenatem et Maecenatianos hortos meos non alienus, cl. schol. h. 1. in Horatiana domo, in qua poetae recitabant, it appears that our Fronto was connected with the tutor of M. Aurelius.

PLATANI a

platanon before the auditorium. The plane (λarús from its broad leaves) was known to the Jews (Gen. 30 37. Ez. 31 8. ecclus. 24 19) and to Homer (8 307); one at Delphi, another in Arcadia, shewn as planted by Agamemnon (Theophr. h. pl. Iv 13 § 2. Plin. XVI § 238). Xerxes halted his army for a day near one in Lydia, decked it with barbaric gold and appointed an immortal' to tend it (Herod. vII 31. Ael. v. h. II 14); the golden plane of the Persian kings is often named (Brisson. de regn.

Pers. citing Herod. vii 27 § 3. Xen. Hell. vir 1 § 38. Phylarchus in Ath. 539 d. Plin. XXXIII § 137. Tzetz. chil. Iv 546. cf. Aristid. panathen. I 129 Jebb). Among the patriotic acts of Kimon it is recorded that he planted the ȧyopd with planes Plut. 13 § 11. praec. ger. reip. 24 § 8; cf. Aristoph. yewpyoi fr. 14 Mein. Sokrates enjoyed the tree's shade and beauty (Plat. Phaedr. 230 B. cf. Cic. de or. 1 § 28) and swore by it Lucian vit. auct. 16. Philostr. Apoll. vI 19 § 6. In the time of Theophrastus (h. pl. iv 5 § 6) planes were scarce in Italy; those in the gymnasium at Rhegium, planted by the elder Dionysius, did not thrive. The shade (Plin. XVII § 90 iucunda et platani [umbra] quamquam crassa. licet gramini credere, non soli, haut alia laetius operiente toros) was as grateful to the philosophers of the academy (Plin. XII § 9 the locus classicus) as to idlers over their wine (Hor. c. II 11 13. Verg. g. II 146; hence in Ov. met. x 95 genialis). It even shared the feast (Plin. § 8 docuimusque etiam arbores vina potare. cf. Macrob. III 13 § 3 on the extravagant passion of Hortensius for a plane. Gron. obs. 1 5. Plin. XVI § 242). Still utilitarianism complained Plin. XII § 6 quis non iure miretur arborem umbrae gratia tantum ex alieno petitam orbe? Mart. III 58 3 vidua. Hor. c. II 15 4 caelebs. Verg. g. 11 70 sterilis. Pliny 12 calls evergreen planes portenta terrarum, and says of dwarf planes (chamaeplatani §13) arborum, etiam abortus invenimus, hoc quoque ergo in genere pumilionum infelicitas dicta erit. See Prop. II 32 (=III 30) 13. Petron. 126 Burm. Mart. Ix 62 Rader. HSt. Tλатávσтos, πλáтavos etc. ind. to Plin. MARMORA Statues and marbles inlaid in the walls xi 175 n. 13 ADSIDUO LECTORE ['in such cases the adjective seems to me to make all the difference: you could not possibly say ruptae lectore; but ads. lec. seems to me to =adsidua opera lectorum, 7 lectore adsiduo, so to say: thus iudice laudatus Caesare iudicio Caesaris: in the same way I explain Hor. ep. 1 1 94 inaequali tonsore and the like: so Hor. coniuge barbara Turpis maritus Bapßáρw Tŷ dλóxw, 'degraded by the fact of a barbarian for his wife': so Verg. ecl. Iv 8 nascenti puero, quo vivoμévw_тŶ πaidi, 'the birth of the child', quo 'by which birth': so I explain Iuv. Ix 150 effugit remige surdo, i. e. surditate remigum; and 111 240 ingenti Liburno (if the reading is right, as I incline to think it) to be exactly like vi 351 ingenti vehitur cervice Syrorum: vi 29 qua Tisiphone I take to be simply 'quibus furiis', the qua making a preposition almost inadmissible: comp. Horace Marte coli populata nostro, Marte Poenos proteret altero: Marte= bello: 91 quo marito: the Latins, when talking of irrational things, always allow the simple ablative. Then Ovid met. 1 747 linigera colitur turba, with a collective noun like turba you may always have a simple abl.: so Sallust Iug. 84 § 1 cupientissima plebe consul factus: Ovid her. v 75 deserta coniuge seems on the analogy of vidua, privata coniuge; and perhaps XII 161 deseror coniuge is only an imitation of the other passage by an imitator of Ovid.' H.A.J.M.] See Iuv. VII 64. XIII 124. Verg. Aen. 1 312. Hor. c. 1 6 2. Tac. Agric. 40. Madvig 254 n. 3. Hand 1 25. RUPTAE VII 86 fregit subsellia versu. Verg. g. III 328 cantu querulae rumpent arbusta cicadae. Polyb. xv 32 § 9 κατερρήγνυτο πᾶς ὁ τόπος ὑπὸ τοῦ κρότου καὶ τῆς κραυγῆς. Casaub. on Suet. Dom. 4. 14 SUMMO MINIMOQUE VI 349. XI 36. Hor. ep. II 1 117 scribimus indocti doctique poemata passim.

=

15-18 Since then it is vain to be wise in a world of madmen, I too have flinched from the cane of the grammaticus (15. vII 215-243. Quintil. 1) I too in the school of rhetoric (16. vII 150-214. Quintil. 11) have urged

Sulla to abdicate. Hor. a. p. 414-5 qui Pythia cantat | tibicen, didicit prius extimuitque magistrum. In the grammar school the poets were studied. 15 ET NOS... ET NOS II 82, 127. xv 7. vI 457 nil... nil. cf. XIV 139, 239. This epanalepsis, whereby the same word begins and ends the verse, is in Theokr. 1 80. xv 1. Verg. g. III. 358 nec cum... nec cum. Other exx. from Verg., Hor. ep. 1 1 25, Prop., Tibull., Stat. in Herm. Fritzsche zu Theokrit u. Virgil (Leipz. 1860) 6, 7. MANUM Timokles ap. Ath. xIII 571 a. Colum. x 21 nec manibus mites ferulas. Fulgent. mythol. 1 p. 608 Stav. scholaribus rudimentis tumidas ferulis gestaveram palmas. Plut. Caes. 61 § 1 The women at the Lupercalia παρέχουσιν ὥσπερ ἐν διδασκάλου τῷ χεῖρε Taîs #λnyaîs. Lucian Cronosolon 16 fin. Aug. solil. II § 20 R. Quid ipsa grammatica? ... numquidnam magister noster nolebat nos credere quae docebat et nosse? A. Immo vero vehementer ut nossemus instabat. R. Numquid aliquando institit ut Daedalum volasse crederemus? A. Hoc quidem numquam: sed plane nisi teneremus fabulam, vix nos posse aliquid manibus tenere faciebat. FERULAE Aristotle

...

probl. Ix 8 explains why the strokes of the vápenέ are more painful than those of harder wood. Gorgias replied to a captious question Philostr. soph. I pr. § 6 That I leave to you to investigate; of one thing I have long been sure, ὅτι ἡ γῆ τοὺς νάρθηκας ἐπὶ τοὺς τοιούτους φύει. Suet. (see also below on ver. 44) gramm. 9 fuit autem naturae acerbae in discipulos, ut et Horatius significat (ep. 1 1 70) plagosum eum appellans et Domitius Marsus scribens: si quos Orbilius ferula scuticaque cecidit. Colum. x 118 minaces. Mart. x 62 10 ferulaeque tristes, sceptra paedagogorum. XIV 80 invisae nimium pueris grataeque magistris. Apul. flor. II 12 the parrot is struck on the head with an iron rod, when it is forced to imitate human speech; haec discenti ferula est.' id. metam. Ix 28 cl. Lucian de morte Peregr. 17. Auson. idyll. ıv 24—30. epist. Iv 1 Ausonius, cuius ferulam nunc sceptra verentur. Sidon. ep. v 5 post ferulas lectionis Maronianae. Aug. conf. 1 § 23 legibus Tuis, Deus, legibus Tuis a magistrorum ferulis usque ad temptationes martyrum. See the whole bk. I for the grammar school, and bk. III for the school of rhetoric. id. tr. in Io. 1 § 14 dicamus ergo [sanguina], non timeamus ferulas grammaticorum. id. c. Faust. XXI 10 neminem grammaticum aut rhetorem audierant, nec inter lacrymas ferularum atque virgarum [Iuv. vII 210] ista didicerant. id. de civ. Dei XXII 22 § 2 Quid enim sibi volunt multimodae formidines, quae cohibendis parvulorum vanitatibus adhibentur ? quid paedagogi, quid magistri, quid ferulae, quid lora, quid virgae? Prudent. cathem. pr. 7-9 aetas prima crepantibus flevit sub ferulis: mox docuit toga [in the school of rhetoric] | infectum vitiis falsa loqui. Isid. xvII 9 derives ferula from ferire; Etym. magn, and schol. Eur. Orest. 1481 vápeng from veapoùs Onyew, because it gives an edge to the youthful intellect! See more in Brisson. de verb. sign. Cresoll. theatr. rhet. v 6, 7. Marquardt v (1) 96, 115. HSt. ναρθηκισμός. For Greek proverbs in praise of the rod and other exx. see Herm. Privatalth. 34 14, Plaut. Bacch. III 3 30 and Philostr. soph. 1 25 § 12. Sen. de clem. 1 16, Quintil. 1 3 § 14 seq., Plut. educ. 12 all condemn corporal punishment in schools. The ferula was also employed upon slaves (Iuv. vI 479. Hor. s. 1 3 119 Kirchner), upon boys too young to be tortured (Dig. xxIx 5 1 § 33), and upon monks (Ducange). So malvae were used for walking-sticks (Plin. xix § 62 from Theophr. h. pl. 1 3-5 § 2) and for rods (Lucian adv. indoct. 3. fugit. 33). Also the lash (iuás, scutica) Liban. ep. 829. K. F. Hermann ib. 13.

SUBDUXIMUS 'have flinched from' (Dobree). Hieronym. c. Rufin. 1 § 17 audire grammaticum, ferulae manum subtrahere, et inter parvulos 'Aonvoyépwv artem loquendi discere. id. ep. 57 ad Pammach, § 12 ergo frustra tanto tempore studuimus, et saepe manum ferulae subduximus. cf. ep. 50 ad Domnion. § 2. Macrob. III 10 § 2. Sidon. ep. II 10. 16 On the unpractical character of Tac.

the rhetorical theses see VII 150-70. x 85, 167. Pers. III 45. dial. 35.

CONSILIUM DABIMUS Quintil. III 8 § 30 saepe vero et utilitatem despiciendam esse dicimus, ut honesta faciamus, ut cum illis Opiterginis damus consilium, ne se hostibus dedant, quamquam perituri sint, nisi fecerint; et utilia honestis praeferimus, ut cum suademus, ut bello Punico servi armentur. § 46 Ciceroni dabimus consilium ut Antonium roget, vel Philippicas....exurat. § 47 C. Caesari suadentes regnum, affirmabimus. Sen. suas. 6 Deliberat [Iuv. vII 162 n.] Cicero an Antonium deprecetur. Philostr. soph. 1. 24 § 1 a suasoria of Marcus a Spartan advising (vußovλeúwv) the Lacedaemonians not to spare those who lost their shields at Sphakteria. The declamations were a suasoriae (such as this, or Cato's dying speech in Persius) generally on historical (Quintil. 11 4 § 25. III 5 § 8) or legendary subjects; these, as not requiring technical knowledge, were first practised (indeed Quintil. II 1 § 2 complains that grammatici... ad prosopopoeias usque et suasorias, in quibus onus dicendi vel maximum est, irrumpunt cf. § 8); these belonged (Isid. rhet. 4 § 4. Quintil. III 8 §§ 6, 25, 26, 33, 34, 55—62) to the deliberativum genus (Bovλevtikov yévos); b controversiae, in which legal questions were handled, belonged to the iudiciale genus (dikavikov yévos). Tac. dial. 35 duo genera materiarum apud rhetoras tractantur, suasoriae et controversiae. ex his suasoriae quidem, tamquam plane leviores et minus prudentiae exigentes, pueris delegantur, controversiae robustioribus adsignantur, quales, per fidem, et quam incredibiliter compositae!...sic fit ut tyrannicidarum [Iuv. VII 151 n.] praemia aut vitiatarum electiones aut incesta matrum aut quidquid in schola cotidie agitur, in foro vel raro vel numquam, ingentibus verbis persequantur. In Greece the praise or blame of laws belonged to controversiae, in Rome to suasoriae Quintil. 11 4 § 33 apud Graecos enim lator earum ad iudicem vocabatur, Romanis pro contione suadere et dissuadere moris fuit. So suasoriae )( iudiciales materiae 10 § 1. XI 1 § 48 where both )( demonstrativae i.e. Tideikтikal. VII 1 § 24 (a suasoria) Deliberat Numa, an regnum offerentibus Romanis recipiat

Similiter in controversiis. Optet enim vir fortis alienam uxorem. Petron. 6 ingens scholasticorum turba in porticum venit...ab extemporali declamatione nescio cuius, qui Agamemnonis suasoriam exceperat. dum ergo iuvenes sententias rident ordinemque totius dictionis infamant. See Bonnell lex. Quintil. and Ernesti lex. technol. controversia, suasoria. Bernhardy ed. 4 § 53. Westermann röm. Beredsamk. § 81. W. A. Schmidt Gesch. d. Denk- u. Glaubensfreiheit (Berl. 1847) 409 seq. The 7 suasoriae, 35 controversiae and 10 books of excerpta controv. of M. Seneca, ed. Bursian, Lips. 1857, are well worth reading. SULLAE Quintil. III 8 § 53 neque ignoro, plerumque exercitationis gratia poni et poeticas et historicas [personas], ut Priami verba [facientis] apud Achillem aut Sullae dictaturum deponentis, in contione. v. 10 § 71 non dominationis causa Sullam arma sumpsisse, argumentum est dictatura deposita. Lucan 1 334-5 to Caesar ex hoc iam te, improbe, regno | ille tuus saltem doceat descendere Sulla, cf. Caesar's jest Suet. 77 Sullam nescisse litteras, qui dictaturam deposuerit.

ALTUM

Iuv. II. 28. PRIVATUS IV 66. vI 114. XII 107. x 41. Lucan IV 188 Caesar generum privatus amabit. Hor. s. 1 3 142. DORMIRET III 107. xiv 295 n. a cognate accus.a. somnum d. So torvum clamat, perfidum ridens. Many exx. in Ruddim. 11 159, 304, Haase on Reisig 684; for the thought Hor. c. 11 16 15. Luc. v 505—6 in quorum pectora somno dat vires fortuna minor. 17 CLEMENTIA.. PARCERE

Hor. c. III 11 46 viro clemens misero peperci. UBIQUE in the forum and the bath (Hor. s. 1 4 74 seq. Petron. 91), standing, sitting, running, in the thermae and in the swimming bath Mart. III 44 10-13. ib. 1-9, 14-18 Occurrit tibi nemo quod libenter, | quod, quacumque venis, fuga est et ingens | circa te, Ligurine, solitudo, | quid sit, scire cupis? nimis poeta es. | hoc valde vitium periculosum est. | non tigris catulis citata raptis, | non dipsas medio perusta sole, | nec sic scorpius improbus timetur. | nam tantos, rogo, quis ferat labores? ..... ad cenam propero, tenes euntem. ad cenam venio, fugas edentem. | lassus dormio, suscitas iacentem. | vis, quantum facias mali videre? | vir iustus, probus, innocens timeris. Cf. ib. 45. 50. vII 50. Hor. a. p. 474-6 indoctum doctumque fugat recitator acerbus; | quem vero arripuit, tenet occiditque legendo, non missura cutem, nisi plena cruoris, hirudo. 18 VATIBUS satirical VII 53 n.

PERITURAE VII 100. XI 17.

OCCURRAS V. 54 n. If I do not waste it, some other bard (vates) will. Dryden do my best to make as much waste paper as the rest. Mart. 1 1 3,4 at nunc succincti quae sint bona nosce libelli: | hoc primum est, brevior quod mihi charta perit. vI 64 22-23 audes praeterea, quos nullus noverit, in me scribere versiculos, miseras et perdere chartas. For the destiny of paper thus wasted see Jahn on Pers. 1 43. Mart. XIII 1 1-3 Ne toga cordylis, ne paenula desit olivis, | aut inopem metuat sordida blatta famem, perdite Niliacas, Musae, mea damna papyros. Auson. epigr. 34 1,2 Si tineas cariemque pati te, charta, necesse est, incipe versiculis ante perire meis. Ennod. carm. 1. 7 praef. ad Faustum (Sirmond. op. 1 1099 cf. Gron. obs. 11 22) ad Camenalem ignominiam, quibus numquam Cluvienus [luv. 1 80] deest, versus adieci et periturae ut dictum est, chartae prodigus non peperci. Plin. ep. vII 2 § 1 Are you not inconsistent with yourself, when you say that you are incessantly occupied, and yet beg for a copy of my writings, which can scarce induce even men of leisure to spend on them any portion of the time which they would otherwise throw away (perituri)?

19-21 Juvenal having thus resolved to write poetry, states his reasons for following in the track of Lucilius.

19 DECURRERE Ov. fasti II 360. Hor. s. II 1 30-34 of Lucilius ille velut fidis arcana sodalibus olim | credebat libris, neque, si male cesserat, usquam decurrens alio, neque si bene. quo fit, ut omnis | votiva pateat veluti descripta tabella | vita senis. CAMPO See Forc. 20 EQUOS FLEXIT Hence

and Bonnell lex. Quintil.

Sidon. ep. Ix 13 sed tu per Calabri tramitis aggerem | vis ut nostra dehinc cursitet orbita, | qua Flaccus lyricos Pindaricum ad melos | frenis flexit equos plectripotentibus. cf. Öv. fasti Iv 10.

AURUNCAE ALUMNUS 165 n. Suessa (now Sessa) in Latium, between Minturnae and Teanum, received the name of Aurunca from the Aurunci, who settled there B.C. 337 Liv. VIII 15 § 4; it became a Roman colony B. C. 313 ib. IX 28 § 7. Vell. 1 14 § 4. Abeken, sopra il sito e gli avanzi dell' antica Aurunca, Rome 1839. Auson. epist. 15 9 rudes Camenas qui Suessae praevenis. 21 SI VACAT Ov. ex Ponto 1 1 3,4

si vacat, hospitio peregrinos, Brute libellos excipe. III 3 1 si