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point the commanding and field officers, as well as all the captains, Lieutenants, and other subordinate officers, make all the necessary arrangements, and fight the great battle.

Our middle aged and elderly friends will be removed from all danger, and relieved from all responsibility, trouble, and anxiety upon the subject. All they will have to do, will be to hobble up to the polls in November, and vote the ticket the young men republican club may put into their hands!

Having large experience, great bravery and energy, wise plans, and no old fogies to disarrange and disturb their calculations, young America may reasonably expect much harmony and enthusiasm in their ranks, and can look forward to the achievement of a glorious victory. Nous verrons.

BEC. 19. FALSE SECURITY AT THE NORTH IMMEDIATELY BEFORE THE

REBELLION.

During the winter previous to the attack on Fort Sumpter, the people at the north, and particularly the republicans, were under the influence of many delusions, and reposing on a false security. They regarded the slaves at the south as their friends, as enemies to their masters, and a source of weakness to the slave states. They also imagined the power of the free states much greater than it really is; and greatly underrated the martial spirit and energy of the southern people, the resources and military power of the slave states, and the difficulties of waging war against them successfully, and reducing them to submission to the constitution and government of the United States. To illustrate this part of the subject, the following sections have been taken from editorial articles published in the Ann Arbor Journal, in January, 1861. SEC. 20. POPULAR DELUSIONS IN RELATION TO WAR, SLAVES, SLAVERY, AND THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY.

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Disunion and war seem inevitable; and hence we should look around us and examine the ground on which we stand. There are some popular delusions among our people upon the subject of war and slavery, and the influences which each has upon the other, that may serve to mislead them. Many seem to think the slave states so weak, by reason of slavery, that they have little power of self-defence; that in case of war, nearly all, or great numbers of their slaves would rise in rebellion against them; that the free states with the power of the federal government and the aid of the slaves, could crush the slave states at once; and that such a war would certainly put an end to slavery, and be productive of great good to the slaves-to the cause of humanity, and to the future progress of our country.

Origin of Slavery, and influence of war upon it, and its abolition. Are slaves an element of strength or of weakness to a nation in time of war? and does war gene ally or ever tend to overthrow and abolish slavery, and elevate a slave population to the rank of freemen? These are questions of great magnitude and national importance; and we know of no way to answer and determine them, but by reference to the facts of history.

Slavery existed before the period of authentic history, and has existed in all ages since. It has generally grown out of wars; the captives taken in war having been usually sold as slaves, and held thereafter in perpetual bondage. The ten tribes of Israel were captured and carried into captivity. I am not aware that history furnishes any account of the institution of slavery having been overturned, and slave y abolished in any age or country, by means of war between nations and states. St. Domingo furnishes the only example of its having been overturned by means of insurreotion, and domestic or civil war; and a terrible example it wasshocking to the moral sense of mankind. On the c. ntrary, villeinage was abolished in the middle ages in all western and southern Europe, by reason of the spirit of Christianity and the Catholic church; and the same spirit induced the abolition of the African slave trade by the United States and the countries of Europe -the abolition of slavery in our free states and the British dominions, and the recent abolition of serfdom, and the enfranchisement of forty millions of serfs in Russia.

History teaches us that slavery has had its origin in war; that war has made millions of slaves, but has never been the cause of emancipating many; and we must, in future as heretofore, look to the principles of civilization, of humanity and Christianity, to ameliorate the bondage, and finally emancipate the slave as well as the serf.

General character of Slaves.

Slaves, villeins, and serfs of all colors, races, countries, and ages, have been an ignorant, spiritless, timid, cowardly, and pusillanimous people, as a general rule-wanting in independence of thought, and depending almost entirely upon their masters and overseers to think for them, and direct their industry, as well as to supply their wants. They are almost universally unaccustomed to the use of fire-arms and the art of war, destitute of military knowledge and discipline, terror-stricken at the sight or sound of an enemy, and inclined to cling to their masters as their only ark of safety in time of war. Such is the weak and defenceless condition, and such has been the general characteristics of slaves of all colors, countries, and ages of the world. African slaves have much less intellect, spirit, courage, intelligence, and energy of character, than the villeins and serfs of the middle ages and modern Europe, or the white slaves of ancient Greece and Rome.

There are some exceptions to this general rule, even among the slaves of the United States, consisting mostly of persons that have a large share of white blood in their veins; some of them having inherited a high order of natural talent from educated white fathers or grand fathers; and some from a line of white paternal ancestors. Usually it is only the most intellectual, shrewd, courageous, spirited, and energetic among the slaves, that make their escape from bondage; the character and intellectual capacity of the mass of the slaves at the south can not be properly estimated by the fugitive slaves; much less can they be estimated by the free colored persons who have lived many years at the north. We should study, learn, and regard the characteristics of African slaves in the cotton states, as they are, in that hot climate.

Effects of Climate on constitution and character.

Climate has great influence upon the intellectual and moral character, as well as the physical constitution of man. There is perhaps five times as much difference between the Negro and the European races of men, as there is between the African tiger and the northern bear. The principal differences between the latter are produced by climate only; while those of the former are produced by the joint effects of climate, education, modes of living, industry, the useful arts and sciences, religion, laws and government-all operating through ages of time, developing and moulding the brain, (the organ of the mind), and forming the character, by the constant transmission of the constitution of the brain and nervous system, as well as the physical system, from parent to child.

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Such a people as inhabit New England and Scotland can not be formed or exist in the torrid zone, nor in any of our gulf states. Such constitutions and characters can not be formed in any climate. The ancestors of the present inhabitants of the state of Georgia were mostly from Great Britain and New England; but the effect of that climate has so far changed their constitutions and characters, and given them the mercurial and impulsive temperament of the people of southern France, that they now resemble Frenchmen and Spaniards, more than they do Englishmen, or the people of New England. Climate has been the principal agent in producing this change. Slavery and education have had slight influences in the matter, when compared with the effects of climate.

The Deity has seen fit to dole out intellect very sparingly to a large portion of the human family; and when we act in reference to African slaves, we should regard them as they are-ignorant weak, and dependent beings, with brains and intellectual, as well as physical constitutions, moulded by a hot climate, during thousands of years, combined with the depressing influences of slavery for several generations. In fact, a hot climate has had more influ

ence, (four times over), than slavery, in producing their moral and mental character and intellectual weakness; for the fact is beyond all doubt, that the slaves at the south, and more particularly of the northern slave states, are greatly superior in intellect as well as intelligence, to the free Negroes of Guinea and the interior of Africa.

These are solemn truths, however unpopular they may be in this latitude, among certain classes of people. We wish to give our readers sound and correct information, rather than to seek popularity; hence we do not hesitate to give them truths which are unwelcome to some. We now speak of the African race, and of slaves as they are, and not of the justice of slavery. On the contrary, holding men in bondage and appropriating the largest share of the fruits of their industry for the benefit of their masters, we believe to be inconsistent with the laws of nature and with the principles of justice, as well as contrary to the principles of Christianity; and yet we do not believe it either safe, proper, or just to the white population, to extend political power and universal suffrage to the African race of the United States, and put them on a level with the European races.

There has never been any sound original thought, any important invention in the arts, any element or principle of science, originated in the torrid zone. Nor have the people of the torrid zone ever originated or developed any law, system of government, institution, scientific, philosophical, moral, social, or religious truth, of any importance to the human family.

They seem to have no philosophical and no organizing talentno talent for political or military organization, none for uniting, combining and organizing men and societies, and the establishment of laws for their government. Hence the torrid zone can be civilized only by means of laws, institutions, religion, arts, sciences and other elements of civilization, to be transplanted from Europe or North America.

These remarks in relation to the character of the people of the torrid zone, do not apply with full force to those of European descent; and yet a residence for two or three generations in any hot climate, below the thirty-fifth degree of latitude, essentially modifies the character of a people, and makes them more imaginative, passionate, impulsive, vacillating, and disinclined to regular industry; and less stable, industrious, energetic and persevering; and their minds less sound, original, inventive and practical.

Insurrections, Murders, and Civil Wars by Slaves.

Wars and insurrections, as well as laws and government, are the result of organization; of association and combination, and the well organized union of great numbers of persons; if otherwise, they do not amount to much. The negro race seem generally incapable of forming and organizing such associations as are

required to constitute an insurrection of much magnitude. Their great timidity, cowardice and ignorance, tend also to restrain them from attempting to excite, and from joining in insurrections, to obtain their liberty.

Perhaps ten thousand cases of murder have been committed by slaves, of their overseers, masters, and members of their families, mostly in single cases, on plantations, where there has been one substantial insurrection. In fact, we are not aware that any more than one insurrection of slaves, of any considerable extent, has ever occurred in the United States-which was in Virginia, about the year 1832 or 1833, and known as the Nat Turner insurrection. Several other insurrectious of a few slaves have occurred, but no other of much magnitude.

Such was the case also in ancient Greece and Rome, in England during the middle ages, and in modern Russia and Austria. Insurrections of slaves of any great magnitude never occurred in any of those countries. Nor did slaves combine together in any of the great civil wars of Rome, England, or other countries of Europe, to aid one party against the other. On the contrary, with the exception of St. Domingo, the slaves in all countries have been the most quiet, peaceable, and least inclined to engage in mobs, insurrections and civil wars, of any class of people.

Slaves in time of War.

The Grecian states were frequently at war among themselves, during the many centuries of their independent existence; they were twice invaded by the Persians, then by Phillip, of Macedon, by whom they were conquered, and afterwards by the Romans, by whom they were conquered. From the earliest period of their history, slaves were numerous in all the Grecian states; and yet they took no part with any foreign enemy that invaded the country, and no part in the wars betwen the states. The Romans also had great numbers of slaves-consisting of captives taken in war.

Gibbon, the great British historian of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire, estimated the slaves of the empire, in the second century, at sixty millions, and the free inhabitants at the same number-making a population of one hundred and twenty millions.

The Italian Provinces were invaded by the Gauls at an early period, afterwards by Hannibal, with a Carthagenian army which remained in Italy many years. Italy was also invaded several times in the fifth and sixth centuries by the Goths and Vandals; and yet the slaves in Rome never rose in insurrection and united themselves with an invading enemy against their masters and their country, that we have any account of.

When the British troops invaded and occupied South Carolina, and marched through North Carolina and Virginia during the revolutionary war, and again invaded Louisiana, and landed below

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