Pomp. Si necessarias impensas fecerim in servum aut in fundum, quem pignoris causa acceperim, non tantum retentionem, sed etiam contrariam pigneraticiam actionem habebo: finge enim medicis, cum aegrotaret servus, dedisse me pecuniam et eum decessisse.-1. 8 pr. eod.1 Ulp.: Si rem alienam mihi debitor pignori dederit aut malitiose in pignore versatus sit, dicendum est, locum habere contrarium iudicium.-1. 9 pr. eod." FIFTHLY, OBLIGATIONES QUAE CONSENSU CONTRA- § 122. PURCHASE AND SALE. BOOK III. Pt. 1. Ch. II. a Anct. Law,' pp. 332, 877 See Benjamin, 'Law of Sale Property,' pp. d § 79, ad init. PURCHASE and SALE is the informal Contract for the of Personal irrevocable transfer of a specific chattel (merx) in con- 355-364 (3rd sideration of the payment of a certain sum of money ed.). (pretium). It was originally the parting with, and ap- e D. 18, 1, 1 pr. propriation of, a thing in consideration of the price paid; so that the real and the obligatory element coalesced.d a Paul. Sed an sine nummis venditio dici hodieque possit, dubitatur, veluti si ego togam dedi, ut tunicam acciperem. Sabinus et Cassius esse emptionem et venditionem putant; Nerva et Proculus permutationem, non emptionem hoc esse. . . . Sed verior est Nervae et Proculi sententia: nam ut aliud est vendere aliud emere alius emptor alius venditor, sic aliud est premium aliud merx; quod in permutatione discerni non potest, uter emptor uter venditor sit.-1. 1, § 1, D. de C. E. 18, 1.3 1 If I have incurred necessary expenses over a slave or an estate which I took as a pledge, I shall have not only a lien, but also the contrary action of pledge; for suppose I had paid money to the doctors when the slave was ill, and he had died. 2 If the debtor has given me in pledge a thing owned by another, or should have gone to work dishonestly in respect of the security, we must state that the contrary action obtains. 3 But whether a sale without money can be spoken of at the BOOK III. Pt. 1. Ch. II. Gai. iii. § 141: Pretium in numerata pecunia consistere debet: nam in ceteris rebus an pretium esse possit, veluti homo aut toga aut fundus alterius rei pretium esse possit, valde quaeritur. Nostri praeceptores putant etiam in alia re posse consistere pretium: unde illud est, quod vulgo putant, per permutationem rerum emptionem et venditionem contrahi. . . . Diversae scholae auctores dissentiunt aliudque esse existimant permutationem rerum, aliud emptionem et venditionem : alioquin non posse rem expediri permutatis rebus, quae videatur res venisse et quae pretii nomine data esse. . . . Sed ait Sabinus, si rem tibi venalem habenti veluti fundum accesserim et pretii nomine hominem forte dederim, fundum quidem videri venisse, hominem autem pretii nomine datum esse, ut fundus acciperetur.' The contract is concluded, or complete, the moment the agreement of the will (consensus) upon object and example, if I have Sab. and Cass. are Nerva and Procul. present day also, is matter of doubt; for ... The price must consist of coined money. For whether the price can consist of other things, as a slave, or a toga, or a field, is rightly matter of question. Our teachers think that the price may consist of some other thing; and hence the common notion, that by the exchange of things a purchase and sale is contracted. . . . The authorities of the other school are of a different opinion, and think that an exchange of things is different from buying and selling, otherwise it would be impossible to ascertain upon an exchange of things which may be considered sold, and which given by way of price. . . . But, says Sabinus, if I come to you who have something for sale, land for example, and give a slave, say, for the price, the land is to be considered sold, and the slave given by way of price, in order that the land may be received. ... price is declared, whereupon the risk and use of the article sold passes to the purchaser: it is regarded as already forming part of his substance, although until traditio is still in the ownership of the vendor.a BOOK III. Pt. I. Ch. 11. a D. 47, 2. 14, pr. For the English Law, see Anson, Cont. p. 64 below, as to (3rd ed.); and Gai. iii. § 139: Emptio et venditio contrahitur, property, in cum de pretio convenerit, quamvis nondum pretium numeratum sit, ac ne arra quidem data fuerit; nam quod arrae nomine datur, argumentum est emptionis et venditionis contractae.' Callistr. Si ager ex emptionis causa aliquem pertineat, non recte hac actione poterit, antequam traditus sit ager tuncque sessio amissa sit.-D. 6, 1, 50.3 : ad payment of the price. b agi Sc. rei vindi pos с catione. Paul Perfecta emptione periculum ad emptorem respiciet; et si id quod venierit appareat, © Expressed in quid quale quantum sit, sit et pretium, et pure by the maxim, veniit, perfecta est emptio.-D. 18, 6, 8 pr.3 Cum autem emptio et venditio contracta sit, periculum rei venditae statim ad emptorem pertinet, tametsi adhuc ea res emptori tradita non sit. Itaque si homo mortuus sit vel aliqua parte corporis laesus fuerit, aut aedes totae aut aliqua ex parte incendio consumptae fuerint, aut fundus vi fluminis totus vel aliqua ex parte ablatus sit, sive etiam inundatione aquae aut arboribus turbine deiectis longe minor aut deterior esse coeperit emptoris damnum est, cui necesse est, licet rem non fuerit nactus, pretium solvere; quidquid 1 A contract of purchase and sale is complete when the price is agreed upon, even though the price may not yet have been paid, nor even earnest given; for what is given by way of earnest is only evidence that a contract of purchase and sale has been effected. 2 If a field belong to any one upon the title of purchase, he will not by Law be able to sue by this [i.e. real] action before delivery of the field and subsequent loss of possession. • Upon completion of the purchase, the risk will pass to the purchaser; and if the quality, quantity and price of the thing sold be ascertained, and it is sold unconditionally, the purchase has been completed. Q Q English Law 'Res perit do mino.' BOOK III. Pt. 1. Ch. 11. a Cf. § 127. For the socalled pactum displicentiae, see Savigny, V. 301. enim sine dolo et culpa venditoris accidit, in eo venditor securus est. Sed et si post emptionem fundo aliquid per alluvionem accessit, ad emptoris commodum pertinet: nam et commodum eius esse debet, cuius periculum est.--§ 3, I. h. t. 3, 23.1 In the contract of Purchase there are very often conditions and collateral agreements," e.g., (1) sale upon approval. Ibid. § 4 Emptio tam sub condicione quam pure contrahi potest; sub condicione, veluti: 'si Stichus intra certum diem tibi placuerit, erit tibi emptus aureis tot."2 (2) in diem addictio. Paul. In diem addictio ita fit: ille fundus centum esto tibi emptus, nisi si quis intra Kalendas Ianuarias proximas meliorem condicionem fecerit, quo res a domino abeat.'-D. 18, 2, 1.3 1 Now when the contract of purchase and sale has been made, . . . risk attending the article sold falls at once upon the purchaser, although the article have not yet been delivered to the purchaser. If therefore a slave has died, or has suffered injury in some part of his body, or if a house has been wholly or partially burnt down, or land has wholly or in part been washed away by the force of a stream, or has become much less or worse even by an overflow of water, or by trees having been rooted up by a hurricane, the damage is the purchaser's, who is obliged to pay the price, although he have not acquired the property. For the vendor is protected in respect of whatever happens without fraud and neglect on his part. But even if after the purchase some addition is made to the land by alluvion, it appertains to the gain of the purchaser, for the gain must accrue to him whose is the danger. 2 A contract of purchase can be entered into either as conditional or as unconditional; conditional, as: if Stich. within a certain time give you satisfaction, he shall be your purchase for so many aurei.' 3 The reserve of the better bid occurs thus: 'that land shall be your purchase for a hundred, &c., unless some one by the 1st of January next make a better bid, by which the property shall pass from the owner.' (3) lex commissoria. Pomp. Cum venditor fundi in lege ita caverit: 'si ad diem pecunia soluta non sit, ut fundus inemptus sit,' ita accipitur inemptus, si venditor inemptum eum esse velit.-D. 18, 3, 2.1 BOOK III. Pt. 1. Ch. 11. Requisites. Every alienable object of a right" can a D. 18, 1,6 pr. be object of sale, both corporeal things-even res futurae v. speratae-and rights. Not to be confounded with Paul.: Omnium rerum, quas quis habere vel the emptio spei. possidere vel persequi potest, venditio recte fit; quas vero natura vel gentium ius vel mores civitatis commercio exuerunt, earum nulla venditio est. 1. 34, § 1, D. de C. E.2 Pomp.: Nec emptio nec venditio sine re, quae veneat, potest intelligi; et tamen fructus et partus futuri recte ementur, ut cum editus esset partus, iam tunc, cum contractum esset negotium, venditio facta intelligitur.-Aliquando tamen et sine re venditio intelligitur, veluti cum quasi alea emitur; quod fit, cum captus piscium vel avium emitur: emptio enim contrahitur, etiamsi nihil inciderit, quia spei emptio est.-1. 8 eod.* 1 When the vendor of land in the conditions of sale has provided that the land shall not be purchased, if by the time appointed payment of the money has not been made,' the land is not to be regarded as purchased if it be the will of the vendor that it should not be purchased. 2 It is lawful to sell any things which a man can appropriate, or possess, or recover by action; but a sale is void of those things which the law of Nature, or the i. g., or the customs of the State have withdrawn from commerce. 3 Neither a purchase nor sale is conceivable without an article which is sold; both fruits and future issue may, however, be lawfully purchased, so that when the young should be born, the sale is regarded as having taken place at that time when the transaction was contracted.-Sometimes, however, even without a thing is a sale conceived of, as if a man purchase a venture, so to speak; this is the case if a catch of fish or fowl is purchased; for a purchase is contracted, even if nothing have come of it, because there is the purchase of an expectation. |